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4. Probability of bark stripping damage by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Austria

Author

Vospernik, Sonja

Subjects
Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

Bark stripping by red deer (Cervus elaphus) causes considerable damage to Austrian forests, however, the incidence of bark stripping was never examined from large scale survey data. In this manuscript we present a logistic regression model for bark stripping damage (static model) and a model for recent (5-year period) bark stripping damage to previously undamaged trees (dynamic model) developed from Austrian National Forest Inventory data. Both models showed bark stripping damage to be most frequent in core red deer habitat areas and less frequent in less suitable habitat. Damage was concentrated at elevations of 400â1200Â m and in alluvial forests (only static model). Norway spruce (Picea abies), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and Sorbus spp. had 11â12 times more injuries than all the other species. Red deer preferred the smallest trees with a breast height diameter of 5Â cm for bark stripping and damage probability decreased rapidly for trees with a breast height diameter greater than 25Â cm. Our static model showed a maximum of bark stripping damage in stands with a mean height of 20Â m. In the dynamic model the probability for bark stripping damage decreased with decreasing mean height. Also, in the static model the probability for bark stripping damage increased with increasing spruce proportion and with increasing stand density whereas in the dynamic model the proportion of previous bark stripping damage was a good predictor. Goodness of fit and discrimination of both models were good. In combination with forest growth models, the bark stripping models can be used to predict the risk of damage associated with different forest and habitat management options.

Published
2006
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10. Climate-sensitive radial increment model of Norway spruce in Tyrol based on a distributed lag model with penalized splines for year-ring time series

Author

Nothdurft, Arne and Vospernik, Sonja

Subjects
Spruces -- Environmental aspects -- Physiological aspects, Tree rings -- Environmental aspects -- Physiological aspects, Stems -- Environmental aspects -- Physiological aspects, Earth sciences
Abstract

A novel methodological framework is presented for climate-sensitive modeling of annual radial stem increment using year-ring width time series. The approach is based on a generalized additive model with penalized regression splines together with a distributed time lag model taking into account smooth nonlinear effects of a series of monthly temperature and precipitation values, as well as their interactions. Climate effects are also assumed to vary smoothly with time lag. The model framework enables both the detrending of the individual time series and the regression modeling to be performed simultaneously in a single model step. The approach is applied to year-ring width time series of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) trees in Tyrol, Austria. The marginal response curves show that tree growth is mainly promoted by high temperatures in late spring and early summer and by precipitation in fall and winter. Summer drought does not have a negative influence on the current year's radial increment; however, when it is associated with high temperatures, it lowers the increment in the subsequent growth period. Higher winter precipitation in conjunction with lower temperatures has a positive effect. A significant nonclimate related long-term growth trend is demonstrated, probably reflecting N[O.sub.x] and S[O.sub.2] emission trends in Austria. Key words: radial increment, year-ring width, GAM, smoothing, forest growth trend. Nous presentons un cadre methodologique novateur pour modeliser l'accroissement radial annuel de la tige en tenant compte de l'effet du climat, a l'aide de series dendrochronologiques. L'approche est basee sur un modele additif generalise avec des splines de regression penalisees et un modele de decalage temporel distribue prenant en compte les effets nonlineaires lisses d'une serie de valeurs mensuelles de temperature et de precipitation ainsi que leurs interactions. On presume egalement que les effets du climat varient de facon reguliere avec le decalage temporel. Le cadre du modele permet a la fois d'eliminer les tendances des series dendrochronologiques individuelles et de modeliser la regression de maniere simultanee en une seule etape. Nous appliquons l'approche a des series dendrochronologiques d'epicea commun (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) du Tyrol, en Autriche. Les courbes de reponse marginale montrent que la croissance des arbres est principalement favorisee par des temperatures elevees a la fin du printemps et au debut de l'ete et par des precipitations a l'automne et en hiver. La secheresse estivale n'a pas d'influence negative sur l'accroissement radial de l'annee en cours; cependant, quand elle est associee a des temperatures elevees, elle reduit l'accroissement durant la saison de croissance suivante. Des precipitations hivernales plus elevees associees a des temperatures plus basses ont un effet positif. Nous demontrons une tendance significative de la croissance a long terme, non liee au climat, qui reflete probablement les tendances des emissions de N[O.sub.x] et de S[O.sub.2] en Autriche. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: accroissement radial, largeur des cernes annuels, modele additif generalise, lissage, tendance de la croissance forestiere., Introduction The analysis of year-ring width time series data has a long tradition in dendrochronology since the pioneering work by A.E. Douglass (1919,1928,1936); see also Fritts (1976) and Cook and [...]

Published
2018
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11. Can trees at high elevations compensate for growth reductions at low elevations due to climate warming?

Author

Vospernik, Sonja and Nothdurft, Arne

Subjects
Climate change -- Environmental aspects, Trees (Plants) -- Environmental aspects -- Growth, Company growth, Earth sciences
Abstract

Radial tree stem growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) was monitored from 2012 to 2015 across sites in Austria with high- resolution dendrometers. Seasonal cumulative diameter increment was modeled using a hierarchical nonlinear mixed-effects model framework based on a logistic growth curve. In the dry and warm year 2015, the average annual diameter increment of 0.30 cm decreased by 50% on lower elevation sites and by 10% on higher elevation sites. In the cool and moist year 2014, Norway spruce achieved a higher annual diameter increment than European beech, whereas the opposite occurred in the dry and warm years 2013 and 2015. In the mixed beech-spruce stand, beech's consumptive water-use strategy has obviously caused intensified stress for spruce in these drought periods. On higher elevation sites, Norway spruce reacted more sensitively to climate fluctuation compared with stone pine, but overall reactions were only weak. Productivity varied strongly depending on the social status of the tree, with dominant and intermediate trees suffering more from drought. As warming and drought lowers increment rates on lower elevation sites and as trees on higher elevation sites react less flexibly, productivity losses are expected for Austrian forests due to climate warming. Key words: seasonal growth, dendrometer, nonlinear mixed model, intra-annual growth. La croissance radiale de tiges d'epicea commun (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), de hetre commun (Fagus sylvatica L.), de pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) et de pin cembro (P. cembra L.) a ete suivie de 2012 a 2015 dans differentes stations en Autriche a l'aide de dendrometres a haute resolution. L'accroissement cumulatif saisonnier en diametre a ete modelise a l'aide d'un modele non lineaire hierarchique a effets mixtes fonde sur une courbe de croissance logistique. Au cours de l'annee chaude et seche de 2015, l'accroissement annuel moyen en diametre de 0,30 cm a diminue de 50 % dans les stations situees a basse altitude et de 10 % dans les stations situees a haute altitude. Durant l'annee froide et humide de 2014, l'epicea commun a connu un accroissement annuel en diametre plus grand que le hetre commun tandis que le contraire s'est produit lors des annees chaudes et seches de 2013 et 2015. Dans les peuplements mixtes de hetre et d'epicea, la strategie d'utilisation consommatrice de l'eau chez le hetre a evidemment cause un stress accru chez l'epicea durant ces periodes de secheresse. Dans les stations situees a haute altitude, l'epicea a reagi de facon plus sensible aux fluctuations du climat comparativement au pin cembro, mais dans l'ensemble les reactions etaient seulement faibles. La productivite variait fortement selon le statut social des arbres : les arbres dominants et intermediates ont davantage souffert de la secheresse. Etant donne que le rechauffement et la secheresse reduisent le taux d'accroissement dans les stations situees a basse altitude et que les arbres situes a haute altitude reagissent avec moins de flexibilite, des pertes de productivite sont anticipees dans les forets autrichiennes a cause du rechauffement climatique. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: croissance saisonniere, dendrometre, modele lineaire mixte, croissance intra-annuelle., Introduction Recent climate simulations predict a global trend of rising atmospheric temperatures together with seasonal changes in precipitation (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2013). Relative to the period 1971-2000, [...]

