151 results on '"Voutilainen, Merja H."'
Search Results
2. Feasibility of combining alpha-synuclein aggregation and 6-OHDA in embryonic midbrain culture for modeling dopamine neuron degeneration
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Singh, Aastha, Panhelainen, Anne, and Voutilainen, Merja H.
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- 2023
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3. MANF regulates neuronal survival and UPR through its ER-located receptor IRE1α
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Kovaleva, Vera, Yu, Li-Ying, Ivanova, Larisa, Shpironok, Olesya, Nam, Jinhan, Eesmaa, Ave, Kumpula, Esa-Pekka, Sakson, Sven, Toots, Urve, Ustav, Mart, Huiskonen, Juha T., Voutilainen, Merja H., Lindholm, Päivi, Karelson, Mati, and Saarma, Mart
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- 2023
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4. GDNF and Parkinson’s Disease: Where Next? A Summary from a Recent Workshop
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Barker, Roger A, Björklund, Anders, Gash, Don M, Whone, Alan, Van Laar, Amber, Kordower, Jeffrey H, Bankiewicz, Krystof, Kieburtz, Karl, Saarma, Mart, Booms, Sigrid, Huttunen, Henri J, Kells, Adrian P, Fiandaca, Massimo S, Stoessl, A Jon, Eidelberg, David, Federoff, Howard, Voutilainen, Merja H, Dexter, David T, Eberling, Jamie, Brundin, Patrik, Isaacs, Lyndsey, Mursaleen, Leah, Bresolin, Eros, Carroll, Camille, Coles, Alasdair, Fiske, Brian, Matthews, Helen, Lungu, Codrin, Wyse, Richard K, Stott, Simon, and Lang, Anthony E
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Parkinson's Disease ,Aging ,Regenerative Medicine ,Clinical Research ,Neurodegenerative ,Neurosciences ,Brain Disorders ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,Neurological ,Animals ,Dopaminergic Neurons ,Genetic Therapy ,Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ,Humans ,Neuroprotective Agents ,Parkinson Disease ,GDNF ,dopaminergic neurons ,NRTN ,Parkinson's disease ,clinical trials ,Parkinson’s disease ,clinical trials ,Biochemistry and Cell Biology - Abstract
The concept of repairing the brain with growth factors has been pursued for many years in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases including primarily Parkinson's disease (PD) using glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). This neurotrophic factor was discovered in 1993 and shown to have selective effects on promoting survival and regeneration of certain populations of neurons including the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. These observations led to a series of clinical trials in PD patients including using infusions or gene delivery of GDNF or the related growth factor, neurturin (NRTN). Initial studies, some of which were open label, suggested that this approach could be of value in PD when the agent was injected into the putamen rather than the cerebral ventricles. In subsequent double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, the most recent reporting in 2019, treatment with GDNF did not achieve its primary end point. As a result, there has been uncertainty as to whether GDNF (and by extrapolation, related GDNF family neurotrophic factors) has merit in the future treatment of PD. To critically appraise the existing work and its future, a special workshop was held to discuss and debate this issue. This paper is a summary of that meeting with recommendations on whether there is a future for this therapeutic approach and also what any future PD trial involving GDNF and other GDNF family neurotrophic factors should consider in its design.
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- 2020
5. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor reduces α-synuclein aggregation and propagation and alleviates behavioral alterations in vivo
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Albert, Katrina, Raymundo, Diana P., Panhelainen, Anne, Eesmaa, Ave, Shvachiy, Liana, Araújo, Gabriela R., Chmielarz, Piotr, Yan, Xu, Singh, Aastha, Cordeiro, Yraima, Palhano, Fernando L., Foguel, Debora, Luk, Kelvin C., Domanskyi, Andrii, Voutilainen, Merja H., Huttunen, Henri J., Outeiro, Tiago F., Saarma, Mart, Almeida, Marcius S., and Airavaara, Mikko
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- 2021
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6. Survival and Motor Phenotypes in FVB C9-500 ALS/FTD BAC Transgenic Mice Reproduced by Multiple Labs
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Nguyen, Lien, Laboissonniere, Lauren A., Guo, Shu, Pilotto, Federica, Scheidegger, Olivier, Oestmann, Angelina, Hammond, Jennetta W., Li, Herman, Hyysalo, Anu, Peltola, Roosa, Pattamatta, Amrutha, Zu, Tao, Voutilainen, Merja H., Gelbard, Harris A., Saxena, Smita, and Ranum, Laura P.W.
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- 2020
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7. CNPY2 protects against ER stress and is expressed by corticostriatal neurons together with CTIP2 in a mouse model of Huntington's disease
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Scordino, Miriana, Stepanova, Polina, Srinivasan, Vignesh, Pham, Dan Duc, Eriksson, Ove, Lalowski, Maciej, Mudo, Giuseppa, Di Liberto, Valentina, Korhonen, Laura, Voutilainen, Merja H., Lindholm, Dan, Scordino, Miriana, Stepanova, Polina, Srinivasan, Vignesh, Pham, Dan Duc, Eriksson, Ove, Lalowski, Maciej, Mudo, Giuseppa, Di Liberto, Valentina, Korhonen, Laura, Voutilainen, Merja H., and Lindholm, Dan
- Abstract
Canopy Homolog 2 (CNPY2) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized protein belonging to the CNPY gene family. We show here that CNPY2 is protective against ER stress induced by tunicamycin in neuronal cells. Overexpression of CNPY2 enhanced, while downregulation of CNPY2 using shRNA expression, reduced the viability of neuroblastoma cells after tunicamycin. Likewise, recombinant CNPY2 increased survival of cortical neurons in culture after ER stress. CNPY2 reduced the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) branch of ER stress and decreased the expression of CCAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Homologous Protein (CHOP) involved in cell death. Immunostaining using mouse brain sections revealed that CNPY2 is expressed by cortical and striatal neurons and is co-expressed with the transcription factor, COUPTF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2). In transgenic N171-82Q mice, as a model for Huntington's disease (HD), the number of CNPY2-immunopositive neurons was increased in the cortex together with CTIP2. In the striatum, however, the number of CNPY2 decreased at 19 weeks of age, representing a late-stage of pathology. Striatal cells in culture were shown to be more susceptible to ER stress after downregulation of CNPY2. These results demonstrate that CNPY2 is expressed by corticostriatal neurons involved in the regulation of movement. CNPY2 enhances neuronal survival by reducing ER stress and is a promising factor to consider in HD and possibly in other brain diseases., Funding Agencies|Swedish Brain Foundation; Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters; Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; Liv och Hlsa Foundation; Minerva Foundation; Doctoral Program in Biomedicine (DPBM), University of Helsinki
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- 2024
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8. Combination of CDNF and Deep Brain Stimulation Decreases Neurological Deficits in Late-stage Model Parkinson’s Disease
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Huotarinen, Antti, Penttinen, Anna-Maija, Bäck, Susanne, Voutilainen, Merja H., Julku, Ulrika, Piepponen, T. Petteri, Männistö, Pekka T., Saarma, Mart, Tuominen, Raimo, Laakso, Aki, and Airavaara, Mikko
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- 2018
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9. Combining fibril‐induced alpha‐synuclein aggregation and 6‐hydroxydopamine in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease and the effect of cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor on the induced neurodegeneration
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Singh, Aastha, primary, Panhelainen, Anne, additional, Reunanen, Saku, additional, Luk, Kelvin C., additional, and Voutilainen, Merja H., additional
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- 2023
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10. Netrin‐1 and its receptor DCC modulate survival and death of dopamine neurons and Parkinson’s disease features
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Jasmin, Mélissa, Ahn, Eun Hee, Voutilainen, Merja H, Fombonne, Joanna, Guix, Catherine, Viljakainen, Tuulikki, Kang, Seong Su, Yu, Li‐ying, Saarma, Mart, Mehlen, Patrick, and Ye, Keqiang
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- 2021
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11. Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) Elevates Stimulus-Evoked Release of Dopamine in Freely-Moving Rats
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Renko, Juho-Matti, Bäck, Susanne, Voutilainen, Merja H., Piepponen, T. Petteri, Reenilä, Ilkka, Saarma, Mart, and Tuominen, Raimo K.
