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Bestaand onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat een negatieve ouder-kind interactie verschillende ernstige gevolgen heeft voor adolescenten. Een van deze gevolgen is internaliserende problematiek. Er is echter weinig bekend over problematisch social media gebruik die deze relatie mogelijk medieert. Daarom was het doel van de huidige studie om te onderzoeken of de relatie tussen een negatieve ouder-kind interactie en internaliserende problematiek bij adolescenten werd gemedieerd door problematisch social media gebruik. De gegevens zijn verzameld onder 401 jongeren van 9 tot 19 jaar, woonachtig in Nederland. De adolescenten werden gevraagd om vragenlijsten in te vullen waarin onderzoeksvariabelen werden beoordeeld met betrekking tot negatieve ouder-kind interactie, problematisch social media gebruik en internaliserende problematiek. Voor het uitvoeren van de resultaten is gebruik gemaakt van een mediatie analyse. De resultaten toonden aan dat een negatieve ouder-kind interactie positief gerelateerd was aan problematisch social media gebruik en internaliserende problematiek. Problematisch social media gebruik medieerde partieel het effect van een negatieve ouder-kind interactie op internaliserende problematiek. De conclusie kan worden getrokken dat een negatieve ouder-kind interactie lijkt bij te dragen aan het risico op internaliserende problematiek bij adolescenten, waarbij problematisch social media gebruik een deel van dit risico verklaarde. Deze conclusie suggereert dat voor de adolescenten die een negatieve ouder-kind interactie ervaren, problematisch social media gebruik een focus zou moeten zijn bij het voorkomen van internaliserende problematiek. De resultaten bieden aanbevelingen voor de klinische praktijk en toekomstig onderzoek.

Family functioning is integral to the well-being and development of youth and can be influenced by the shared activities between parents and children. With the advent of digital media, there has been a noticeable increase in media co-use between parents and children, yet its impact on family functioning remains unclear. Addressing this ambiguity, this study explored the relationship between media co-use of parents and children and family functioning, considering the age of the parents and children, and family composition. Data from the ‘Digital Family Project,’ encompassing 403 children (53.8% girls, Mage = 13,51, SDage = 2.15) and 396 parents (58.1% females, Mage = 46.59, SDAge = 5.29) from 248 families were analyzed quantitatively using SPSS and the PROCESS-macro. While some hypotheses related to the parents' age and family composition were not confirmed, the results indicate a positive relationship between media co-use and family functioning. They also reveal a negative relationship between the child’s age and media co-use, with an indirect negative effect on family functioning. Even though the study has limitations and involves predominantly higher-educated parents, it doesn’t imply that there is no negative relationship between media co-use and family functioning. Therefore, encouraging media co-use among parents and children might be worthwhile. However, further research is required to understand more about the direction of the relationship between media co-use and family functioning, especially regarding families with older children.

Lately, some concerns have been raised because of the fact that social media might have a negative influence on empathy in adolescents; its effects on psychosocial development are not fully clear and yet, social media is progressively being used more. However, there are reasons to believe that social media use might be positively associated with empathy in adolescents. It seems, here, that a qualitative parent-child relationship might be at the core of the differences in outcomes as far as the relation between social media use and empathy is concerned. In other words: the parent-child relationship might have a moderation effect in the relationship between social media use and empathy in adolescents. This study’s aim is to find out whether these assumptions hold true or not. Method A number of adolescents between the age of 12 and 18 years old (N=442) participated in this study. A multiple regression was performed, along with a PROCESS Macro analysis. Questionnaires have been used in order to do so: a self made instrument (the social media activity scale), the Adolescent Measure of Empathy and Sympathy (AMES) and the Network of Relationship Inventory (NRI). Results This study shows that a considerable amount of variance is being explained by the model. More social media use does in fact entail a higher degree of empathy. However, no moderation effect was found, seeing as there was no interaction effect. Conclusion Even though the results are divided, this study gives rise to new additional studies that aim to provide a more thorough understanding of the relationship between social media use and empathy. Suggestions for future research have been made and ought to be taken into consideration to establish novel research in the near future.

Social media has experienced a surge in popularity in the past decades, particularly among adolescents. Interestingly, this age group exhibits the lowest levels of life satisfaction. The present study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge on the association between problematic social media use (PSMU) and life satisfaction among Dutch adolescents. Additionally, this research seeks to explore the moderating role of family functioning in this relationship. Despite the recognition of family as a crucial context in the lives of adolescents, limited research has been conducted on its influence on the association between PSMU and life satisfaction. Drawing from previous studies, the expectation is that PSMU and life satisfaction will display a negative correlation, with family functioning acting as a protective moderator. Data for this study was collected through a questionnaire administered to 390 adolescents (54.4% female) with an mean age of 13.84 (SD = 2.13). Hypotheses were examined using regression analysis and process-macro moderation analysis. The results reveal a significant correlation between PSMU and life satisfaction, indicating that adolescents displaying more PSMU characteristics tend to have lower life satisfaction. However, no moderating effect of family functioning was observed. Further investigation is recommended to explore additional factors that may influence the association between PSMU and life satisfaction, with the ultimate goal of providing appropriate interventions for adolescents with PSMU and low levels of life satisfaction.