Published
2018
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13. Tree species growth response to climate in mixtures of Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris across Europe - a dynamic, sensitive equilibrium

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Vospernik, Sonja, Heym, Michael, Pretzsch, Hans, Pach, Maciej, Steckel, Mathias, Aldea, Jorge, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Del Rio, Miren, Löf, Magnus, Pardos, Marta, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Černý, Jakub, Droessler, Lars, Ehbrecht, Martin, Jansons, Aris, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Jourdan, Marion, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ponette, Quentin, Sitko, Roman, Svoboda, Miroslav, Wolff, Barbara, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Vospernik, Sonja, Heym, Michael, Pretzsch, Hans, Pach, Maciej, Steckel, Mathias, Aldea, Jorge, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Del Rio, Miren, Löf, Magnus, Pardos, Marta, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Černý, Jakub, Droessler, Lars, Ehbrecht, Martin, Jansons, Aris, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Jourdan, Marion, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ponette, Quentin, Sitko, Roman, Svoboda, Miroslav, and Wolff, Barbara

Abstract

Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris are widely distributed and economically important tree species in Europe co-occurring on mesotrophic, xeric and mesic sites. Increasing dry conditions may reduce their growth, but growth reductions may be modified by mixture, competition and site conditions. The annual diameter growth in monospecific and mixed stands along an ecological gradient with mean annual temperatures ranging from 5.5 °C to 11.5 °C was investigated in this study. On 36 triplets (108 plots), trees were cored and the year-ring series were cross-dated, resulting in year-ring series of 785 and 804 trees for Q. spp. and P. sylvestris, respectively. A generalized additive model with a logarithmic link was fit to the data with random effects for the intercept at the triplet, year and tree level and a random slope for the covariate age for each tree; the Tweedie-distribution was used. The final model explained 87 % of the total variation in diameter increment for both tree species. Significant covariates were age, climate variables (long-term mean, monthly), local competition variables, relative dbh, mixture, stand structure and interactions thereof. Tree growth declined with age and local density and increased with social position. It was positively influenced by mixture and structural diversity (Gini coefficient); mixture effects were significant for P. sylvestris only. The influence of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in spring and autumn on tree growth was positive and non-linear, whereas tree growth sharply decreased with increasing PET in June, which proved to be the most influential month on tree growth along the whole ecological gradient. Interactions of PET with tree social position (relative dbh) were significant in July and September for Q. spp. and in April for P. sylvestris. Interactions of climate with density or mixture were not significant. Climatic effects found agree well with previous results from intra-annual growth studies and

Published
2023

14. Tree species growth response to climate in mixtures of Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris across Europe - a dynamic, sensitive equilibrium

Author

European Commission, State Forests (Poland), Office National des Forêts (France), Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Vospernik, Sonja, Heym, Michael, Pretzsch, Hans, Pach, Maciej, Steckel, Mathias, Aldea, Jorge, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Río, Miren del, Löf, Magnus, Pardos, Marta, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Černý, Jakub, Droessler, Lars, Ehbrecht, Martin, Jansons, Aris, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Jourdan, Marion, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ponette, Quentin, Sitko, Roman, Svoboda, Miroslav, Wolff, Barbara, European Commission, State Forests (Poland), Office National des Forêts (France), Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Vospernik, Sonja, Heym, Michael, Pretzsch, Hans, Pach, Maciej, Steckel, Mathias, Aldea, Jorge, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Río, Miren del, Löf, Magnus, Pardos, Marta, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Černý, Jakub, Droessler, Lars, Ehbrecht, Martin, Jansons, Aris, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Jourdan, Marion, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ponette, Quentin, Sitko, Roman, Svoboda, Miroslav, and Wolff, Barbara

Abstract

Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris are widely distributed and economically important tree species in Europe co-occurring on mesotrophic, xeric and mesic sites. Increasing dry conditions may reduce their growth, but growth reductions may be modified by mixture, competition and site conditions. The annual diameter growth in monospecific and mixed stands along an ecological gradient with mean annual temperatures ranging from 5.5 °C to 11.5 °C was investigated in this study. On 36 triplets (108 plots), trees were cored and the year-ring series were cross-dated, resulting in year-ring series of 785 and 804 trees for Q. spp. and P. sylvestris, respectively. A generalized additive model with a logarithmic link was fit to the data with random effects for the intercept at the triplet, year and tree level and a random slope for the covariate age for each tree; the Tweedie-distribution was used. The final model explained 87 % of the total variation in diameter increment for both tree species. Significant covariates were age, climate variables (long-term mean, monthly), local competition variables, relative dbh, mixture, stand structure and interactions thereof. Tree growth declined with age and local density and increased with social position. It was positively influenced by mixture and structural diversity (Gini coefficient); mixture effects were significant for P. sylvestris only. The influence of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in spring and autumn on tree growth was positive and non-linear, whereas tree growth sharply decreased with increasing PET in June, which proved to be the most influential month on tree growth along the whole ecological gradient. Interactions of PET with tree social position (relative dbh) were significant in July and September for Q. spp. and in April for P. sylvestris. Interactions of climate with density or mixture were not significant. Climatic effects found agree well with previous results from intra-annual growth studies and

Published
2023

15. Tree species growth response to climate in mixtures of Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris across Europe - a dynamic, sensitive equilibrium

Author

Vospernik, Sonja, Heym, Michael, Pretzsch, Hans, Pach, Maciej, Steckel, Mathias, Aldea, Jorge, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Del Rio, Miren, Löf, Magnus, Pardos, Marta, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Černý, Jakub, Droessler, Lars, Ehbrecht, Martin, Jansons, Aris, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Jourdan, Marion, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ponette, Quentin, Sitko, Roman, Svoboda, Miroslav, Wolff, Barbara, Vospernik, Sonja, Heym, Michael, Pretzsch, Hans, Pach, Maciej, Steckel, Mathias, Aldea, Jorge, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Del Rio, Miren, Löf, Magnus, Pardos, Marta, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Černý, Jakub, Droessler, Lars, Ehbrecht, Martin, Jansons, Aris, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Jourdan, Marion, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ponette, Quentin, Sitko, Roman, Svoboda, Miroslav, and Wolff, Barbara