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- 2018
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12. Combining fibril‐induced alpha‐synuclein aggregation and 6‐hydroxydopamine in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease and the effect of cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor on the induced neurodegeneration.
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Singh, Aastha, Panhelainen, Anne, Reunanen, Saku, Luk, Kelvin C., and Voutilainen, Merja H.
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PARKINSON'S disease ,DOPAMINERGIC neurons ,DOPAMINE receptors ,ALPHA-synuclein ,LABORATORY mice ,DOPAMINE ,ANIMAL disease models - Abstract
The existent pre‐clinical models of Parkinson's disease do not simultaneously recapitulate severe degeneration of dopamine neurons and the occurrence of alpha‐synuclein (aSyn) aggregation in one study system. In this study, we injected aSyn pre‐formed fibrils (PFF) and 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) unilaterally into the striatum of C57BL/6 wild‐type male mice at an interval of 2 weeks to induce aggregation of aSyn protein and trigger the loss of dopamine neurons simultaneously in one model and studied the behavioural effects of the combination in these mice. 6‐OHDA was tested at three different doses, and 2 μg of 6‐OHDA combined with PFF‐induced aSyn aggregation was found to produce the most optimal disease phenotype. At 14 weeks timepoint, mice injected with a combination of PFF and 6‐OHDA sustained significant damage to the nigrostriatal pathway and exhibited aSyn‐positive aggregation. Our data suggest that the neurons that formed large aSyn aggregates were particularly vulnerable to 6‐OHDA‐induced degeneration. We also demonstrate the manifestation of a relatively aggressive pathology in 2‐ to 4‐month‐old mice, as compared to younger 7‐ to 9‐week‐old ones. Furthermore, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) administered intrastriatally rescued dopamine neurons and motor behaviour of the animals to some extent from 6‐OHDA toxicity. However, no such effect could be seen in the novel 6‐OHDA + PFFs combination model. For the first time, we demonstrate the combined effect of PFF and 6‐OHDA simultaneously in one model. We further discuss the scope for further optimizing this combination model to develop it as a promising pre‐clinical platform for drug screening and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Therapeutic potential of the endoplasmic reticulum located and secreted CDNF/MANF family of neurotrophic factors in Parkinson’s disease
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Voutilainen, Merja H., Arumäe, Urmas, Airavaara, Mikko, and Saarma, Mart
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- 2015
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14. CDNF rescues motor neurons in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress
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De Lorenzo, Francesca, primary, Lüningschrör, Patrick, additional, Nam, Jinhan, additional, Beckett, Liam, additional, Pilotto, Federica, additional, Galli, Emilia, additional, Lindholm, Päivi, additional, Rüdt von Collenberg, Cora, additional, Tii Mungwa, Simon, additional, Jablonka, Sibylle, additional, Kauder, Julia, additional, Thau-Habermann, Nadine, additional, Petri, Susanne, additional, Lindholm, Dan, additional, Saxena, Smita, additional, Sendtner, Michael, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, and Voutilainen, Merja H, additional
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- 2023
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15. CDNF rescues motor neurons in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Lorenzo, Francesca De, Lüningschrör, Patrick, Nam, Jinhan, Beckett, Liam, Pilotto, Federica, Galli, Emilia, Lindholm, Päivi, Collenberg, Cora Rüdt von, Mungwa, Simon Tii, Jablonka, Sibylle, Kauder, Julia, Thau-Habermann, Nadine, Petri, Susanne, Lindholm, Dan, Saxena, Smita, Sendtner, Michael, Saarma, Mart, and Voutilainen, Merja H
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AMYOTROPHIC lateral sclerosis ,MOTOR neurons ,ENDOPLASMIC reticulum ,UNFOLDED protein response ,SPINAL cord - Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex, leading to paralysis and eventually to death within 3–5 years of symptom onset. To date, no cure or effective therapy is available. The role of chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as a potential drug target, has received increasing attention. Here, we investigated the mode of action and therapeutic effect of the endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor in three preclinical models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, exhibiting different disease development and aetiology: (i) the conditional choline acetyltransferase-tTA/TRE-hTDP43-M337V rat model previously described; (ii) the widely used SOD1-G93A mouse model; and (iii) a novel slow-progressive TDP43-M337V mouse model. To specifically analyse the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in motor neurons, we used three main methods: (i) primary cultures of motor neurons derived from embryonic Day 13 embryos; (ii) immunohistochemical analyses of spinal cord sections with choline acetyltransferase as spinal motor neuron marker; and (iii) quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of lumbar motor neurons isolated via laser microdissection. We show that intracerebroventricular administration of cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor significantly halts the progression of the disease and improves motor behaviour in TDP43-M337V and SOD1-G93A rodent models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor rescues motor neurons in vitro and in vivo from endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated cell death and its beneficial effect is independent of genetic disease aetiology. Notably, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor regulates the unfolded protein response initiated by transducers IRE1α, PERK and ATF6, thereby enhancing motor neuron survival. Thus, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor holds great promise for the design of new rational treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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16. Neurorestoration
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Airavaara, Mikko, Voutilainen, Merja H., Wang, Yun, and Hoffer, Barry
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- 2012
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17. Neurorestoration
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Airavaara, Mikko, Voutilainen, Merja H., Wang, Yun, and Hoffer, Barry
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- 2011
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18. Chronic infusion of CDNF prevents 6-OHDA-induced deficits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
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Voutilainen, Merja H., Bäck, Susanne, Peränen, Johan, Lindholm, Päivi, Raasmaja, Atso, Männistö, Pekka T., Saarma, Mart, and Tuominen, Raimo K.
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- 2011
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19. MANF Is Neuroprotective in Early Stages of EAE, and Elevated in Spinal White Matter by Treatment With Dexamethasone
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Nam, Jinhan, Koppinen, Tapani K., Voutilainen, Merja H., Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Regenerative Neuroscience, Divisions of Faculty of Pharmacy, and Drug Research Program
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MANF ,MODULATOR ,LESIONS ,EAE ,EXPERIMENTAL-MODELS ,3112 Neurosciences ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,dexamethasone ,MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS ,MS ,UPR ,ER STRESS ,PREVENTION ,neuroinflammation ,ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM STRESS ,EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ,immune system diseases ,Cellular Neuroscience ,GLUCOCORTICOIDS ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,Reactive glia ,NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ,RC321-571 ,Original Research - Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive autoimmune disease characterized by T-cell mediated demyelination in central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used in vivo disease model of MS. Glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone (dex) function as immunosuppressants and are commonly used to treat acute exacerbations of MS. Dex is also often used as a positive control in EAE studies, as it has been shown to promote motor behavior, inhibit immune cell infiltration into the CNS and regulate the activation of glial cell in EAE. This study further validated the effects of intravenously administrated dex by time-dependent fashion in EAE. Dex postponed clinical signs and motor defects in early stages of EAE. Histological analysis revealed that the degeneration of myelin and axons, as well as the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the white matter of spinal cord was inhibited by dex in early stages of EAE. Additionally, dex-treatment delayed the neuroinflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes. Furthermore, this study analyzed the expression of the neurotrophic factor mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) in EAE, and the effect of treatment with dex on MANF-expression. We show that in dex-treated EAE mice expression MANF increased within myelinated areas of spinal cord white matter. We also show that intravenous administration with hMANF in EAE mice improved clinical signs and motor behavior in the early stage of EAE. Our report gives insight to the progression of EAE by providing a time-dependent analysis. Moreover, this study investigates the link between MANF and the EAE model, and shows that MANF is a potential drug candidate for MS.