Background: Previous research has demonstrated a correlation between low self-control and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in adult and Asian adolescent samples. However, there is currently limited evidence for this relationship in western adolescents. It is crucial to expand the literature on this topic to include information about the relationship in adolescents in general. This is important because adolescents typically have lower self-control than adults in specific contexts, especially when the reward system is stimulated. Video games are known to be particularly effective at triggering this reward system. Additionally, studies have found that certain game genres (RPG, shooter, and strategy) have a direct impact on IGD and that adolescents with low self-control are highly susceptible to the mechanisms involved in these games. However, no research has yet been done on the moderating effect of game genres on the relationship between self-control and IGD. Aims: Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-control and IGD among adolescents aged 12 to 18 years in the Netherlands. Additionally, the study examined whether game genre moderated this effect. Method: 236 adolescents (45.3% girls, MAge = 14.27, SDAge = 1.59), ranging from age 12 to 18, participated in this online questionnaire study, part of the longitudinal Digital Family Project by Utrecht University. IGD was measured using the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, self-control was measured with the Self-control Scale, and game genres were coded using an expanded game genre categorization model. Results: This study found a significant negative relationship between self-control and IGD. In other words, low self-control was related to more IGD-symptoms. The game genres RPG, shooter, and strategy collectively did not moderate the relationship between self-control and IGD. Gender accounted for a significant portion of the explained variance. Furthermore, implications of these findi

Doel: Het doel van huidige studie was het onderzoeken van de relatie tussen social media gebruik en empathie bij adolescenten en de modererende rol van ouder-kind relatie; ouderlijke steun en negatieve interactie. Methode: In totaal hebben 438 jongeren een online vragenlijst ingevuld. De groep bestond uit 230 meisjes en 208 jongens in de leeftijd van 10 tot 19 jaar. Om de onderzoeksvraag te beantwoorden is een regressie- en moderatieanalyse uitgevoerd. Resultaten: Het social media gebruik hing significant en positief samen met empathie, wat meer het geval was voor meisjes dan voor jongens. Tot slot werden geen significante effecten gevonden van de modererende rol ouder-kind relatie. Conclusie: Dit onderzoek laat zien dat social media gebruik bij adolescenten een bevorderende factor kan zijn voor het empathisch vermogen. Zowel ouderlijke steun als negatieve interactie hebben geen modererende rol op het verband tussen social media gebruik en empathie bij adolescenten.

The last two decades videogames became popular among youngsters. Some youngsters use videogames to relax or socialize with friends. However, 4 to 12 percent of youngsters that play daily develop problematic gaming (PG). It is yet unclear which factors give a higher risk of PG. Some studies suggest that depression and low self-control are important risk factors. This cross-sectional study examined the association between depressive symptoms and PG in youngsters between the age of 12 and 18 years old and whether this association is mediated by self-control. A sample of 264 respondents was used in this study (45.4% men, M age = 14.33, SD age = 1.55). Depressive symptoms, PG and self-control were assessed with an online survey. The analytic method conducted for this study was a mediation analysis with PROCESS. The results of the analysis showed that depressive symptoms were positively related to PG, while controlling for age and gender as well. They also showed that the association between depressive symptoms and PG was completely mediated through self-control. This shows that depressive symptoms are associated to a lower level of self-control and that the lower self-control is associated with more PG, because self-control is needed to regulate gaming behavior. An implication is that clinicians should be aware of the contributing factors that lead to PG and use this data to develop prevention plans for at risk youngster.

In deze studie is onderzocht of de relatie tussen parental self-efficacy en negatieve disciplinering verschillend is voor moeders en vaders die een peuter opvoeden. Om deze vraag te onderzoeken hebben 51 moeders en 51 vaders online vragenlijsten in gevuld over hun peuter. In deze studie scoorden moeders significant lager op parental self-efficacy dan vaders. Er wordt geen significant verschil gevonden tussen vader en moeder in het toepassen van negatieve disciplinering. Uit de resultaten bleek dat de relatie tussen parental self-efficacy en negatieve discipline significant verschillend was voor moeders en vaders. Naarmate moeders meer parental self-efficacy ervaarden, pasten zij minder negatieve disciplinering toe. Voor vaders bleek er geen relatie tussen parental self-efficacy en negatieve disciplinering te zijn. Het wordt aanbevolen om in toekomstige onderzoeken de gevonden relaties nogmaals te bekijken, waarbij onder andere rekening gehouden dient te worden met de tijd die ouders besteden aan de opvoeding.

The aim of this cross-sectional research was to investigate if there is a correlation between the use of social media by adolescents between 9 and 14 years old and their life satisfaction. The existing literature has shown that there is no agreement about this direct relation, for that reason there is examined whether this relation is indirect effected by social self-esteem in adolescents. Data has been obtained from a large panel, in which 1029 adolescents were selected. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships. The results of the present study showed that there was no direct significant relationship between social media use and life satisfaction. However, there was a positive indirect effect including social self-esteem. That means the more adolescents use social media, the higher their social self-esteem will be and the higher their life satisfaction.

In the literature, parental self-efficacy has emerged as an important variable when predicting parenting discipline and child development. Most of these studies used mothers in their samples. Although much research has been done on parental self-efficacy, negative discipline and the socio-emotional development of toddlers, little research has been done to identify possible associations between these three constructs, and the influence of gender of the parent is often underexposed. The current study attempted to overcome this knowledge gap by exploring to what extent negative discipline mediates the relationship between parental self-efficacy and the socio-emotional development of their toddlers. In addition, current study also explored if the relation between parental self-efficacy and negative discipline was moderated by gender of the parent. Scales assessing parental self-efficacy, negative discipline and the socio-emotional development of their toddler were administered to both mothers (N = 108) and fathers (N = 60). Results showed that parental self-efficacy predicts their toddlers’ socio-emotional development. The use of negative discipline didn’t mediate this relationship. In fact, no associations were found between negative discipline and parental self-efficacy, nor for negative discipline and the socio-emotional development of toddlers. Neither did gender of the parent moderate the relation between parental-self-efficacy and the use of negative discipline. It is suggested that more research should be done on the relationship between ND – PSE and ND – SED. A possible direction for this is to take another measure for ND.