Abstract

Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris are widely distributed and economically important tree species in Europe co-occurring on mesotrophic, xeric and mesic sites. Increasing dry conditions may reduce their growth, but growth reductions may be modified by mixture, competition and site conditions. The annual diameter growth in monospecific and mixed stands along an ecological gradient with mean annual temperatures ranging from 5.5 °C to 11.5 °C was investigated in this study. On 36 triplets (108 plots), trees were cored and the year-ring series were cross-dated, resulting in year-ring series of 785 and 804 trees for Q. spp. and P. sylvestris, respectively. A generalized additive model with a logarithmic link was fit to the data with random effects for the intercept at the triplet, year and tree level and a random slope for the covariate age for each tree; the Tweedie-distribution was used. The final model explained 87 % of the total variation in diameter increment for both tree species. Significant covariates were age, climate variables (long-term mean, monthly), local competition variables, relative dbh, mixture, stand structure and interactions thereof. Tree growth declined with age and local density and increased with social position. It was positively influenced by mixture and structural diversity (Gini coefficient); mixture effects were significant for P. sylvestris only. The influence of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in spring and autumn on tree growth was positive and non-linear, whereas tree growth sharply decreased with increasing PET in June, which proved to be the most influential month on tree growth along the whole ecological gradient. Interactions of PET with tree social position (relative dbh) were significant in July and September for Q. spp. and in April for P. sylvestris. Interactions of climate with density or mixture were not significant. Climatic effects found agree well with previous results from intra-annual growth studies a

Published
2023

17. Tree species growth response to climate in mixtures of Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris across Europe - a dynamic, sensitive equilibrium

Author

Vospernik, Sonja, primary, Heym, Michael, additional, Pretzsch, Hans, additional, Pach, Maciej, additional, Steckel, Mathias, additional, Aldea, Jorge, additional, Brazaitis, Gediminas, additional, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, additional, Del Rio, Miren, additional, Löf, Magnus, additional, Pardos, Marta, additional, Bielak, Kamil, additional, Bravo, Felipe, additional, Coll, Lluís, additional, Černý, Jakub, additional, Droessler, Lars, additional, Ehbrecht, Martin, additional, Jansons, Aris, additional, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, additional, Jourdan, Marion, additional, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, additional, Nothdurft, Arne, additional, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, additional, Ponette, Quentin, additional, Sitko, Roman, additional, Svoboda, Miroslav, additional, and Wolff, Barbara, additional

Published
2023
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18. Tree species growth response to climate in mixtures of Quercus robur/ Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris across Europe- a dynamic, sensitive equilibrium

Author

Vospernik, Sonja, Heym, Michael, Pretzsch, Hans, Pach, Maciej, Steckel, Mathias, Aldea, Jorge, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Bravo-Oviedo, Andres, Del Rio, Miren, Löf, Magnus, Pardos, Marta, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluis, Cerny, Jakub, Droessler, Lars, Ehbrecht, Martin, Jansons, Aris, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Jourdans, Marion, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ponette, Quentin, Sitkov, Roman, Svoboda, Miroslav, and Wolff, Barbara

Subjects
Forest Science
Abstract

Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris are widely distributed and economically important tree species in Europe co-occurring on mesotrophic, xeric and mesic sites. Increasing dry conditions may reduce their growth, but growth reductions may be modified by mixture, competition and site conditions. The annual diameter growth in monospecific and mixed stands along an ecological gradient with mean annual temperatures ranging from 5.5 degrees C to 11.5 degrees C was investigated in this study. On 36 triplets (108 plots), trees were cored and the year-ring series were cross-dated, resulting in year-ring series of 785 and 804 trees for Q. spp. and P. sylvestris, respec-tively. A generalized additive model with a logarithmic link was fit to the data with random effects for the intercept at the triplet, year and tree level and a random slope for the covariate age for each tree; the Tweedie-distribution was used. The final model explained 87 % of the total variation in diameter increment for both tree species. Significant covariates were age, climate variables (long-term mean, monthly), local competition vari-ables, relative dbh, mixture, stand structure and interactions thereof. Tree growth declined with age and local density and increased with social position. It was positively influenced by mixture and structural diversity (Gini coefficient); mixture effects were significant for P. sylvestris only. The influence of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in spring and autumn on tree growth was positive and non-linear, whereas tree growth sharply decreased with increasing PET in June, which proved to be the most influential month on tree growth along the whole ecological gradient. Interactions of PET with tree social position (relative dbh) were significant in July and September for Q. spp. and in April for P. sylvestris. Interactions of climate with density or mixture were not significant. Climatic effects found agree well with previous results from intra-annual growth studies and indicate that the model captures the causal factors for tree growth well. Furthermore, the interaction between climate and relative dbh might indicate a longer growth duration for trees of higher social classes. Analysis of random effects across time and space showed highly dynamic patterns, with competitive advantages changing annually between species and spatial patterns showing no large-scale trends but pointing to the prevalence of local site factors. In mixed-species stands, the tree species have the same competitivity in the long-term, which is modified by climate each year. Climate warming will shift the competitive advantages, but the direction will be highly site-specific.

Published
2023

19. Tree species growth response to climate in mixtures of Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris across Europe - a dynamic, sensitive equilibrium

Author

Vospernik, Sonja, Heym, Michael, Pretzsch, Hans, Pach, Maciej, Steckel, Mathias, Aldea, Jorge, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Río, Miren del, Löf, Magnus, Pardos, Marta, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluía, Černý, Jakub, Droessler, Lars, Ehbrecht, Martin, Jansons, Aris, Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Jourdan, Marion, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ponette, Quentin, Sitko, Roman, Svoboda, Miroslav, Wolff, Barbara, European Commission, Polish State Forests, Office National des Forêts (France), Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate

Subjects
Bioclimatologia, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Generalized additive model, Tree rings, Forestry, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Ecologia, Management, ddc, Local competition, Bio-climatic zones, Mixed model, Competitive advantage, ddc:630, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris are widely distributed and economically important tree species in Europe co-occurring on mesotrophic, xeric and mesic sites. Increasing dry conditions may reduce their growth, but growth reductions may be modified by mixture, competition and site conditions. The annual diameter growth in monospecific and mixed stands along an ecological gradient with mean annual temperatures ranging from 5.5 °C to 11.5 °C was investigated in this study. On 36 triplets (108 plots), trees were cored and the year-ring series were cross-dated, resulting in year-ring series of 785 and 804 trees for Q. spp. and P. sylvestris, respectively. A generalized additive model with a logarithmic link was fit to the data with random effects for the intercept at the triplet, year and tree level and a random slope for the covariate age for each tree; the Tweedie-distribution was used. The final model explained 87 % of the total variation in diameter increment for both tree species. Significant covariates were age, climate variables (long-term mean, monthly), local competition variables, relative dbh, mixture, stand structure and interactions thereof. Tree growth declined with age and local density and increased with social position. It was positively influenced by mixture and structural diversity (Gini coefficient); mixture effects were significant for P. sylvestris only. The influence of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in spring and autumn on tree growth was positive and non-linear, whereas tree growth sharply decreased with increasing PET in June, which proved to be the most influential month on tree growth along the whole ecological gradient. Interactions of PET with tree social position (relative dbh) were significant in July and September for Q. spp. and in April for P. sylvestris. Interactions of climate with density or mixture were not significant. Climatic effects found agree well with previous results from intra-annual growth studies and indicate that the model captures the causal factors for tree growth well. Furthermore, the interaction between climate and relative dbh might indicate a longer growth duration for trees of higher social classes. Analysis of random effects across time and space showed highly dynamic patterns, with competitive advantages changing annually between species and spatial patterns showing no large-scale trends but pointing to the prevalence of local site factors. In mixed-species stands, the tree species have the same competitivity in the long-term, which is modified by climate each year. Climate warming will shift the competitive advantages, but the direction will be highly site-specific., The authors thank the European Union for funding the project “Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience (REFORM)” under the framework of Sumforest ERA-NET. All contributors thank their national funding institutions to establish, measure and analyze data from the triplets. The Polish State Forests Enterprise also supported one of the Polish co-authors (Grant No: OR.271.3.15.2017). The Orléans site, OPTMix was installed thanks to ONF (National Forest Service, France), belongs to research infrastructure ANAEE-F; it is also included in the SOERE TEMPO, ZAL (LTSER Zone Atelier Loire) and the GIS oop network. This work was also supported by grant APVV-18-0347 (Slovakia). We acknowledge Institutional support MZE-RO0118 from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, partly funding the field measurements at Czech triplets.

Published
2022

20. With increasing site quality asymmetric competition and mortality reduces Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand structuring across Europe

Author

Pretzsch, Hans, primary, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, additional, Hilmers, Torben, additional, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, additional, Coll, Lluís, additional, Löf, Magnus, additional, Ahmed, Shamim, additional, Aldea, Jorge, additional, Ammer, Christian, additional, Avdagić, Admir, additional, Barbeito, Ignacio, additional, Bielak, Kamil, additional, Bravo, Felipe, additional, Brazaitis, Gediminas, additional, Cerný, Jakub, additional, Collet, Catherine, additional, Drössler, Lars, additional, Fabrika, Marek, additional, Heym, Michael, additional, Holm, Stig-Olof, additional, Hylen, Gro, additional, Jansons, Aris, additional, Kurylyak, Viktor, additional, Lombardi, Fabio, additional, Matović, Bratislav, additional, Metslaid, Marek, additional, Motta, Renzo, additional, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, additional, Nothdurft, Arne, additional, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, additional, den Ouden, Jan, additional, Pach, Maciej, additional, Pardos, Marta, additional, Ponette, Quentin, additional, Pérot, Tomas, additional, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, additional, Sitko, Roman, additional, Sramek, Vit, additional, Steckel, Mathias, additional, Svoboda, Miroslav, additional, Uhl, Enno, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Vospernik, Sonja, additional, Wolff, Barbara, additional, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, additional, and del Río, Miren, additional

Published
2022
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21. Simulating the effects of thinning and species mixing on stands of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./Quercus robur L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) across Europe

Author

European Commission, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Regions and Water Management (Austria), Engel, Markus [0000-0001-6991-9021], Vospernik, Sonja [0000-0002-4201-6444], Toïgo, Maude [0000-0002-4910-2214], Tomao, Antonio [0000-0001-6656-400X], Trotta, Carlo [0000-0001-6377-0262], Steckel, Mathias [0000-0002-1940-5441], Barbati, Anna [0000-0002-9064-0903], Nothdurft, Arne [0000-0002-7065-7601], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Jansons, Aris [0000-0001-7981-4346], Brazaitis, Gediminas [0000-0003-0234-9292], Engel, Markus, Vospernik, Sonja, Toïgo, Maude, Morin, Xavier, Tomao, Antonio, Trotta, Carlo, Steckel, Mathias, Barbati, Anna, Nothdurft, Arne, Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Ponette, Quentin, Löf, Magnus, Jansons, Aris, Brazaitis, Gediminas, European Commission, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Regions and Water Management (Austria), Engel, Markus [0000-0001-6991-9021], Vospernik, Sonja [0000-0002-4201-6444], Toïgo, Maude [0000-0002-4910-2214], Tomao, Antonio [0000-0001-6656-400X], Trotta, Carlo [0000-0001-6377-0262], Steckel, Mathias [0000-0002-1940-5441], Barbati, Anna [0000-0002-9064-0903], Nothdurft, Arne [0000-0002-7065-7601], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Jansons, Aris [0000-0001-7981-4346], Brazaitis, Gediminas [0000-0003-0234-9292], Engel, Markus, Vospernik, Sonja, Toïgo, Maude, Morin, Xavier, Tomao, Antonio, Trotta, Carlo, Steckel, Mathias, Barbati, Anna, Nothdurft, Arne, Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Ponette, Quentin, Löf, Magnus, Jansons, Aris, and Brazaitis, Gediminas

Abstract

Tree species mixing of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./Quercus robur L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been shown to have positive effects on ecosystem service provision. From a management perspective, however, it is still uncertain which thinning regime provides the highest possible productivity of mixed oak–pine forests in the long term. Because of a lack of empirical studies dealing with thinning and species mixing effects on oak–pine forests, we simulated forest growth in order to test which thinning type and intensity may provide the highest productivity in the long-term. To achieve this, we simulated the growth of pure and mixed stands of oak and pine for 100 years in 23 triplets located on an ecological gradient across Europe. For this purpose, we applied four different growth simulators and compared their results: the distance-independent single-tree simulator PROGNAUS, the distance-dependent single-tree simulator SILVA, the gap model ForCEEPS, and the process-based simulator 3D-CMCC-FEM. We investigated the effects of species mixing and thinning from the upper (thinning from above) and lower tail (thinning from below) of the diameter distribution by reducing the stand basal area to 50 and 80% of the maximum basal area. We compared simulated results of the relative volume productivity of mixed versus pure stands and of thinned versus unthinned stands to empirical results previously obtained on the same set of triplets. Simulated relative volume productivity ranged between 61 and 156%, although extremes of 10% and of 300% could be observed. We found the relative volume productivity to be influenced by stand age, but not by stand density, except for PROGNAUS. Relative volume productivity did not increase with the site water supply of the triplet location. Highest long-term productivity for oak, pine and oak–pine stands can be expected in consequence of thinning from above, but the effect of thinning intensity differed between simulators. Thinning effe