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- 2021
20. Neuroprotective Potential of a Small Molecule RET Agonist in Cultured Dopamine Neurons and Hemiparkinsonian Rats
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Renko, Juho-Matti, primary, Mahato, Arun Kumar, additional, Visnapuu, Tanel, additional, Valkonen, Konsta, additional, Karelson, Mati, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, Tuominen, Raimo K., additional, and Sidorova, Yulia A., additional
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- 2021
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21. Novel neurotrophic factor CDNF protects and rescues midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo
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Lindholm, Paivi, Voutilainen, Merja H., Lauren, Juha, Peranen, Johan, Leppanen, Veli-Matti, Andressoo, Jaan-Olle, Lindahl, Maria, Janhunen, Sanna, Kalkkinen, Nisse, Timmusk, Tonis, Tuominen, Raimo K., and Saarma, Mart
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Physiological aspects ,Genetic aspects ,Research ,Parkinson disease -- Genetic aspects -- Research ,Neurotrophins -- Physiological aspects -- Research -- Genetic aspects ,Dopamine -- Physiological aspects -- Research ,Neurotrophic functions -- Physiological aspects -- Research -- Genetic aspects ,Parkinson's disease -- Genetic aspects -- Research - Abstract
Author(s): Päivi Lindholm [1]; Merja H. Voutilainen [2]; Juha Laurén [1, 4]; Johan Peränen [1]; Veli-Matti Leppänen [1]; Jaan-Olle Andressoo [1]; Maria Lindahl [1]; Sanna Janhunen [2, 4]; Nisse Kalkkinen [...]
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- 2007
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22. C3-halogenation of cytisine generates potent and efficacious nicotinic receptor agonists
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Abin-Carriquiry, J. Andrés, Voutilainen, Merja H., Barik, Jacques, Cassels, Bruce K., Iturriaga-Vásquez, Patricio, Bermudez, Isabel, Durand, Claudia, Dajas, Federico, and Wonnacott, Susan
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- 2006
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23. Double Split Rings as Extremely Small and Tuneable Antennas for Brain Implantable Wireless Medical Microsystems
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Ma, Shubin, primary, Bjorninen, Toni, additional, Sydanheimo, Lauri, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, and Ukkonen, Leena, additional
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- 2021
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24. Netrin‐1 and its receptor DCC modulate survival and death of dopamine neurons and Parkinson’s disease features
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Jasmin, Mélissa, primary, Ahn, Eun Hee, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H, additional, Fombonne, Joanna, additional, Guix, Catherine, additional, Viljakainen, Tuulikki, additional, Kang, Seong Su, additional, Yu, Li‐ying, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, Mehlen, Patrick, additional, and Ye, Keqiang, additional
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- 2020
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25. CDNF rescues motor neurons in three animal models of ALS by targeting ER stress
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De Lorenzo, Francesca, primary, Lüningschrör, Patrick, additional, Nam, Jinhan, additional, Pilotto, Federica, additional, Galli, Emilia, additional, Lindholm, Päivi, additional, von Collenberg, Cora Rüdt, additional, Mungwa, Simon Tii, additional, Jablonka, Sibylle, additional, Kauder, Julia, additional, Petri, Susanne, additional, Lindholm, Dan, additional, Saxena, Smita, additional, Sendtner, Michael, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, and Voutilainen, Merja H., additional
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- 2020
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26. Glial Cell Line–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptor Rearranged During Transfection Agonist Supports Dopamine NeuronsIn Vitroand Enhances Dopamine ReleaseIn Vivo
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Mahato, Arun Kumar, primary, Kopra, Jaakko, additional, Renko, Juho‐Matti, additional, Visnapuu, Tanel, additional, Korhonen, Ilari, additional, Pulkkinen, Nita, additional, Bespalov, Maxim M., additional, Domanskyi, Andrii, additional, Ronken, Eric, additional, Piepponen, T. Petteri, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Tuominen, Raimo K., additional, Karelson, Mati, additional, Sidorova, Yulia A., additional, and Saarma, Mart, additional
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- 2019
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27. Cerebral Dopamine Neurotrophic Factor Diffuses Around the Brainstem and Does Not Undergo Anterograde Transport After Injection to the Substantia Nigra
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Albert, Katrina, primary, Renko, Juho-Matti, additional, Mätlik, Kert, additional, Airavaara, Mikko, additional, and Voutilainen, Merja H., additional
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- 2019
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28. Downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase phenotype after AAV injection above substantia nigra: Caution in experimental models of Parkinson's disease
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Albert, Katrina, primary, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Domanskyi, Andrii, additional, Piepponen, T. Petteri, additional, Ahola, Sari, additional, Tuominen, Raimo K., additional, Richie, Christopher, additional, Harvey, Brandon K., additional, and Airavaara, Mikko, additional
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- 2018
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29. Implementation of deep neural networks to count dopamine neurons in substantia nigra
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Penttinen, Anna‐Maija, primary, Parkkinen, Ilmari, additional, Blom, Sami, additional, Kopra, Jaakko, additional, Andressoo, Jaan‐Olle, additional, Pitkänen, Kari, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, and Airavaara, Mikko, additional
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- 2018
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30. Pre-α-pro-GDNF and Pre-β-pro-GDNF Isoforms Are Neuroprotective in the 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
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Penttinen, Anna-Maija, primary, Parkkinen, Ilmari, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Koskela, Maryna, additional, Bäck, Susanne, additional, Their, Anna, additional, Richie, Christopher T., additional, Domanskyi, Andrii, additional, Harvey, Brandon K., additional, Tuominen, Raimo K., additional, Nevalaita, Liina, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, and Airavaara, Mikko, additional
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- 2018
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31. AAV Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery to Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons : Implications for Gene Therapy and Disease Models
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Albert, Katrina, Voutilainen, Merja H., Domanskyi, Andrii, Airavaara, Mikko, Institute of Biotechnology, and Regenerative Neuroscience
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neurotrophic factors ,ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN ,Parkinson's disease ,striatum ,CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM ,VIRAL VECTORS ,1184 Genetics, developmental biology, physiology ,adeno-associated virus ,GFP ,GDNF ,gene therapy ,NIGROSTRIATAL SYSTEM ,nervous system ,substantia nigra ,PARKINSONS-DISEASE ,RAT MODEL ,CONVECTION-ENHANCED DELIVERY ,TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE ,dopamine ,ADENOASSOCIATED VIRUS VECTORS ,NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR - Abstract
Gene delivery using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is a widely used method to transduce neurons in the brain, especially due to its safety, efficacy, and long-lasting expression. In addition, by varying AAV serotype, promotor, and titer, it is possible to affect the cell specificity of expression or the expression levels of the protein of interest. Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra projecting to the striatum, comprising the nigrostriatal pathway, are involved in movement control and degenerate in Parkinson's disease. AAV-based gene targeting to the projection area of these neurons in the striatum has been studied extensively to induce the production of neurotrophic factors for disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease. Much less emphasis has been put on AAV-based gene therapy targeting dopamine neurons in substantia nigra. We will review the literature related to targeting striatum and/or substantia nigra dopamine neurons using AAVs in order to express neuroprotective and neurorestorative molecules, as well as produce animal disease models of Parkinson's disease. We discuss difficulties in targeting substantia nigra dopamine neurons and their vulnerability to stress in general. Therefore, choosing a proper control for experimental work is not trivial. Since the axons along the nigrostriatal tract are the first to degenerate in Parkinson's disease, the location to deliver the therapy must be carefully considered. We also review studies using AAV--synuclein (-syn) to target substantia nigra dopamine neurons to produce an -syn overexpression disease model in rats. Though these studies are able to produce mild dopamine system degeneration in the striatum and substantia nigra and some behavioural effects, there are studies pointing to the toxicity of AAV-carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP), which is often used as a control. Therefore, we discuss the potential difficulties in overexpressing proteins in general in the substantia nigra.