Tieners spenderen tegenwoordig veel tijd op sociale media, waardoor het belangrijk is inzicht te verkrijgen in de effecten hiervan op het sociaal zelfvertrouwen, omdat dit nog sterk aan het ontwikkelen is. De relatie tussen het sociaal zelfvertrouwen en het sociale mediagebruik is onderzocht, met geslacht als moderator, zodat de relatie gespecificeerd wordt. Voor de huidige studie zijn de antwoorden van 1029 tieners tussen de 10 en 14 jaar, op de vragenlijsten ‘social media use’ en ‘social self-esteem’, gebruikt. De resultaten laten een significante positieve correlatie zien tussen het sociaal zelfvertrouwen en het sociale mediagebruik. Verder bleek het geslacht geen moderator te zijn in de relatie van het sociaal zelfvertrouwen en sociale mediagebruik. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat het sociaal zelfvertrouwen van tieners hoger is, wanneer iemand meer tijd spendeert op sociale media. Deze uitkomsten bieden nieuwe wetenschappelijke kennis en inzichten over de relatie van het sociaal zelfvertrouwen en het sociale mediagebruik bij jongens en meisjes.

Nowadays, young adolescents receive peer feedback not only face-to-face, but also online on social media. Social media have been developed to stimulate positive peer feedback. Both face-to-face and online peer feedback have an effect on the development of young adolescents’ social behavior. However, little evidence has been provided as to whether the social behavior of young adolescents has an effect on receiving positive peer feedback online. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between social behavior (i.e. social competence, pro-social behavior) and positive online peer feedback. We used survey data from 785 Dutch young adolescents (9-14 years old) participated. Two multiple regression analyses were used to examine whether prosocial behavior or social competence are relevant predictors of positive online peer feedback. Our results indicated that these young adolescents were more likely to receive positive online peer feedback, (a) when they show prosocial behavior in everyday life and/or (b) when they are socially competent. The young adolescents’ high scores on offline social behavior were linked to high scores on receiving positive online peer feedback. Our results provide first evidence for the positive relationship between social behavior and positive online peer feedback.

Due to the possible negative effects of violent video games (VVG) on adolescents research has begun to focus on possible predictors of VVG engagement. Up until now, most research has focused on individual factors. However, there are scientific indications that environmental factors should also be studied. Driven by the little amount of research on the role of peers in relation to adolescent media behavior, this study was designed to investigate the indirect relationship of descriptive and injunctive peer norms on aggressive behavior. Within this relationship the individual’s aggressive behavior was studied as possible mediator. Using data from a panel study with 943 adolescents, aged 10 to 14 years, regression analyses tested whether descriptive and injunctive peer norms are indirectly, via the individual’s aggressive behavior, related to adolescent VVG engagement. Results suggest an indirect relationship for both types of peer norms on adolescent VVG engagement. These findings provide an addition to the existing research on environmental predictors of adolescent media behavior and practical implications.

Social media is used by a lot of people nowadays, also by teenagers. In the last couple of years there has been a lot of attention towards the negative influences of social media. However, our well-being did not change in the past couple of years. The current research aims to investigate if there is a relation between the amount of social media use among teenagers between 10 and 15 years old and their well-being, divided into negative mood and life-satisfaction. Sex differences are also taken into account. To answer this question 1029 Dutch teenagers were surveyed using an online questionnaire at home. The results reveal that more social media use is significantly related to a more negative mood. There was a stronger relation between more social media use and a more negative mood in girls than in boys. No significant relation was found between the amount of social media use and life satisfaction among teenagers. There seems to be a difference in the temporary (negative mood) and prolonged (life satisfaction) relations between social media and well-being. The overall coherence of these two variables might be more nuanced, whereby the negative relations are only small.

Media often report negative consequences of social media use. However, the few studies available have shown that the use of social media can also have positive effects on teenagers. This study researches the relationship between the use of social media and prosocial behaviour, mediated by empathy among teenagers between the ages of 10 and 14 years old. The first hypothesis assumes there is a positive relationship between the use of social media and prosocial behaviour. The second hypothesis argues that this relationship is mediated by empathy. The data have been collected by questionnaires, using an online panel to approach participants (N = 1029). Results support both hypotheses, although the relationships are small. It can be concluded from this study that there is a positive relation between the use of social media and prosocial behaviour, mediated by empathy. For future research it would be interesting to look at the use of specific sorts of social media and specific activities on social media.

Empathy is an important developmental goal during adolescence. There is empirical evidence that suggest a positive relationship between social media use and empathy. However, it remains unclear which activities of social media is related to this increase of empathy. The present study investigates whether active or passive social media activities are positively related to empathy. It is hypothesized that active social media activities are positively related to empathy and passive social media activities are not related to empathy. The moderating role of gender was also examined. A total of 438 adolescents (12 - 18 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. The results showed that active social media activities and passive social media activities are positively related to empathy and that gender does not have a moderating role in this relationship. To gain more insight in the relationship between social media use and empathy it is recommended to research more types of social media activities and their relationship with empathy.