Published
2021

23. Emerging stability of forest productivity by mixing two species buffers temperature destabilizing effect

Author

del Río, Miren, primary, Pretzsch, Hans, additional, Ruiz‐Peinado, Ricardo, additional, Jactel, Hervé, additional, Coll, Lluís, additional, Löf, Magnus, additional, Aldea, Jorge, additional, Ammer, Christian, additional, Avdagić, Admir, additional, Barbeito, Ignacio, additional, Bielak, Kamil, additional, Bravo, Felipe, additional, Brazaitis, Gediminas, additional, Cerný, Jakub, additional, Collet, Catherine, additional, Condés, Sonia, additional, Drössler, Lars, additional, Fabrika, Marek, additional, Heym, Michael, additional, Holm, Stig‐Olof, additional, Hylen, Gro, additional, Jansons, Aris, additional, Kurylyak, Viktor, additional, Lombardi, Fabio, additional, Matović, Bratislav, additional, Metslaid, Marek, additional, Motta, Renzo, additional, Nord‐Larsen, Thomas, additional, Nothdurft, Arne, additional, den Ouden, Jan, additional, Pach, Maciej, additional, Pardos, Marta, additional, Poeydebat, Charlotte, additional, Ponette, Quentin, additional, Pérot, Tomas, additional, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, additional, Sitko, Roman, additional, Sramek, Vit, additional, Steckel, Mathias, additional, Svoboda, Miroslav, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Vospernik, Sonja, additional, Wolff, Barbara, additional, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, additional, and Bravo‐Oviedo, Andrés, additional

Published
2022
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24. Emerging stability of forest productivity by mixing two species buffers temperature destabilizing effect

Author

del Río, Miren, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig-Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, del Río, Miren, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig-Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés

Abstract

The increasing disturbances in monocultures around the world are testimony to their instability under global change. Many studies have claimed that temporal stability of productivity increases with species richness, although the ecological fundamentals have mainly been investigated through diversity experiments. To adequately manage forest ecosystems, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the effect of mixing species on the temporal stability of productivity and the way in which it is influenced by climate conditions across large geographical areas. Here, we used a unique dataset of 261 stands combining pure and two-species mixtures of four relevant tree species over a wide range of climate conditions in Europe to examine the effect of species mixing on the level and temporal stability of productivity. Structural equation modelling was employed to further explore the direct and indirect influence of climate, overyielding, species asynchrony and additive effect (i.e. temporal stability expected from the species growth in monospecific stands) on temporal stability in mixed forests. We showed that by adding only one tree species to monocultures, the level (overyielding: +6%) and stability (temporal stability: +12%) of stand growth increased significantly. We identified the key effect of temperature on destabilizing stand growth, which may be mitigated by mixing species. We further confirmed asynchrony as the main driver of temporal stability in mixed stands, through both the additive effect and species interactions, which modify between-species asynchrony in mixtures in comparison to monocultures. Synthesis and applications. This study highlights the emergent properties associated with mixing two species, which result in resource efficient and temporally stable production systems. We reveal the negative impact of mean temperature on temporal stability of forest productivity and how the stabilizing effect of mixing two species can counterbalance this

Published
2022
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25. With increasing site quality asymmetric competition and mortality reduces Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand structuring across Europe

Author

Pretzsch, Hans, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Hilmers, Torben, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Ahmed, Shamim, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig-Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Uhl, Enno, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, del Río, Miren, Pretzsch, Hans, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Hilmers, Torben, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Ahmed, Shamim, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig-Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Uhl, Enno, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and del Río, Miren

Abstract

Heterogeneity of structure can increase mechanical stability, stress resistance and resilience, biodiversity and many other functions and services of forest stands. That is why many silvicultural measures aim at enhancing structural diversity. However, the effectiveness and potential of structuring may depend on the site conditions. Here, we revealed how the stand structure is determined by site quality and results from site-dependent partitioning of growth and mortality among the trees. We based our study on 90 mature, even-aged, fully stocked monocultures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sampled in 21 countries along a productivity gradient across Europe. A mini-simulation study further analyzed the site-dependency of the interplay between growth and mortality and the resulting stand structure. The overarching hypothesis was that the stand structure changes with site quality and results from the site-dependent asymmetry of competition and mortality. First, we show that Scots pine stands structure across Europe become more homogeneous with increasing site quality. The coefficient of variation and Gini coefficient of stem diameter and tree height continuously decreased, whereas Stand Density Index and stand basal area increased with site index. Second, we reveal a site-dependency of the growth distribution among the trees and the mortality. With increasing site index, the asymmetry of both competition and growth distribution increased and suggested, at first glance, an increase in stand heterogeneity. However, with increasing site index, mortality eliminates mainly small instead of all-sized trees, cancels the size variation and reduces the structural heterogeneity. Third, we modelled the site-dependent interplay between growth partitioning and mortality. By scenario runs for different site conditions, we can show how the site-dependent structure at the stand level emerges from the asymmetric competition and mortality at the tree level and how the interplay chang

Published
2022
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26. With increasing site quality asymmetric competition and mortality reduces Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand structuring across Europe

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Pretzsch, Hans, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Hilmers, Torben, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Ahmed, Shamim, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig-Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Uhl, Enno, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, del Río, Miren, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Pretzsch, Hans, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Hilmers, Torben, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Ahmed, Shamim, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig-Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Uhl, Enno, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and del Río, Miren

Abstract

Heterogeneity of structure can increase mechanical stability, stress resistance and resilience, biodiversity and many other functions and services of forest stands. That is why many silvicultural measures aim at enhancing structural diversity. However, the effectiveness and potential of structuring may depend on the site conditions. Here, we revealed how the stand structure is determined by site quality and results from site-dependent partitioning of growth and mortality among the trees. We based our study on 90 mature, even-aged, fully stocked monocultures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sampled in 21 countries along a productivity gradient across Europe. A mini-simulation study further analyzed the site-dependency of the interplay between growth and mortality and the resulting stand structure. The overarching hypothesis was that the stand structure changes with site quality and results from the site-dependent asymmetry of competition and mortality. First, we show that Scots pine stands structure across Europe become more homogeneous with increasing site quality. The coefficient of variation and Gini coefficient of stem diameter and tree height continuously decreased, whereas Stand Density Index and stand basal area increased with site index. Second, we reveal a site-dependency of the growth distribution among the trees and the mortality. With increasing site index, the asymmetry of both competition and growth distribution increased and suggested, at first glance, an increase in stand heterogeneity. However, with increasing site index, mortality eliminates mainly small instead of all-sized trees, cancels the size variation and reduces the structural heterogeneity. Third, we modelled the site-dependent interplay between growth partitioning and mortality. By scenario runs for different site conditions, we can show how the site-dependent structure at the stand level emerges from the asymmetric competition and mortality at the tree level and how the interplay chang