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- 2017
32. Development and plasticity of meningeal lymphatic vessels
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Antila, Salli, primary, Karaman, Sinem, additional, Nurmi, Harri, additional, Airavaara, Mikko, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Mathivet, Thomas, additional, Chilov, Dmitri, additional, Li, Zhilin, additional, Koppinen, Tapani, additional, Park, Jun-Hee, additional, Fang, Shentong, additional, Aspelund, Aleksanteri, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, Eichmann, Anne, additional, Thomas, Jean-Léon, additional, and Alitalo, Kari, additional
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- 2017
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33. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor Rearranged during transfection agonist supports dopamine neurons in Vitro and enhances dopamine release In Vivo.
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Mahato, Arun Kumar, Kopra, Jaakko, Renko, Juho‐Matti, Visnapuu, Tanel, Korhonen, Ilari, Pulkkinen, Nita, Bespalov, Maxim M., Domanskyi, Andrii, Ronken, Eric, Piepponen, T. Petteri, Voutilainen, Merja H., Tuominen, Raimo K., Karelson, Mati, Sidorova, Yulia A., Saarma, Mart, and Renko, Juho-Matti
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RESEARCH ,NEURONS ,BASAL ganglia ,ANIMAL experimentation ,RESEARCH methodology ,CELL receptors ,EVALUATION research ,MEDICAL cooperation ,DOPAMINE ,COMPARATIVE studies ,PARKINSON'S disease ,NERVE tissue ,RESEARCH funding ,BRAIN stem ,MICE - Abstract
Background: Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by degeneration and progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. Currently, no cure for this disease is available. Existing drugs alleviate PD symptoms but fail to halt neurodegeneration. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is able to protect and repair dopamine neurons in vitro and in animal models of PD, but the clinical use of GDNF is complicated by its pharmacokinetic properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the neuronal effects of a blood-brain-barrier penetrating small molecule GDNF receptor Rearranged in Transfection agonist, BT13, in the dopamine system.Methods: We characterized the ability of BT13 to activate RET in immortalized cells, to support the survival of cultured dopamine neurons, to protect cultured dopamine neurons against neurotoxin-induced cell death, to activate intracellular signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo, and to regulate dopamine release in the mouse striatum as well as BT13's distribution in the brain.Results: BT13 potently activates RET and downstream signaling cascades such as Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase and AKT in immortalized cells. It supports the survival of cultured dopamine neurons from wild-type but not from RET-knockout mice. BT13 protects cultured dopamine neurons from 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ )-induced cell death only if they express RET. In addition, BT13 is absorbed in the brain, activates intracellular signaling cascades in dopamine neurons both in vitro and in vivo, and also stimulates the release of dopamine in the mouse striatum.Conclusion: The GDNF receptor RET agonist BT13 demonstrates the potential for further development of novel disease-modifying treatments against PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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34. Evidence for an Additive Neurorestorative Effect of Simultaneously Administered CDNF and GDNF in Hemiparkinsonian Rats: Implications for Different Mechanism of Action
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Voutilainen, Merja H., primary, De Lorenzo, Francesca, additional, Stepanova, Polina, additional, Bäck, Susanne, additional, Yu, Li-Ying, additional, Lindholm, Päivi, additional, Pörsti, Eeva, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, Männistö, Pekka T., additional, and Tuominen, Raimo K., additional
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- 2017
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35. Intrastriatally Infused Exogenous CDNF Is Endocytosed and Retrogradely Transported to Substantia Nigra
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Mätlik, Kert, primary, Vihinen, Helena, additional, Bienemann, Ali, additional, Palgi, Jaan, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Booms, Sigrid, additional, Lindahl, Maria, additional, Jokitalo, Eija, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, Huttunen, Henri J., additional, Airavaara, Mikko, additional, and Arumäe, Urmas, additional
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- 2017
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36. Downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase phenotype after AAV injection above substantia nigra: Caution in experimental models of Parkinson's disease.
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Albert, Katrina, Voutilainen, Merja H., Domanskyi, Andrii, Piepponen, T. Petteri, Ahola, Sari, Tuominen, Raimo K., Richie, Christopher, Harvey, Brandon K., and Airavaara, Mikko
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- 2019
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37. Characterization of a new low-dose 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease in rat
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Penttinen, Anna-Maija, primary, Suleymanova, Ilida, additional, Albert, Katrina, additional, Anttila, Jenni, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, and Airavaara, Mikko, additional
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- 2016
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38. Differentiation and molecular heterogeneity of inhibitory and excitatory neurons associated with midbrain dopaminergic nuclei
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Lahti, Laura, primary, Haugas, Maarja, additional, Tikker, Laura, additional, Airavaara, Mikko, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Anttila, Jenni, additional, Kumar, Suman, additional, Inkinen, Caisa, additional, Salminen, Marjo, additional, and Partanen, Juha, additional
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- 2015
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39. Transient transfection of human CDNF gene reduces the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuroinflammation in the rat substantia nigra
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Nadella, Rasajna, primary, Voutilainen, Merja H, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, Gonzalez-Barrios, Juan A, additional, Leon-Chavez, Bertha A, additional, Jiménez, Judith M Dueñas, additional, Jiménez, Sergio H Dueñas, additional, Escobedo, Lourdes, additional, and Martinez-Fong, Daniel, additional
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- 2014
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40. Gene therapy with AAV2-CDNF provides functional benefits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
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University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Institute of Biotechnology, Bäck, Susanne, Peränen, Johan, Galli, Emilia, Pulkkila, Päivi, Lonka-Nevalaita, Liina, Tamminen, Tuulia, Voutilainen, Merja H., Raasmaja, Atso, Saarma, Mart, Männistö, Pekka T., Tuominen, Raimo K., University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Institute of Biotechnology, Bäck, Susanne, Peränen, Johan, Galli, Emilia, Pulkkila, Päivi, Lonka-Nevalaita, Liina, Tamminen, Tuulia, Voutilainen, Merja H., Raasmaja, Atso, Saarma, Mart, Männistö, Pekka T., and Tuominen, Raimo K.
- Abstract
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) protein has been shown to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway when given as intrastriatal infusions in rat and mouse models of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of CDNF delivered with a recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) serotype 2 vector in a rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD. AAV2 vectors encoding CDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or green fluorescent protein were injected into the rat striatum. Protein expression analysis showed that our AAV2 vector efficiently delivered the neurotrophic factor genes into the brain and gave rise to a long-lasting expression of the proteins. Two weeks after AAV2 vector injection, 6-OHDA was injected into the rat striatum, creating a progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Treatment with AAV2-CDNF resulted in a marked decrease in amphetamine-induced ipsilateral rotations while it provided only partial protection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cells in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta and TH-reactive fibers in the striatum. Results from this study provide additional evidence that CDNF can be considered a potential treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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- 2013
41. Gene therapy with AAV2‐CDNF provides functional benefits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
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Bäck, Susanne, primary, Peränen, Johan, additional, Galli, Emilia, additional, Pulkkila, Päivi, additional, Lonka‐Nevalaita, Liina, additional, Tamminen, Tuulia, additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Raasmaja, Atso, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, Männistö, Pekka T., additional, and Tuominen, Raimo K., additional
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- 2013
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42. CDNF Protects the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System and Promotes Recovery after MPTP Treatment in Mice
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Airavaara, Mikko, primary, Harvey, Brandon K., additional, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Shen, Hui, additional, Chou, Jenny, additional, Lindholm, Päivi, additional, Lindahl, Maria, additional, Tuominen, Raimo K., additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, Hoffer, Barry, additional, and Wang, Yun, additional
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- 2012
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43. WITHDRAWN: Neurorestoration
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Airavaara, Mikko, primary, Voutilainen, Merja H., additional, Wang, Yun, additional, and Hoffer, Barry, additional
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- 2011
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44. CDNF is a novel neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons in vivo
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Voutilainen, Merja H., primary, Lindholm, Päivi, additional, Saarma, Mart, additional, and Tuominen, Raimo K., additional
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- 2008
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45. Differentiation and molecular heterogeneity of inhibitory and excitatory neurons associated with midbrain dopaminergic nuclei.