With a growing number of adolescents that play video games, a more nuanced perspective from both a societal and scientific point of view is necessary to accurately understand gaming, its influence, and the attitudes held toward it. This paper focuses on a digital learning perspective of adolescents playing Fortnite, specifically their attitude of development of two skills - second language and cooperation. Fortnite facilitates an informal digital environment in which players globally can interact with each other and are encouraged to work together, leading to possible opportunities to develop second language development and cooperation skills. A qualitative design was employed, using thematic analysis to analyze 15 semi-structured interviews with adolescents that play Fortnite. The results showed that language development within Fortnite was experienced by participants when working together and speaking with other players that spoke English. Results for cooperation were limited to implications, as respondents found the concept of ‘development of cooperation’ to be too vague. In general, it can be concluded that the partaking adolescents felt they developed teamplay abilities in playing Fortnite, although the development of English was understood better than that of cooperation. This could be explained through the concept of respectively hard- and soft-skills. Future research should gather more participants, but could also employ longitudinal, quantitative designs to measure an actual differences in skills to test whether popular games like Fortnite actually have an influence on developing skills.

Many quantitative research has been done especially about the negative effects of social media use on youth. In this qualitative research will be investigated to what extent adolescents experience a learning process in the development of creative skills and autonomy by using TikTok. More insight in how adolescents experience their own learning development will be helpful to design effective educational methods based on 21st-century skills. This research is split up in two separate sub-questions: firstly, it is investigated how adolescents experience their learning process in terms of creativity. Secondly, it will be investigated if this development is being experienced as autonomous. The whole research takes place around an application called TikTok, because this application is very popular among adolescents at the moment. Method: In this research, ten participants in the age of 13 until 16 years old were being interviewed. The answers are coded and categorized under six general themes: intrinsic motivation, artistic process, creative development, parental guidance, social influence and autonomous learning experiences. Conclusion: Several conclusions can be made referred to the first sub-question. First of all, the majority of the participants experience becoming more creative since their use of TikTok and experience having complete creative freedom. Second of all, the participants state that they can express their own creativity on TikTok and that these creative skills have developed over time. At last, the participants state that they find it important that they can implement skills developed within TikTok into real life. Conclusions referred to the second sub-question are firstly that the participants partly experienced autonomy towards their parents. They do not experience full autonomy. Secondly, a paradox is found which mentions that the participants do not experience full autonomy towards their friends and other users of TikTok. At last, the participants expe

This study investigated whether levels of parental self-efficacy (PSE) following noncompliant child behavior were affected similarly by power bouts and single acts of noncompliance. In addition, it was investigated whether this effect was similar for fathers versus mothers. Previous research has found that PSE can depend on parental needs, which is based on the parental roles fathers and mothers tend to fulfill. However, few studies have investigated gender differences in PSE. Even fewer studies have investigated this difference in relation to power bouts and single acts of noncompliance. As gender differences in levels of PSE could lead to gender sensitive intervention strategies, this study is both of social and scientific relevance. It was hypothesized that mothers would experience higher levels of PSE when raising toddlers. In addition, it was hypothesized that fathers’ levels of PSE would decrease more significantly during power bouts compared to mothers’ levels of PSE. A total of 165 parents (140 mothers; 25 fathers) participated in this study by filling out an online survey. No evidence was found in support of both hypotheses, meaning that fathers and mothers do not significantly differ in their levels and development of PSE. As a result, there seems no need for gender sensitive intervention strategies. However, these results have to be interpreted with caution as this study suffers a number of limitations. Future research should address these limitations in order to extend the scope of this study and increase its reliability regarding implications for gender sensitive intervention strategies.

Social status is important to individuals. People always live in groups and within these groups there is always a status hierarchy. Ethologists explain social status in terms of social dominance. Hawley describes social dominance as the control of resources in her Resource Control Theory. In this theory two behavioral strategies are central for the gaining of recourses, prosocial and coercive strategies. This study expands on this theory by exploring a new strategy, inspirational behavior. Hypothesized is, after combining Resource Control Theory and the Socioanalytic Theory, that the inspirational strategy will be effective. Besides that the moderating role of gender was examined. Participants is this research where 619 Dutch adolescents. Data was gathered using peer-rating questions. Data showed that inspirational and coercive strategies where most effective by gaining resource control, prosocial strategies seemed to be less effective. This study expands on previous theory, and makes therefore interesting suggestions for future research.

From previous research it is known that prosocial and coercive strategy use as well as bullying are related to social dominance. However, it remains unclear whether bullying could be seen a coercive strategy or not. The present study investigates whether bullying is a strategy that, in addition to prosocial and coercive strategy use, contributes to predicting social dominance in terms of resource control and perceived popularity. The moderating role of gender was also examined. Data were obtained from the second wave of a longitudinal study about bullying from the ‘Dutch Consortium on Bullying’ (DCOB). Most of the 2.414 students examined (43.6% boys) were aged 12.8 to 13.1 years old (M=13.3, SD=7.1). Peer nominations were used to assess bullying, prosocial and coercive strategy use, resource control and perceived popularity. Relations between the variables has been analyzed by a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. As hypothesized bullying was responsible for a significant part of variance in resource control and perceived popularity in addition to prosocial and coercive strategy use. Prosocial and coercive strategy use and bullying lead to social dominance together and independently of each other. Gender only moderated the relationship between prosocial strategy use and resource control and bullying and resource control. A strong connection was found between coercive strategy use and bullying and these strategies were prominent predictors of social dominance, but bullying appeared to be a separate aggressive strategy. Recommended is to involve the social context in anti-bullying programs and to differentiate between coercive strategy use and bullying.