Published
2022

27. Emerging stability of forest productivity by mixing two species buffers temperature destabilizing effect

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, del Río, Miren, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz‐Peinado, Ricardo, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig‐Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord‐Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Bravo‐Oviedo, Andrés, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, del Río, Miren, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz‐Peinado, Ricardo, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig‐Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord‐Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Bravo‐Oviedo, Andrés

Abstract

The increasing disturbances in monocultures around the world are testimony to their instability under global change. Many studies have claimed that temporal stability of productivity increases with species richness, although the ecological fundamentals have mainly been investigated through diversity experiments. To adequately manage forest ecosystems, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the effect of mixing species on the temporal stability of productivity and the way in which it is influenced by climate conditions across large geographical areas. Here, we used a unique dataset of 261 stands combining pure and two-species mixtures of four relevant tree species over a wide range of climate conditions in Europe to examine the effect of species mixing on the level and temporal stability of productivity. Structural equation modelling was employed to further explore the direct and indirect influence of climate, overyielding, species asynchrony and additive effect (i.e. temporal stability expected from the species growth in monospecific stands) on temporal stability in mixed forests. We showed that by adding only one tree species to monocultures, the level (overyielding: +6%) and stability (temporal stability: +12%) of stand growth increased significantly. We identified the key effect of temperature on destabilizing stand growth, which may be mitigated by mixing species. We further confirmed asynchrony as the main driver of temporal stability in mixed stands, through both the additive effect and species interactions, which modify between-species asynchrony in mixtures in comparison to monocultures. Synthesis and applications. This study highlights the emergent properties associated with mixing two species, which result in resource efficient and temporally stable production systems. We reveal the negative impact of mean temperature on temporal stability of forest productivity and how the stabilizing effect of mixing two species can counterbalance this

Published
2022

28. Emerging stability of forest productivity by mixing two species buffers temperature destabilizing effect

Author

Río, Miren del, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig-Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Río, Miren del, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Cerný, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig-Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés

Abstract

The increasing disturbances in monocultures around the world are testimony to their instability under global change. Many studies have claimed that temporal stability of productivity increases with species richness, although the ecological fundamentals have mainly been investigated through diversity experiments. To adequately manage forest ecosystems, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the effect of mixing species on the temporal stability of productivity and the way in which it is influenced by climate conditions across large geographical areas. Here, we used a unique dataset of 261 stands combining pure and two-species mixtures of four relevant tree species over a wide range of climate conditions in Europe to examine the effect of species mixing on the level and temporal stability of productivity. Structural equation modelling was employed to further explore the direct and indirect influence of climate, overyielding, species asynchrony and additive effect (i.e. temporal stability expected from the species growth in monospecific stands) on temporal stability in mixed forests. We showed that by adding only one tree species to monocultures, the level (overyielding: +6%) and stability (temporal stability: +12%) of stand growth increased significantly. We identified the key effect of temperature on destabilizing stand growth, which may be mitigated by mixing species. We further confirmed asynchrony as the main driver of temporal stability in mixed stands, through both the additive effect and species interactions, which modify between-species asynchrony in mixtures in comparison to monocultures. Synthesis and applications. This study highlights the emergent properties associated with mixing two species, which result in resource efficient and temporally stable production systems. We reveal the negative impact of mean temperature on temporal stability of forest productivity and how the stabilizing effect of mixing two species can counterbalance th

Published
2022

29. Emerging stability of forest productivity by mixing two species buffers temperature destabilizing effect

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, National Agency of Agricultural Research (Czech Republic), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Estonian Research Council, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Río, M. del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Pardos Mínguez, Marta [0000-0002-5567-5406], Nord-Larsen, Thomas [0000-0002-5341-6435], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Río, Miren del, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Černý, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, National Agency of Agricultural Research (Czech Republic), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Estonian Research Council, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Río, M. del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Pardos Mínguez, Marta [0000-0002-5567-5406], Nord-Larsen, Thomas [0000-0002-5341-6435], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Río, Miren del, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Černý, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés

Abstract

The increasing disturbances in monocultures around the world are testimony to their instability under global change. Many studies have claimed that temporal stability of productivity increases with species richness, although the ecological fundamentals have mainly been investigated through diversity experiments. To adequately manage forest ecosystems, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the effect of mixing species on the temporal stability of productivity and the way in which it is influenced by climate conditions across large geographical areas. Here, we used a unique dataset of 261 stands combining pure and two-species mixtures of four relevant tree species over a wide range of climate conditions in Europe to examine the effect of species mixing on the level and temporal stability of productivity. Structural equation modelling was employed to further explore the direct and indirect influence of climate, overyielding, species asynchrony and additive effect (i.e. temporal stability expected from the species growth in monospecific stands) on temporal stability in mixed forests. We showed that by adding only one tree species to monocultures, the level (overyielding: +6%) and stability (temporal stability: +12%) of stand growth increased significantly. We identified the key effect of temperature on destabilizing stand growth, which may be mitigated by mixing species. We further confirmed asynchrony as the main driver of temporal stability in mixed stands, through both the additive effect and species interactions, which modify between-species asynchrony in mixtures in comparison to monocultures. Synthesis and applications. This study highlights the emergent properties associated with mixing two species, which result in resource efficient and temporally stable production systems. We reveal the negative impact of mean temperature on temporal stability of forest productivity and how the stabilizing effect of mixing two species can counterbalance this

Published
2022

30. Emerging stability of forest productivity by mixing two species buffers temperature destabilizing effect

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), del Río, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Verheyen, Kris [0000-0002-2067-9108+, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés [0000-0001-7036-7041], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Jactel, Hervé [0000-0002-8106-5310], Aldea, Jorge [0000-0003-2568-5192], Černý, Jakub [0000-0002-9954-1506], Pérot, Tomas [0000-0002-0806-6819], Pardos Mínguez, Marta [0000-0002-5567-5406], del Río, Miren [delrio@inia.csic.es], Río, Miren del, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Holm, Stig Olof, Jansons, Aris, Nord‐Larsen, Thomas, Verheyen, Kris, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Pretzsch, Hans, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Černý, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Hylen, Gro, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nothdurft, Arne, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), del Río, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Verheyen, Kris [0000-0002-2067-9108+, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés [0000-0001-7036-7041], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Jactel, Hervé [0000-0002-8106-5310], Aldea, Jorge [0000-0003-2568-5192], Černý, Jakub [0000-0002-9954-1506], Pérot, Tomas [0000-0002-0806-6819], Pardos Mínguez, Marta [0000-0002-5567-5406], del Río, Miren [delrio@inia.csic.es], Río, Miren del, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Holm, Stig Olof, Jansons, Aris, Nord‐Larsen, Thomas, Verheyen, Kris, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Pretzsch, Hans, Jactel, Hervé, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Černý, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Condés, Sonia, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Hylen, Gro, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nothdurft, Arne, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pardos, Marta, Poeydebat, Charlotte, Ponette, Quentin, Pérot, Tomas, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svoboda, Miroslav, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, and Zlatanov, Tzvetan