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Lahti, Laura, Haugas, Maarja, Tikker, Laura, Airavaara, Mikko, Voutilainen, Merja H., Anttila, Jenni, Kumar, Suman, Inkinen, Caisa, Salminen, Marjo, and Partanen, Juha
- Subjects
GABAERGIC neurons ,EXCITATORY amino acid agents ,DOPAMINERGIC mechanisms ,NEURONS ,MITOSIS - Abstract
Local inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic neurons are important for midbrain dopaminergic and hindbrain serotonergic pathways controlling motivation, mood, and voluntary movements. Such neurons reside both within the dopaminergic nuclei, and in adjacent brain structures, including the rostromedial and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Compared with the monoaminergic neurons, the development, heterogeneity, and molecular characteristics of these regulatory neurons are poorly understood. We show here that different GABAergic and glutamatergic subgroups associated with the monoaminergic nuclei express specific transcription factors. These neurons share common origins in the ventrolateral rhombomere 1, where the postmitotic selector genes Tal1, Gata2 and Gata3 control the balance between the generation of inhibitory and excitatory neurons. In the absence of Tal1, or both Gata2 and Gata3, the GABAergic precursors adopt glutamatergic fates and populate the glutamatergic nuclei in excessive numbers. Together, our results uncover developmental regulatory mechanisms, molecular characteristics, and heterogeneity of central regulators of monoaminergic circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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46. Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Neurorestorative in Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.
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Voutilainen, Merja H., Bäck, Susanne, Pörsti, Eeva, Toppinen, Liisa, Lindgren, Lauri, Lindholm, Päivi, Peränen, Johan, Saarma, Mart, and Tuominen, Raimo K.
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- *
NEUROTROPHINS , *PARKINSON'S disease , *MESENCEPHALIC tegmentum , *NEUROGLIA , *IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY , *NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are promising candidates for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) belongs to a novel evolutionarily conserved family of neurotrophic factors. We examined whether MANF has neuroprotective and neurorestorative effect in an experimental model of PD in rats. We also studied the distribution and transportation of intrastriatally injected MANF in the brain and compared it with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Unilateral lesion of nigrostriatal dopaminergic system was induced by intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Amphetamine-induced turning behavior was monitored up to 12 weeks after the unilateral lesion. The local diffusion at the injection site and transportation profiles of intrastriatally injected MANF and GDNF were studied by immunohistochemical detection of the unlabeled growth factors as well as by autoradiographic and gamma counting detection of 125I-labeled trophic factors. Intrastriatally injected MANF protected nigrostriatal dopaminergic nerves from 6-OHDA-induced degeneration as evaluated by counting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell bodies in the substantia nigra (SN) and TH-positive fibers in the striatum. More importantly, MANF also restored the function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system when administered either 6 h before or 4 weeks after 6-OHDA administration in the striatum. MANF was distributed throughout the striatum more readily than GDNF. The mechanism of MANF action differs from that of GDNF because intrastriatally injected 125I-MANF was transported to the frontal cortex, whereas 125I-GDNF was transported to the SN. Our results suggest that MANF is readily distributed throughout the striatum and has significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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47. Effects of CDNF in experimental models of Huntington´s disease
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Stepanova, Polina, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Doctoral Programme in Drug Research, Helsingin yliopisto, farmasian tiedekunta, Lääketutkimuksen tohtoriohjelma, Helsingfors universitet, farmaceutiska fakulteten, Doktorandprogrammet i läkemedelsforskning, Petersén, Åsa, Voutilainen, Merja H., Saarma, Mart, and Tuominen, Raimo K.
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pharmacy - Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are characterized by loss of function or death of definite cell populations in the basal ganglia. HD is triggered by an expanded polyglutamine tract (glutamine repeats) in the huntingtin protein, leading to misfolding of the protein and subsequent accumulation of mutant huntingtin (mHtt) in the nuclei of different types of neurons. In contrast, in PD, dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) degenerate; moreover, there is also the accumulation of misfolded proteins associated with the neuropathology of PD. Additionally, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been detected in both of these diseases. Currently, no effective treatment for PD or HD is available to slow, stop, or reverse the progression of neurodegeneration. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is an evolutionarily conserved protein with neurotrophic properties. CDNF protects and restores the function of DA neurons in preclinical models of PD more effectively than other neurotrophic factors (NTFs), making it a promising drug candidate as a disease-modifying treatment of PD. Additionally, CDNF was safe and well-tolerated, showing therapeutic effects in some PD patients in phase 1/2 clinical trials. This thesis aimed to investigate the potential of CDNF as a drug candidate in cellular and rodent models of both HD and PD. We focused on studying the effect of coadministration of CDNF with another NTF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD. Moreover, we wanted to evaluate the difference in the mode of action between the two factors in this model. We found an additive neurorestorative effect after intrastriatal CDNF and GDNF coadministration in the 6-OHDA toxin model of PD. CDNF alone and in combination with GDNF showed a trend toward an increase in the density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive fibers in the lesioned striatal area, and moreover, the combination of the two factors significantly protected TH-positive cells in the SNpc area. CDNF activated the PI3K/AKT pathway, whereas GDNF activated two signaling pathways: PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK. We found a delay in activating the prosurvival pathway by CDNF compared to GDNF. Additionally, in comparison with GDNF, CDNF alone significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 downstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway in lesioned rats. Finally, CDNF, but not GDNF, reduced striatal levels of some ER stress markers