The main aim of this study was to investigate whether online verbal self-disclosure influences self-esteem via positive peer feedback. The overall interest in social media along adolescents keeps on growing. And self- disclosure, which is an important aspect for creating self-esteem, is nowadays increasingly taking place via social media. About 25% of the standard information revealed on social media that can be revealed, revealing highly personal, sensitive and potentially stigmatizing information. The self-disclosure on social media then also receives feedback, which influences self-esteem. A survey among 852 Dutch adolescents (10 -15 years) showed that online verbal self-disclose is a predictor of positive peer feedback and positive peer feedback is a predictor of self-esteem.

The aim of this study was to further examine the relationship between violent media and aggression in adolescence. Within this relationship individual differences between adolescents might play a role. One of those individual differences could be inhibition. Inhibition seems to play a big part in aggression and might be a possible mediator or moderator in the relationship between violent media and aggression. An online questionnaire was administered and filled in by 1037 adolescents between the age of 9 and 14 years. This data was analyzed with a multiple regression analyses and model 1 and 4 of the PROCESS-macro. A significant positive relationship was found between violent media and aggression. There was no indication of either a moderating or mediating role of inhibition on this relationship. Despite finding no evidence for these roles, the results do show a positive correlation between inhibition, violent media, and aggression. This positive correlation suggests that inhibition does play a role in the relationship between violent media and aggression. To further study this role a distinction needs to be made between hot and cold inhibition and, direct and indirect aggression. For now, professionals, parents, and schools should be made aware of the risks of violent media so they can minimize them.

In dit onderzoek werd de relatie tussen het mediagebruik van ouders, de media-attitudes van ouders, het geslacht van het kind en het toepassen van ouderlijke mediasturingsstrategieën onderzocht. Deze relatie werd onderzocht voor verschillende mediabronnen (TV, games en sociale media). Ouders van adolescenten tussen de 12 en 17 jaar (n = 638) hebben een vragenlijst ingevuld over hun eigen mediagebruik, media-attitudes en over welke mediasturingsstrategieën ze toepassen. Uit de resultaten bleek dat het toepassen van ouderlijke mediasturingsstrategieën inderdaad gerelateerd waren aan het mediagebruik van ouders, de media-attitudes van ouders en het geslacht van het kind. Dit onderzoek is een belangrijke stap in het identificeren van factoren die gerelateerd zijn aan het toepassen van mediasturingsstrategieën. Met deze kennis kunnen ouders gepast geïnformeerd worden met als doel het mediagebruik van hun kinderen te optimaliseren.

This research focused on the influence of non-specific factors on the change in adolescent externalizing problem behavior brought by MultiSystemic Therapy (MST). The expectations about the intervention and relationship with the therapist reported by parents were examined as possible moderators on the change in externalizing problem behavior of the adolescent after MST. The participants in the study were 147 adolescents (70.8% boys and 29.2% girls) between the ages of 12 and 18 (M = 15.34, SD = 1.42) and one of their parents (90.2% mother and 9.8% father). Externalizing problem behavior was measured using a separate questionnaire for the adolescent and the parent during the pre- and post-test, the parents' expectations about the intervention were measured using a questionnaire prior to the treatment with MST and the relationship between the parent and therapist is afterwards of MST measured using a questionnaire. No main effects and interaction effects were found. The expectations about the intervention of the parent and the relationship between the parent and therapist were not moderating factors in the post-test of externalizing problem behavior of the adolescent. In order to gain more insight into which non-specific factors influence the treatment result at MST, the influence of non-specific factors on the secondary outcomes of MST and other potentially influential non-specific factors must also be considered. In order to gain insight into the effectiveness of MST, it is advisable to repeat current research with the control group included.

Social status is important to individuals. People always live in groups and within these groups there is always a status hierarchy. Ethologists explain social status in terms of social dominance. Hawley describes social dominance as the control of resources in her Resource Control Theory. In this theory two behavioral strategies are central for the gaining of recourses, prosocial and coercive strategies. This study expands on this theory by exploring a new strategy, inspirational behavior. Hypothesized is, after combining Resource Control Theory and the Socioanalytic Theory, that the inspirational strategy will be effective. Besides that the moderating role of gender was examined. Participants is this research where 619 Dutch adolescents. Data was gathered using peer-rating questions. Data showed that inspirational and coercive strategies where most effective by gaining resource control, prosocial strategies seemed to be less effective. This study expands on previous theory, and makes therefore interesting suggestions for future research.