Abstract

The increasing disturbances in monocultures around the world are testimony to their instability under global change. Many studies have claimed that temporal stability of productivity increase with species richness, although the ecological fundaments have mainly been investigated through diversity experiments. To adequately manage forest ecosystems, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the effect of mixing species on the temporal stability of productivity and the way in which this it is influenced by climate conditions across large geographical areas. Here, we used a unique dataset of 261 stands combining pure and two-species mixtures of four relevant tree species over a wide range of climate conditions in Europe to examine the effect of species mixing on the level and temporal stability of productivity. Structural equation modelling was employed to further explore the direct and indirect influence of climate, overyielding, species asynchrony and additive effect (i.e. temporal stability expected from the species growth in monospecific stands) on temporal stability in mixed forests. We showed that by adding only one tree species to monocultures, the level (overyielding: +6%) and stability (temporal stability: +12%) of stand growth increased significantly. We identified the key effect of temperature on destabilizing stand growth, which may be mitigated by mixing species. We further confirmed asynchrony as the main driver of temporal stability in mixed stands, through both the additive effect and species interactions, which modify between-species asynchrony in mixtures in comparison to monocultures. Synthesis and applications. This study highlights the emergent properties associated with mixing two-species, which result in resource efficient and temporally stable production systems. We reveal the negative impact of mean temperature on temporal stability of forest productivity and how the stabilizing effect of mixing two species can counterbalance thi

Published
2022

31. With increasing site quality asymmetric competition and mortality reduces Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand structuring across Europe

Author

European Commission, German Research Foundation, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Junta de Castilla y León, Universidad de Valladolid, Estonian Research Council, National Agency of Agricultural Research (Czech Republic), Slovak Research and Development Agency, Pretzsch, Hans, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Hilmers, Torben, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Ahmed, Shamim, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Černý, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svodoba, Miroslav, Uhl, Enno, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, European Commission, German Research Foundation, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Junta de Castilla y León, Universidad de Valladolid, Estonian Research Council, National Agency of Agricultural Research (Czech Republic), Slovak Research and Development Agency, Pretzsch, Hans, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Hilmers, Torben, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Coll, Lluís, Löf, Magnus, Ahmed, Shamim, Aldea, Jorge, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Černý, Jakub, Collet, Catherine, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Heym, Michael, Holm, Stig Olof, Hylen, Gro, Jansons, Aris, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Metslaid, Marek, Motta, Renzo, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Nothdurft, Arne, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Reventlow, Ditlev Otto Juel, Sitko, Roman, Sramek, Vit, Steckel, Mathias, Svodoba, Miroslav, Uhl, Enno, Verheyen, Kris, Vospernik, Sonja, Wolff, Barbara, and Zlatanov, Tzvetan

Abstract

Heterogeneity of structure can increase mechanical stability, stress resistance and resilience, biodiversity and many other functions and services of forest stands. That is why many silvicultural measures aim at enhancing structural diversity. However, the effectiveness and potential of structuring may depend on the site conditions. Here, we revealed how the stand structure is determined by site quality and results from site-dependent partitioning of growth and mortality among the trees. We based our study on 90 mature, even-aged, fully stocked monocultures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sampled in 21 countries along a productivity gradient across Europe. A mini-simulation study further analyzed the site-dependency of the interplay between growth and mortality and the resulting stand structure. The overarching hypothesis was that the stand structure changes with site quality and results from the site-dependent asymmetry of competition and mortality. First, we show that Scots pine stands structure across Europe become more homogeneous with increasing site quality. The coefficient of variation and Gini coefficient of stem diameter and tree height continuously decreased, whereas Stand Density Index and stand basal area increased with site index. Second, we reveal a site-dependency of the growth distribution among the trees and the mortality. With increasing site index, the asymmetry of both competition and growth distribution increased and suggested, at first glance, an increase in stand heterogeneity. However, with increasing site index, mortality eliminates mainly small instead of all-sized trees, cancels the size variation and reduces the structural heterogeneity.Third, we modelled the site-dependent interplay between growth partitioning and mortality. By scenario runs for different site conditions, we can show how the site-dependent structure at the stand level emerges from the asymmetric competition and mortality at the tree level and how the interplay change

Published
2022

32. Comparing individual-tree growth models using principles of stand growth for Norway spruce, Scots pine, and European beech

Author

Vospernik, Sonja, Monserud, Robert A., and Sterba, Hubert

Subjects
Beech -- Growth, Spruce -- Growth, Pine -- Growth, Growth (Plants) -- Comparative analysis -- Models, Earth sciences
Abstract

We examined the relationship between thinning intensity and volume increment predicted by four commonly used individual-tree growth models in Central Europe (i.e., BWIN, Moses, Prognaus, and Silva). We replicated conditions of older growth and yield experiments by selecting 34 young, dense plots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). At these plots, we simulated growth, with mortality only, to obtain the maximum basal area. Maximum basal area was then decreased by 5% or 10% steps using thinning from below. Maximum density varied considerably between simulators; it was mostly in a reasonable range but partly exceeded the maximum basal area observed by the Austrian National Forest Inventory or the self-thinning line. In almost all cases, simulated volume increment was highest at maximum basal area and then decreased with decreasing basal area. Critical basal area, at which 95% of maximum volume increment can be achieved, ranged from 0.46 to 0.96. For all simulators, critical basal area was lower for the more shade-tolerant species. It increased with age, except for Norway spruce, when simulated with the BWIN model. Age, where mean annual increment culminated, compared well with yield tables. Key words: individual-tree growth model, evaluation, emergent properties, density-growth relationship, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica. Nous avons etudie la relation entre l'intensite d'eclaircie et l'accroissement en volume predit par quatre modeles de croissance a l'echelle de l'arbre couramment utilises en Europe centrale (BWIN, Moses, Prognaus et Silva). Nous avons reproduit les conditions de vieilles experiences de croissance et de rendement en selectionnant 34 parcelles etablies dans des peuplements jeunes et denses d'epicea commun (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), de pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) et de hetre commun (Fagus sylvatica L.). Dans ces parcelles, nous avons simule la croissance en tenant compte seulement de la mortalite pour obtenir la surface terriere maximale. La surface terriere maximale a ensuite ete reduite par tranches de 5% ou 10% selon les regles d'une eclaircie par le bas. La densite maximale variait considerablement entre les simulateurs. Elle se situait generalement dans une fourchette raisonnable, mais excedait partiellement la surface terriere maximale observee dans l'inventaire forestier nationalautrichien ou la courbe limite d'auto-eclaircie. Dans presque tous les cas, l'accroissement en volume simule etait maximal lorsque la surface terriere etait maximale et diminuait ensuite avec une diminution de la surface terriere. La surface terriere critique, qui permet d'atteindre 95 % de l'accroissement maximal en volume, se situait entre 0,46 et 0,96. Pour tous les simulateurs, la surface terriere critique etait plus petite pour les especes les plus tolerantes a l'ombre. Elle augmentait avec l'age, sauf pour l'epicea commun quand le modele BWIN etait utilise. L'age correspondant a l'accroissement annuel moyen maximal etait assez semblable a celui des tables de production. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: modele de croissance a l'echelle de l'arbre, evaluation, proprietes emergentes, relation entre la densite et la croissance, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica., Introduction 'Tree-level models are the new standard for modelling growth and yield in many regions of the world.' (Weiskittel et al. 2011). Individual-tree growth models allow for modelling growth and [...]