in the above model. PD and HD show a wide range of commonalities, and as CDNF has been successful in preclinical trials and demonstrated a positive effect in clinical trials of PD, we expected to observe some beneficial effects of CDNF administration in the experimental HD models. We studied the neuroprotective and neurorestorative potential after different delivery paradigms of CDNF in preclinical models of HD to find the optimal paradigm for possible future application in clinical trials. First, we investigated the protective effects of CDNF in in vitro and in vivo quinolinic acid (QA) toxin models of HD. We demonstrated that CDNF improved motor coordination in QA-lesioned animals, which could be explained by the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of CDNF in the cell populations that are vulnerable in HD. Moreover, we found a protective effect after a single intrastriatal injection of CDNF in an in vivo QA-lesion model of HD. Second, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of CDNF in a transgenic mouse model of HD. CDNF was delivered as a chronic intrastriatal infusion using Alzet minipumps for N171-82Q mice. Chronic CDNF administration ameliorated the behavioral deficits and showed a trend toward reduced the nuclear staining and intranuclear inclusions in N171-82Q transgenic mice. Additionally, chronic delivery of CDNF demonstrated a trend toward a decrease in ER stress markers in the striatum in the above model. Furthermore, we found a significant increase in hippocampal BDNF mRNA levels after chronic CDNF administration in N171-82Q mice. In conclusion, CDNF shows a unique beneficial effect in several models of HD independent of the etiology of the disease. Notably, this thesis reports the first beneficial effects of CDNF in different models of HD. Parkinsonin taudissa ja Huntingtonin taudissa tietty tyvitumakkeiden hermosolupopulaatio tuhoutuu vähitellen. Huntingtonin taudin aiheuttaa huntingtiini-nimistä proteiinia ohjelmoivan geenin virheellinen CAG-emästoistojakson pidentymä. Tämä joka johtaa poikkeavan huntingtiini-proteiinin muodostumiseen, jota alkaa vähitellen kertyä soluihin haitaten niiden toimintaa. Parkinsonin taudissa substantia nigra pars compactassa (SNpc) sijaitsevat dopamiinihermosolut rappeutuvat asteittain. Tyypillinen neuropatologinen löydös Parkinsonin taudissa on solunsisäisten alfasynukleiinia sisältävien Lewyn kappaleiden kertyminen. Laskostumattomien tai väärinlaskostuneiden proteiinien kertyminen solulimakalvostoon (ER, endoplasmic reticulum) ja ER stressi ovat tavallisimpia löydöksiä Huntingtonin ja Parkinsonin taudissa. Huntingtonin tai Parkinsonin tautiin ei ole olemassa lääkettä, joka voisi hidastaa tai estää hermorappeuman etenemistä. Aivoperäinen dopamiinihermokasvutekijä (CDNF, Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor) on evoluutiossa säilynyt proteiini, jolla on hermokasvutekijöiden kaltaisia vaikutuksia. CDNF suojaa ja korjaa dopamiinihermosolujen toimintaa Parkinsonin taudin kokeellisissa malleissa muita hermokasvutekijöitä tehokkaammin, ollen näin lupaava Parkinsonin taudin kulkuun vaikuttava lääkekandidaatti. CDNF on osoittautunut myös turvalliseksi ja hyvin siedetyksi Parkinson potilailla suoritetuissa faasi I/II kliinisissä kokeissa. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa tutkittiin CDNF:n vaikutuksia Huntingtonin ja Parkinsonin taudin solu- ja jyrsijämalleissa. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä tutkittiin CDNF:n ja gliasolulinjaperäisen hermokasvutekijän (GDNF:n) yhteisannon vaikutuksia Parkinsonin taudin solu- ja eläinmalleissa. Havaitsimme, että CDNF:llä ja GDNF:llä oli additiivisia neurorestoratiivisia vaikutuksia Parkinsonin taudin 6-OHDA rottamallissa, osoittaen että CDNF:llä ja GDNF:llä on eri vaikutusmekanismit. CDNF sekä yksin että yhdessä GDNF:n kanssa suojasi tyrosiinihydroksylaasi (TH)-positiivisia viejähaarakkeita striatumissa. Lisäksi CDNF:n ja GDNF:n yhteisanto suojasi TH+ soluja SNpc:ssä. Havaitsimme myös, että GDNF aktivoi solujen selviämistä edistäviä MAPK/ERK ja PI3/AKT signaalireittejä striatumissa tunti annostelun jälkeen, kun CDNF aktivoi ainoastaan PI3K/AKT signaalireitin ja vasta 4 tuntia annostelun jälkeen. Lisäksi havaitsimme, että CDNF, toisinkuin GDNF, vähensi ER-stressin määrää striatumissa. Toisessa osatyössä CDNF:n vaikutuksia tutkittiin Huntingtonin taudin kinoliinihapon solu- ja eläinmalleissa. CDNF paransi kinoliinihapolla leesioitujen rottien motorista koordinaatiota, viitaten CDNF:n kykyyn suojata Huntingtonin taudissa tuhoutuvia hermosolupopulaatioita. Kolmannessa osatyössä CDNF:n vaikutuksia tutkittiin siirtogeenisessä Huntingtonin taudin geneettisessä N171-82Q hiirimallissa. Krooninen neljän viikon CDNF-infuusio paransi N171-82Q hiirten motorista koordinaatiota ja osoitti viitteitä huntingtiini-inkluusioiden sekö ER-stressin vähentämiseen. CDNF:llä oli hyödyllisiä vaikutuksia useissa eri Huntingtonin taudin solu- ja eläinmalleissa, osoittaen CDNF:n terapeuttisten vaikutusten olevan tautietiologiasta riippumattomia. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä kuvattiin enimmäistä kertaa CDNF suotuisat terapeuttiset vaikutukset Huntingtonin taudin prekliinisissä tutkimusmalleissa.
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- 2021
48. The role and therapeutic effect of CDNF in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases
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De Lorenzo, Francesca, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Doctoral Programme in Drug Research, Institute of Biotechnology (HiLIFE), Helsingin yliopisto, farmasian tiedekunta, Lääketutkimuksen tohtoriohjelma, Helsingfors universitet, farmaceutiska fakulteten, Doktorandprogrammet i läkemedelsforskning, Van Den Bosch, Ludo, Voutilainen, Merja H., Saarma, Mart, and Tuominen, Raimo
- Subjects
farmakologia ,pharmacology ,farmakologi - Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the dysfunction and death of specific neuronal populations. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, whereas motor neurons (MNs) in the motor cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord degenerate and die in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accumulation of misfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are some common hallmarks in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), a physiological response that aims at restoring the ER homeostasis by degrading misfolded proteins, attenuating protein translation, and increasing the expression of ER chaperones important for protein folding. Initially the UPR is protective, but, upon prolonged ER stress, the UPR switches from an adaptive to a pro-apoptotic response. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is an ER resident protein with neurotrophic properties that is protective and restorative in preclinical models of PD. The mechanism underlying CDNF’s action is still unclear, but experimental data suggest a possible involvement of CDNF in the ER homeostasis. The aim of this thesis work was to study the therapeutic potential of CDNF in PD and ALS rodent models and investigate CDNF mode of action, with a special focus on the ER stress response. Herein, we report that co-administration of CDNF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) showed an additive neurorestorative effect in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of PD, suggesting a different mechanism of action for these two proteins. We found that GDNF activated the pro-survival MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in the striatal dopamine neurons within 1 hour from protein administration. In contrast, CDNF activated only the PI3K/AKT pathway and at 4 hours upon treatment. Furthermore, CDNF, but not GDNF, reduced the expression of UPR markers ATF6, p-eIF2α, and GRP78. Therefore, the ability of CDNF to regulate ER stress was thoroughly investigated in three rodent models of ALS with different genetic etiology and disease progression. We showed that CDNF decreased the ER stress response specifically in MNs, by attenuating all three branches of the UPR, initiated by transducers inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). CDNF treatment was effective in all three models, indicating that CDNF’s therapeutic effect was independent of disease etiology. CDNF rescued MNs from ER-stressed induce cell death, halting the progression of the disease and ameliorating the motor deficit in the SOD1-G93A mouse model and in the TDP43-M337V rat model. Finally, we identified that depleting endogenous CDNF from the SOD1-G93A model worsened the motor symptoms in the mice, but did not affect their lifespan. The ER stress response in the Cdnf -/- SOD1-G93A mice was especially exacerbated in the skeletal muscle, where CDNF is normally highly expressed, and an overexpression of homologous protein mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) was detected in the same tissue. We observed a reduction in the number of lumbar MNs in Cdnf -/- SOD1-G93A compared to classical SOD1-G93A mice, which would explain the aggravated motor impairment. At this point, however, we could not determine whether the increase in MNs loss was caused by CDNF depletion in MNs, or rather a consequence of CDNF-deficiency in the degenerating muscle cells, targets of MNs. It was previously reported that, in mice, endogenous CDNF is important for the development and maintenance of enteric submucosal neurons, as well as for the regulation of gastrointestinal transit. Remarkably, we found that Cdnf -/- mice had less lumbar MNs at 4 months, compared to WT littermates, although this decrease did not result in any motor deficit. These findings suggest that CDNF may also have a role in the development and/or survival of MNs. Altogether, these studies indicate that ER stress is an important therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD and ALS, and that CDNF is a promising drug candidate, due to its ability to attenuate all three pathways of UPR. Hermorappeumasairauksissa tietty hermosolupopulaatio tuhoutuu vähitellen. Parkinsonin taudissa (PT) dopamiinihermosolut kuolevat asteittain substantia nigrassa, kun taas amyotrofisessa lateraaliskleroosissa (ALS) liikehermosolut kuolevat aivojen motorisessa kuorikerroksessa, aivorungossa ja selkäytimessä. Laskostumattomien tai väärinlaskostuneiden proteiinien kertyminen solulimakalvostoon (ER, endoplasmic reticulum) ja ER stressi ovat hermorappeumatautien tavallisimpia löydöksiä. Laskostumattomat proteiinit käynnistävät solussa laskostumattomien proteiinien vasteen (UPR, Unfolded protein response). UPR pyrkii vähentämään solun proteiinikuormaa hajottamalla väärinlaskostuneita proteiineja, vähentämällä proteiinien translaatiota ja lisäämällä proteiinien laskostumista avustavien ER saperonien ilmentymistä. Aluksi laskostumattomien proteiinien vasteella on suojaavia vaikutuksia, mutta ER stressin pitkittyessä UPR käynnistää ohjelmoidun solukuoleman. Aivoperäinen dopamiinihermokasvutekijä (CDNF, Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor) on ER:ssä sijaitseva proteiini, jolla on hermokasvutekijöiden ominaisuuksia. CDNF suojaa ja korjaa dopamiinihermosoluja PT:n prekliinisissä eläinmalleissa. CDNF:n vaikutusmekanismi on vielä epäselvä, mutta CDNF:llä tiedetään olevan rooli ER:n homeostaasin säätelyssä Tämän väitöskirjatyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia CDNF:n terapeuttista vaikutusta PT:n ja ALS:in eläinmalleissa ja selvittää CDNF vaikutusmekanismia keskittyen ER stressiin. Havaitsimme, että CDNF:n ja gliasolulinjaperäisen hermokasvutekijän (GDNF:n) yhteisannolla on additiivisia neurorestoratiivisia vaikutuksia PT:n 6-OHDA mallissa rotilla, osoittaen että CDNF:llä ja GDNF:llä on eri vaikutusmekanismit. Havaitsimme myös, että GDNF aktivoi solujen selviämistä edistäviä MAPK/ERK ja PI3/AKT signaalireittejä striatumissa tunti annostelun jälkeen, kun CDNF aktivoi ainoastaan PI3K/AKT signaalireitin vasta 4 tuntia annostelun jälkeen. Lisäksi havaitsimme että CDNF, toisinkuin GDNF, vähensi UPR markkereiden (ATF6, p-elF2alfa ja GRP78:n) määrää. Näin ollen tutkimme seuraavaksi, sääteleekö CDNF ER stressiä ALS:in kolmessa geneettisessä eläinmallissa. Osoitimme, että CDNF vähensi ER stressiä erityisestä liikehermosoluissa vaikuttaen kaikkiin kolmeen, joko IRE1, PERK tai ATF6 proteiinin kautta aktivoitavaan, UPR:n signalointireittiin. CDNF käsittely oli tehokas kaikissa kolmessa ALS:n geneettisessä eläinmallissa, osoittaen että CDNF:n terapeuttinen vaikutus oli riippumatonta tautietiologiasta. CDNF suojasi ja korjasi liikehermosoluja ER stressillä aiheutetulta solutuholta, hidastaen taudin etenemistä ja parantaen motorista koordinaatiota SOD1-G93A hiiri ja TDP43-M337V rottamalleissa. Lopuksi selvitimme miten endogeenisen CDNF:n puute vaikuttaa SOD1-G93A hiirten elinikään, oireiden kehittymiseen, motoriseen suoriutumiskykyyn ja ER stressiin. CDNF:n puutteen havaittiin huonontavan hiirten motorista koordinaatiota mutta tilastollisesti merkitsevää vaikutusta elinikään ei havaittu. ER stressin määrä lisääntyi CDNF -/- SOD1-G93A hiirten lihaksissa, jossa CDNF:ää ilmenee normaalisti paljon. CDNF:n sukulaisproteiinin, mesenkefaalisen astrosyyttisoluperäisen kasvutekijän (MANF, Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor) määrän havaittiin lisääntyneen samassa kudoksessa. Havaitsimme myös liikehermosolujen vähentymisen CDNF -/- SOD1-G93A hiirten selkäytimissä, verrattuna tavallisiin SOD1-G93A hiiriin, mikä selittää motorisen koordinaation heikkenemisen Aiemmin on osoitettu, että endogeeninen CDNF on tärkeä enteeristen submukosaalisten hermosolujen kehittymiselle ja ylläpidolle, kuten myös ruoansulatuskanavan nopeuden säätelylle hiirillä. Havaitsimme, että neljän kuukauden ikäisillä CDNF-/- hiirillä oli vähemmän liikehermosoluja villityypin hiiriin verrattuna, mutta tämä ei johtanut motorisen koordinaation heikkenemiseen. Nämä tulokset osoittavat, että CDNF:llä voi olla tärkeä rooli myös liikehermosolujen kehityksessä ja/tai selviytymisessä. Kaiken kaikkiaan nämä tutkimukset osoittavat, että ER stressi on tärkeä terapeuttinen kohde hermorappeumasairauksissa, kuten PT:ssa ja ALS:issa, ja että CDNF on lupaava lääkekandidaatti näiden sairauksien hoitoon ER stressisäätelyominaisuuksiensa ansiosta.