Uit de literatuur is naar voren gekomen dat er weinig onderzoek is gedaan naar de relatie tussen narcisme en het gebruik van online sociale netwerksites bij tieners tussen de 10 en 15 jaar. Onderzoek bij deze leeftijdsgroep is juist belangrijk, omdat tieners vaak gebruik maken van online sociale netwerksites en het ontstaan van narcisme in de adolescentie plaatsvindt. Onderzoek laat zien dat er een positieve relatie bestaat tussen narcisme en het gebruik van online sociale netwerksites bij jongvolwassenen (18 tot 23 jaar). Jongvolwassenen met narcisme ervaren problemen met het onderhouden van vriendschappen waardoor zij zich mogelijk eenzamer voelen en hun toevlucht zoeken op online sociale netwerksites. Doordat jongvolwassenen met narcisme vaak bevestiging zoeken van anderen lopen zij het risico om verslaafd te raken aan online sociale netwerksites en verlopen sociale contacten offline moeizamer. Deze gevolgen kunnen mogelijk ook tieners gelden. Het doel van dit huidige onderzoek was daarom om onderzoek te doen naar deze relatie. De onderzoeksvraag luidde als volgt: “Is er een relatie tussen narcisme en het gebruik van online sociale netwerksites onder tieners tussen de 10 en 15 jaar?”. Tevens is onderzocht of de relatie tussen narcisme en het gebruik van online sociale netwerksites verklaard werd door eenzaamheid. Uit het huidige onderzoek kan geconcludeerd worden dat er een positieve relatie is gevonden tussen narcisme en het gebruik van online sociale netwerksites bij tieners tussen de 10 en 15 jaar. Eenzaamheid bleek hierin geen medieerde rol te spelen. Er is echter wel een trend gevonden voor eenzaamheid als mediator. Het gebruik online sociale netwerksites is niet meer weg te denken uit de huidige moderne samenleving en is een veel gebruikt communicatiemiddel onder tieners. Het is daarom belangrijk dat toekomstig onderzoek zich richt op mogelijk verklarende factoren die de relatie tussen narcisme het gebruik van online sociale netwerksites medieert.

Introductie. In huidig onderzoek is onderzocht wat de invloed van gewelddadige media op agressief gedrag bij adolescenten is en of de mate van gedragsinhibitie deze relatie versterkt. Methode. Door middel van vragenlijsten is data verzameld bij 1032 adolescenten in de leeftijd van 10 tot 15 jaar. De gegevens zijn geanalyseerd aan de hand van een multipele regressieanalyse en de PROCESS macro. Resultaten. Er is gebleken dat er een significant positief verband bestaat tussen blootstelling aan gewelddadige media en agressief gedrag bij adolescenten. Wanneer adolescenten meer worden blootgesteld aan gewelddadige media, laten zij meer direct en indirect agressief gedrag zien. De resultaten laten tevens zien dat gedragsinhibitie geen modererende rol heeft. Conclusie. Uit dit onderzoek blijkt dat gedragsinhibitie geen effect heeft op de relatie tussen blootstelling aan gewelddadige media en agressief gedrag. Aanbevelingen voor vervolgonderzoek en de praktijk worden besproken.

Deze studie heeft als doel te onderzoeken of de traditionele gendersocialisatie door ouders gerelateerd is aan het vermogen van jongvolwassenen om vriendschappelijke relaties aan te gaan met iemand van hetzelfde -en het andere geslacht en of deze relatie gemodereerd wordt door sekse. Voor dit onderzoek hebben Nederlandse respondenten tussen de 18 en 25 jaar deelgenomen (N= 301). Van deze streekproef is 27% mannelijk en 73% vrouwelijk. De steekproef bestaat uit respondenten van het MBO (31%), HBO (28%) en WO (41%). De respondenten zijn geworven door middel van een quotasteekproef. Zij hebben een online survey ingevuld over traditionele gendersocialisatie en Gender-Based Relationship Efficacy (GBRE). Uit de resultaten komt naar voren dat er geen directe relatie is tussen traditionele gendersocialisatie door ouders en het vermogen van jongvolwassenen om een vriendschappelijke relatie aan te gaan en dat deze relatie er niet anders uit ziet voor jongens dan voor meisjes. Sekse is daarmee geen significante moderator. Wel wordt er een significant verschil gevonden tussen jongens en meisjes in de mate van traditionele gendersocialisatie die zij hebben ontvangen. Bij jongens vindt er significant meer traditionele gendersocialisatie plaats dan bij meisjes.

Binnen dit onderzoek is de invloed van ouders op het verband tussen mediageweld en agressie onderzocht. Middels vragenlijsten is data verzameld onder 894 adolescenten in de leeftijd van 10 tot 14 jaar. Hieruit komt naar voren dat ouders op verschillende manieren invloed hebben op het verband tussen mediageweld en agressie. Wanneer zij op een controlerende of inconsistente manier regels stellen over het mediagebruik van hun kind, is dit gerelateerd aan meer blootstelling aan mediageweld en indirect aan het vertonen van meer agressie. Op een autonomie-bevorderende manier regels stellen blijkt gerelateerd te zijn aan minder blootstelling en agressie. Daarnaast komt naar voren dat wanneer ouders op een controlerende of autonomie-bevorderende manier met hun kind over de inhoud van media praten, dit het verband tussen mediageweld en agressie versterkt. Deze resultaten bieden ondersteuning dat ouders de agressie die hun kind vertoont door mediageweld kunnen verminderen.

In the present era media is everywhere, the variety of devices to enter media are enormous. It is unthinkable that children will grow up without any influences of media. It is suggested that too much use of media can lead to different effects such as behavioural problems. There is an issue regarding lack of exercise, however it is reported that there could also be a gain of knowledge and skills about technology, language and maths. As a result of the wide range of media, children’s interest and use of media, parents can easily use this resource as a babysitter for children. When parents do their chores it can be a way of occupying the children. The current study examined 301 parents to analyse the relationship between parent characteristics and the use of media as a babysitter for children; age range four to twelve. Parenting characteristics that where analysed by a digital questionnaire, were positive attitudes of the parent against media; age of the parent, education of the parent and the amount of working hours of the parent. Results revealed that there is a relationship between positive attitudes against media and using media as a babysitter. The amount of hours, education and the age of the parent has no significant relationship with using media as a babysitter. Furthermore, covariates that are used in this study (age of the child and parenting stress) show more relation with using media as a babysitter. Parental characteristics showed no significant relationship with the use of media as a babysitter. Research suggests that characteristics in the child itself are probably more determent to predict the use of media as a babysitter.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of the parent-child relationship in the use of social network sites and games. It was expected that adolescents, whose relationship with their parents is less positive, use these media as an escape more often. This study contributes to the research about the use of media, and how the parent-child-relationship contributes this. The participants were 440 adolescents between the age of twelve and eighteen years, of which 53% were boys and 47% were girls. Four constructs were measured: the use of social network sites, the use of games, the parent-child-relationship and the motivations to make use of these media. This study indicates that a less positive parent-child-relationship leads to escapism, which leads to an increased use of media by adolescents.