Published
2015
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35. Simulating the effects of thinning and species mixing on stands of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./Quercus robur L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) across Europe

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Engel, Markus, Vospernik, Sonja, Toïgo, Maude, Morin, Xavier, Tomao, Antonio, Trotta, Carlo, Steckel, Mathias, Barbati, Anna, Nothdurft, Arne, Pretzsch, Hans, del Rio, Miren, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Ponette, Quentin, Löf, Magnus, Jansons, Āris, Brazaitis, Gediminas, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Engel, Markus, Vospernik, Sonja, Toïgo, Maude, Morin, Xavier, Tomao, Antonio, Trotta, Carlo, Steckel, Mathias, Barbati, Anna, Nothdurft, Arne, Pretzsch, Hans, del Rio, Miren, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Ponette, Quentin, Löf, Magnus, Jansons, Āris, and Brazaitis, Gediminas

Abstract

Tree species mixing of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./Quercus robur L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been shown to have positive effects on ecosystem service provision. From a management perspective, however, it is still uncertain which thinning regime provides the highest possible productivity of mixed oak–pine forests in the long term. Because of a lack of empirical studies dealing with thinning and species mixing effects on oak–pine forests, we simulated forest growth in order to test which thinning type and intensity may provide the highest productivity in the long-term. To achieve this, we simulated the growth of pure and mixed stands of oak and pine for 100 years in 23 triplets located on an ecological gradient across Europe. For this purpose, we applied four different growth simulators and compared their results: the distance-independent single-tree simulator PROGNAUS, the distance-dependent single-tree simulator SILVA, the gap model ForCEEPS, and the process-based simulator 3D-CMCC-FEM. We investigated the effects of species mixing and thinning from the upper (thinning from above) and lower tail (thinning from below) of the diameter distribution by reducing the stand basal area to 50 and 80% of the maximum basal area. We compared simulated results of the relative volume productivity of mixed versus pure stands and of thinned versus unthinned stands to empirical results previously obtained on the same set of triplets. Simulated relative volume productivity ranged between 61 and 156%, although extremes of 10% and of 300% could be observed. We found the relative volume productivity to be influenced by stand age, but not by stand density, except for PROGNAUS. Relative volume productivity did not increase with the site water supply of the triplet location. Highest long-term productivity for oak, pine and oak–pine stands can be expected in consequence of thinning from above, but the effect of thinning intensity differed between simulators. Thinning effe

Published
2021

36. Simulating the effects of thinning and species mixing on stands of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./Quercus robur L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) across Europe

Author

Engel, Markus, primary, Vospernik, Sonja, additional, Toïgo, Maude, additional, Morin, Xavier, additional, Tomao, Antonio, additional, Trotta, Carlo, additional, Steckel, Mathias, additional, Barbati, Anna, additional, Nothdurft, Arne, additional, Pretzsch, Hans, additional, del Rio, Miren, additional, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, additional, Ponette, Quentin, additional, Löf, Magnus, additional, Jansons, Āris, additional, and Brazaitis, Gediminas, additional

Published
2021
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40. Seasonal, medium-term and daily patterns of tree diameter growth in response to climate.

Author

Vospernik, Sonja, Nothdurft, Arne, and Mehtätalo, Lauri

Subjects
TREE growth, EUROPEAN beech, HYDROLOGIC cycle, SCOTS pine, CLIMATOLOGY, NORWAY spruce
Abstract

Tree growth is expected to be responsive to climatic drivers across a spectrum of temporal scales, ranging from yearly growth to daily water use and photosynthesis. Automatic dendrometers offer the potential to provide continuous high-resolution measurements of tree radius changes. The signal recorded contains three components: (1) a long-term seasonal growth component, (2) a mid-term component representing swelling after rainfall and subsequent drying and (3) daily cycles of water-uptake related to tree transpiration. For 91 trees at 4 sites (Picea abies : 58, Pinus cembra : 17, Fagus sylvatica : 14, Pinus sylvestris : 2) monitored in Austria between 2012 and 2015, we simultaneously modelled these three processes using a hierarchical nonlinear mixed-effects model represented by two logistic growth curves. The focus was on the mid-term and daily component, and therefore long-term growth that is typically modelled by including tree size, competition or site variables was represented by random effects only. Both mid-term and short-term components were species-specific. In general, P. cembra and F. sylvatica were less sensitive to climate variables than P. abies. For all species, the mid-term component was best represented using a 14-day moving average difference between rainfall and potential evapotranspiration, a 24-h moving average of precipitation and its 1–3 days lags, a 24-h moving average temperature and its 1–3 days lags. The daily cycles of water uptake were best related to hourly humidity and its 3-h lag, and interactions with the 14-day moving average difference between rainfall and potential evapotranspiration accounted for attenuating cycles after rainy events and increasing cycles in dry periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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50. Harvesting Rules and Modules for Predicting Commercial Timber Assortments.

Author

Hasenauer, Hubert, Vospernik, Sonja, Söderbergh, Ingrid, and Ledermann, Thomas

Subjects
TIMBER, TREE growth, FOREST management, WOOD quality, FORESTS & forestry
Abstract

Individual tree-growth simulators that are to be used to support decisions in forest management must be able to provide forest growth forecasts for different stand treatments and forest management scenarios as well as giving results in terms of not only cubic metres or biomass, but also commercial assortments, including measures of wood quality. In the context of the ITM EU project, several known growth simulators were supplemented by incorporating additional modules to express a variety of thinning and harvesting algorithms. This allows studying the results pertaining to different management regimes. Their applicability has been considered in their dependence on the concepts of the specific growth simulation models within which they were to be implemented. Commercial assortments, as long as they only relate to log dimensions and log properties (which can be estimated using individual tree breast-height diameter, tree height and crown ratio), are easily implemented through the application of taper curves or the commonly used assortment tables. If other qualitative stem measures are needed to predict log quality, the relationships between the log quality distribution and the stem quality assessment are strong enough to encourage the use of modules to incorporate stem quality distributions into the growth simulation models. However, these relationships and classifications are very different in the different countries, regions and forest enterprises. Therefore a number of different logistic models have been presented to predict stem quality. Furthermore, it is deemed necessary and it is recommended that concrete relationships between stem qualities and log qualities are developed individually at a forest enterprise level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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