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- 2020
49. Modelling alpha-synuclein-based Parkinson's disease and studies with CDNF
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Albert, Katrina, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Doctoral Programme in Drug Research, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, Helsingin yliopisto, farmasian tiedekunta, Lääketutkimuksen tohtoriohjelma, Helsingfors universitet, farmaceutiska fakulteten, Doktorandprogrammet i läkemedelsforskning, Spillantini, Maria Grazia, Airavaara, Mikko, Voutilainen, Merja H., and Tuominen, Raimo
- Subjects
neuroscience - Abstract
The neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson’s disease is diagnosed when motor symptoms appear, which is caused by death of the substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Most disease cases are idiopathic, and there are currently no disease-modifying therapies. Since the mechanism underlying Parkinson’s disease is still unknown, bringing treatments to the clinic has been difficult. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a protein found abundantly in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Its importance for Parkinson’s disease was confirmed when it was discovered that mutations in the gene led to an autosomal dominant disease form and that it is the majority protein in what is considered a pathological marker of the disease, Lewy bodies. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is a conserved protein with neurotrophic-like properties. It has been shown to protect dopamine neurons in toxin models of Parkinson’s disease and is currently in Phase I/II clinical trials. It has not been tested in α-syn animal models and therefore the aim was to model α-syn-based Parkinson’s disease and to test whether CDNF can intervene with α-syn aggregation and has a therapeutic effect. We generated two models that used α-syn to model sporadic Parkinson’s disease and test CDNF on: adeno-associated virus (AAV) and preformed fibrils. We used an AAV to overexpress human wild-type α-syn and were able to model nigrostriatal dopamine loss accompanied by behavioural deficits. However, the variation in the success of the model was too high to consider it feasible to test CDNF on. This, combined with concerns about controls, led us to conclude that it may not be an ideal model of sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Using a preformed α-syn fibrils model to seed endogenous α-syn, we observed modest behavioural deficits that were ameliorated by CDNF, however the model did not result in dopamine neuron loss with the measures used. Although, we were able to model the spreading of Lewy body- and neurite-like inclusions that were positive for phosphorylated α-syn. From parallel in vitro studies we can conclude that CDNF is affecting the preformed α-syn fibrils model, but further studies are needed to clarify this. Since CDNF has been successful in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model after striatal injection, we tested injection to the substantia nigra and characterized the injection in naïve rats to further study CDNF. We expected similar effects of CDNF on dopamine neurons and behaviour using nigral injection, however issues with the injection paradigm and that CDNF was given as a single injection meant only minor behavioural effects and no restoration of dopamine neurons. Though when CDNF was injected to the substantia nigra of naïve rats, it was not transported to the striatum, but rather diffused around the midbrain. Lastly, we used a proteasomal inhibitor, the lactacystin toxin. When lactacystin was injected we observed a buildup of α-syn, nigrostriatal dopamine loss, neuroinflammation, and mild behavioural deficits. In general, this was repeated successfully and could be used for therapeutic studies. In conclusion, we used four different methods to model Parkinson’s disease to varying degrees of success in order to test CDNF. Our results indicate the importance of having proper controls and outcome measures. Additionally, we had success in modeling the progressive spreading of Lewy-like pathology, a phenomenon that is occurring in Parkinson’s disease. Notably, CDNF had some success and future studies will explore this further. Parkinsonin tauti diagnosoidaan mustatumakkeen dopamiinihermosolujen kuolemasta johtuvien motoristen oireiden perusteella. Useimmat tautitapauksista ovat idiopaattisia ja taudin kulkuun vaikuttavia lääkkeitä ei ole olemassa. Koska taudin taustalla olevat mekanismit ovat vielä tuntemattomia, taudin kulkuun vaikuttavien lääkkeiden tai hoitojen kehittäminen on ollut vaikeaa. Αlfasynukleiini on proteiini selkärankaisten keskushermoston hermosoluissa. Sen merkitys taudissa havaittiin, kun geenin mutaatioiden todettiin johtavan perinnölliseen taudin muotoon sekä sijaitsevan Lewyn kappaleissa. Aivojen dopamiinihermokasvutekijä (CDNF) on evolutionaarisesti säilynyt proteiini. Sen on osoitettu suojaavan dopamiinihermosoluja taudin hermomyrkkymalleissa ja se on parhaillaan I / II-vaiheen kliinisissä tutkimuksissa. Sitä ei ole tutkittu α-synukleiinin eläinmalleissa, joten väitöskirjatutkimukseni tavoitteena oli mallintaa α-synukleiiniin perustuvaa Parkinsonin tautia. Tämän lisäksi halusin tutkia CDNF:n vaikutuksia näissä malleissa sekä α-synukleiinin kertymisessä. Kehitimme kaksi α-synukleiiniin ja sen kertymiseen perustuvaa mallia, adeno-assosioitunut virusvektori- (AAV) sekä α-synukleiinifibrillimallin, tutkiaksemme CDNF:ää. Käytimme ihmisen normaalin α-synukleiinin sisältävää AAV-vektoria. Mallinsimme onnistuneesti aikaisemmin kuvatut käyttäytymishäiriöt, mutta suuren mallinsisäisen vaihtelun vuoksi CDNF:n tutkiminen ei ollut mahdollista. Koska kontrollikäsittelyt johtivat ristiriitaisiin tuloksiin, teimme johtopäätöksen, ettei malli ole ihanteellinen Parkinsonin taudille. Käyttäen α-synukleiinifibrillimallia endogeenisen α-synukleiinin kertymisen käynnistämiseksi havaitsimme joitakin käyttäytymishäiriöitä, jotka CDNF normalisoi, mutta malli ei johtanut dopamiinihermosolujen kuolemaan. Pystyimme kuitenkin mallintamaan Lewyn kappaleita ja neuriitteja muistuttavien laskostumien leviämistä, jotka olivat positiivisia α-synukleiinin fosforyloituneelle muodolle. Rinnakkaisten in vitro -tutkimusten perusteella CDNF saattaa vaikuttaa α-synukleiinifibrillimalliin, mutta tämän selvittämiseksi tarvitaan lisätutkimuksia. Koska CDNF on ollut tehokas 6-hydroksidopamiinitoksiinimallissa (6-OHDA-mallissa) aivojuovioon annetun CDNF-injektion jälkeen, testasimme injektiota mustatumakkeeseen ja CDNF:n lokalisoitumista normaaleilla rotilla CDNF:n jatkotutkimiseksi. Odotimme CDNF:llä olevan samankaltaisia dopamiinihermosoluja suojaavia vaikutuksia annosteltaessa CDNF mustatukkeeseen, mutta suuren hajonnan sekä haastavan koesuunnitelman vuoksi käyttäytymisvaikutukset olivat vähäisiä ja eikä dopamiinihermosolujen palautumista tapahtunut. Kuitenkin annosteltaessa CDNF:ää rottien mustatumakkeeseen sitä ei kuljeteta aivojuovioon, vaan CDNF leviää aivoissa injektiopaikan ympärille. Lopuksi käytimme proteasomaalista inhibiittoria, laktakystiinia. Injektoitaessa laktakystiinia havaitsimme α-synukleiinin kertymistä, vähäistä dopamiinihermosolujen kuolemaa, neuroinflammaatiota ja lieviä käyttäytymishäiriöitä. Laktakystiinimalli toistettiin onnistuneesti, ja malli voisi olla hyvä myös lääkekehityksen kannalta. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että käytimme neljää eri tapaa mallintaa Parkinsonin tautia CDNF:n tutkimiseksi vaihtelevin menestyksin. Tuloksemme viittaavat asianmukaisten kontrollien ja tulosmittarien tärkeyteen. Lisäksi onnistuimme mallintamaan asteittain kehittyviä Lewyn kappaleiden kaltaisia muutoksia, joita esiintyy Parkinsonin taudissa. CDNF-injektiot toimivat osittain, ja tulevat tutkimukset jatkavat työtä.
- Published
- 2019
50. CNPY2 protects against ER stress and is expressed by corticostriatal neurons together with CTIP2 in a mouse model of Huntington's disease.
- Author
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Scordino M, Stepanova P, Srinivasan V, Pham DD, Eriksson O, Lalowski M, Mudò G, Di Liberto V, Korhonen L, Voutilainen MH, and Lindholm D
- Abstract
Canopy Homolog 2 (CNPY2) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized protein belonging to the CNPY gene family. We show here that CNPY2 is protective against ER stress induced by tunicamycin in neuronal cells. Overexpression of CNPY2 enhanced, while downregulation of CNPY2 using shRNA expression, reduced the viability of neuroblastoma cells after tunicamycin. Likewise, recombinant CNPY2 increased survival of cortical neurons in culture after ER stress. CNPY2 reduced the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) branch of ER stress and decreased the expression of CCAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Homologous Protein (CHOP) involved in cell death. Immunostaining using mouse brain sections revealed that CNPY2 is expressed by cortical and striatal neurons and is co-expressed with the transcription factor, COUPTF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2). In transgenic N171-82Q mice, as a model for Huntington's disease (HD), the number of CNPY2-immunopositive neurons was increased in the cortex together with CTIP2. In the striatum, however, the number of CNPY2 decreased at 19 weeks of age, representing a late-stage of pathology. Striatal cells in culture were shown to be more susceptible to ER stress after downregulation of CNPY2. These results demonstrate that CNPY2 is expressed by corticostriatal neurons involved in the regulation of movement. CNPY2 enhances neuronal survival by reducing ER stress and is a promising factor to consider in HD and possibly in other brain diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Scordino, Stepanova, Srinivasan, Pham, Eriksson, Lalowski, Mudò, Di Liberto, Korhonen, Voutilainen and Lindholm.)
- Published
- 2024
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