This study examined the relationship between parenting stress of fathers and mothers and the development of internalising problem behaviour in boys and girls. It is important to examine the specific influences of gender on this association given the lack of research on this topic and the heightened risks for children to develop serious problems as a result of parenting stress and internalising problems. Participants were fathers and mothers of 401 Dutch, non-clinical children aged one to four years old. Results revealed that the more parenting stress parents experienced, the more internalising problems children had. No difference in influence was found between fathers and mothers in the association between parenting stress and internalising problems. Finally, it appeared that there was a difference between boys and girls in the association between parenting stress and internalising problem behaviour. It was concluded that these results provide an indication that, when parents experience parenting stress, this stress should be reduced, or at least taken into consideration in both research and practice, given the possible consequences this could have on the development of internalising problem behaviour in children. Keywords: Parenting Stress, Internalising Problem Behaviour, Gender. Samenvatting De huidige studie onderzoekt de relatie tussen opvoedstress bij vaders en moeders en de ontwikkeling van internaliserende gedragsproblemen bij jongens en meisjes. Omdat er weinig wetenschappelijk onderzoek bestaat naar dit onderwerp is het van belang de specifieke invloeden van sekse op deze relatie te onderzoeken. Door opvoedstress van ouders en door internaliserende gedragsproblemen lopen kinderen bovendien risico op het ontwikkelen van serieuze problematiek. De participanten in deze studie zijn vaders en moeders van 401 Nederlandse kinderen in de leeftijd van een tot vier jaar oud. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat hoe meer opvoedstress ouders ervaren, hoe meer internaliserende

Doel van deze studie is om de sociale veiligheidsbeleving van ouders en kinderen in een aandachtswijk in Nederland te onderzoeken. Er wordt gekeken naar de determinanten van deze veiligheidsbeleving, hoe ouders en kinderen hier mee om gaan en hoe zij de sociale veiligheid willen verbeteren. Data kwam van het project ‘Opvoeden en opgroeien in de Banne’, uitgevoerd door Stichting Alexander waarbij de mening van ouders en kinderen werd onderzocht in de aandachtswijk de Banne in Amsterdam. In totaal deden er 47 respondenten mee aan zes panelgesprekken op basisscholen en in buurthuizen. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat de sociale veiligheidsbeleving van ouders in kinderen in de Banne niet overwegend goed of slecht is en wordt beïnvloed door verschillende determinanten. Het plaatsvinden van recente feitelijke criminaliteit zoals brandstichting en inbraak en het kennen van buurtbewoners hebben de grootste invloed op de veiligheidsbeleving. Moeders voeren veel controle uit op hun kinderen om ze veilig te houden en de veiligheid kan volgens ouders en kinderen verbeterd worden door meer camera’s, meer politie op straat en activiteiten voor jongeren in de buurt.

Aim. This study examined the relationship between the positive or negative attitude of parents and media use (frequency and content) of primary school children. Method. Participants (n=292) in this study were parents with children ranging from 4 till 12 years old. Data was collected with an online survey filled in by parents. A multiple regression analysis was conducted in order to answer the research question. Results. There is a significant negative relationship between the negative attitude of parents and educational media content. In all of the other analyses no significant relationship between negative and positive attitude and media use of children was found. Conclusion. There is not a relationship between the positive or negative attitude of parents and media use (frequency and content) of primary school children. This could be explained by the form of mediation or guidance parents provide. It could also be explained by the amount of rules parents use. This could have a relationship with the media use of the child. The overall conclusion of this research is that parents do not have an relationship with their child’s media use and content except for educational media and negative attitude. This one significant result could be explained by the attitude theory of Bandura and Walters (1963) and Skinner (1953), where children can learn by imitating their parents media use. And the reinforcement of the parents. The results of the negative attitude scale need to be interpreted carefully because of the low Cronbach’s Alfa.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between parental media mediation and television use in children aged 4 to 12 years. A relation was expected between parental media mediation and the amount of minutes the child is watching television as well as the type of television program the child especially watches. To collect the data, an online survey among 301 parents is used. Only Dutch-speaking parents with a child aged 4 to 12 years and with access to various types of media participated in the study. The results showed that there is no significant link between parental media mediation and the amount of minutes the child is watching television. Additionally, the results showed that there is a significant link between active parental mediation and the child’s educational television use and between co-viewing and the child’s entertaining television use. There was no significant link between restrictive parental mediation and the child’s violent television use.

Volgens de Resource Control Theory (RCT; Hawley, 1999b) wordt agressie niet alleen gezien als middel om een hoge positie binnen de sociale groep te verkrijgen maar geeft agressie tevens toegang tot gewenste en schaarse hulpbronnen (resource control). Om resource control te verkrijgen, kan volgens de theorie gebruik worden gemaakt van twee competitiestrategieën; de coërcieve en de prosociale. Hawley onderscheidt vijf groepen controllers wat betreft competitiestrategieën door middel van een eenvoudige beslisregel. Deze groepen blijken onder meer te verschillen in de mate van resource control. Onderzocht is of deze vijf groepen via clusteranalyse terug te vinden zijn in de onderzoeksgroep en of zij verschillen in resource control. Een bestaande dataset uit 2006 van 1229 leerlingen in het basisonderwijs is gebruikt voor dit onderzoek. Aan de hand van peernominaties is hun strategiegebruik gemeten en aan de hand van leerkrachtrapportages is hun mate van resource control gemeten. Huidig onderzoek heeft tevens vijf groepen wat betreft competitiestrategieën gevonden. In overeenstemming met studies van Hawley zijn significant meer jongens gevonden in de coërcieve groep en significant meer meisjes in de prosociale groep. Daarbij verschillen de groepen in mate van resource control en de bistrategische controllers beschikken over de meeste resource control. Een interessante uitkomst was dat jongens in de coërcieve groep significant over meer resource control beschikten dan meisjes. Tenslotte, ondersteunt dit onderzoek de Resource Control Theory van Hawley.

Het doel van het huidige onderzoek was de samenhang te onderzoeken tussen de samenstelling van vriendengroepen en het hebben van een romantische relatie en de eigen overtuiging van studenten over het vermogen te beschikken romantische relaties aan te gaan, gemodereerd door zelfvertrouwen. Data is verzameld onder 292 Nederlandse studenten tussen de 18 en 25 jaar (M = 21.48, SD = 2.08). De data is verzameld middels de Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy en de Gender Based Relationship Efficacy en is vertrouwelijk verwerkt. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat een hogere mate van zelfvertrouwen gerelateerd is aan een hogere overtuiging van studenten over het vermogen te beschikken romantische relaties aan te gaan. In tegenstelling tot wat verwacht werd, is er geen samenhang gevonden tussen de samenstelling van vriendengroepen en het hebben van een romantische relatie en de eigen overtuiging over het vermogen te beschikken romantische relaties aan te gaan. Tevens is er geen verschil gevonden in de samenhang tussen de samenstelling van vriendgroepen en het hebben van een romantische relatie en de eigen overtuiging van studenten over het vermogen te beschikken romantische relaties aan te gaan, voor studenten met een hogere of lagere mate van zelfvertrouwen. Een groot deel van de studenten acht zichzelf dus in staat romantische relaties aan te gaan, zonder veel beïnvloed te worden door vriendengroepen.

Het doel van dit onderzoek was om het modererende effect te meten van actieve media regulatie door ouders op het verband tussen social mediagebruik en zelfbeeld. Er werd een negatief verband verwacht tussen social mediagebruik en zelfbeeld, met een afzwakkend modererend effect door actieve media regulatie. In totaal hebben 437 Nederlandse adolescenten geparticipeerd in het onderzoek. Adolescenten tussen de 12 en 18 jaar oud zijn gevraagd om een vragenlijst in te vullen, welke vragen betrof over de frequentie van social mediagebruik, hun zelfbeeld en hoe vaak ouders met hen praten over social mediagebruik. Uit de resultaten van de regressie analyse blijkt dat er geen significant verband is tussen social mediagebruik en zelfbeeld. Tevens blijkt uit de resultaten van de moderatie analyse dat actieve media regulatie geen significant verband heeft met social mediagebruik en zelfbeeld. De voornaamste conclusie is dat er geen significant verband is gevonden tussen social mediagebruik en zelfbeeld en dat actieve media regulatie geen significante rol speelt in deze relatie. Er is een kleine mate van verklaarde variantie door geslacht op zelfbeeld. Beperkingen van het huidige onderzoek en aanbevelingen voor vervolgonderzoek zijn beschreven.

Adolescenten maken tegenwoordig veel gebruik van sociale netwerksites. Uit eerder onderzoek is gebleken dat een hoge mate van het gebruik van deze sites samenhangt met lichaamsontevredenheid. Deze studie onderzoekt het verband tussen het gebruik van sociale netwerksites en lichaamsontevredenheid. Daarnaast wordt onderzocht of de kwaliteit van de ouder-adolescentrelatie een moderator is in dit verband. In totaal hebben 440 adolescenten in de leeftijd van 12 tot en met 19 jaar deelgenomen aan dit onderzoek. De resultaten suggereren dat adolescenten die meer gebruik maken van sociale netwerksites een significant hogere mate van lichaamsontevredenheid ervaren. Daarbij wordt dit verband versterkt naarmate zij een slechtere relatie met hun ouders hebben. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat een kwalitatief betere ouder-adolescentrelatie het risico op het ontwikkelen van lichaamsontevredenheid van de adolescent door sociale netwerksites kan verminderen.

In de huidige studie is onder Nederlandse adolescenten de relatie tussen sociale media en de kwaliteit van de ouder-adolescent relatie onderzocht. Hierbij zijn twee vormen van sociale media onderzocht, namelijk online communicatie met vrienden en online communicatie met ouders. Adolescenten (n = 440) van 12 tot 19 jaar oud hebben vragenlijsten ingevuld over het gebruik van online communicatie met vrienden en ouders en de relatie met hun ouders. In tegenstelling tot eerder onderzoek, is in de huidige studie geen relatie gevonden tussen online communicatie door adolescenten met vrienden en de kwaliteit van de ouder-adolescent relatie. Wel kwam er een positieve relatie naar voren tussen online communicatie met ouders en de kwaliteit van de ouder-adolescent relatie, wat overeenkomt met eerdere onderzoeken.