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This paper presents the plant genetic resources maintained by the Center of Excellence for Legumes of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia. The genetic resources of legumes (soybean, alfalfa, red clover, pea and vetch) are an invaluable source material and a rich source of genetic divergence for the development of varieties adapted to specific agricultural and environmental conditions. Soybean is the most important of all cultivated legumes and occupies the largest area under cultivation. The alfalfa collection consists of over 800 genotypes with different agronomic traits and dormancy values. The novel alfalfa breeding concept - breeding for yield per se, based on natural heterosis in the development of half hybrids - was introduced in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The Center of Excellence for Legumes has 757 soybean genotypes, 655 red clover genotypes, about 730 pea genotypes and 495 vetch genotypes. The development of the winter pea variety for grain (NS Mraz), the first of its kind in South-Eastern Europe, was significant for science. Cilj rada je bio da se prikažu biljni genetski resursi (BGR) kojima raspolaže Centar izuzetnih vrednosti za leguminoze Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Instituta od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju. Genetski resursi leguminoza (soja, lucerka, crvena detelina, grašak i grahorice) predstavljaju dragocen polazni materijal i izvor raznovrsne genetske divergentnosti za stvaranje novih sorti prilagođenih određenim agroekološkim uslovima. Među leguminozama, soja zauzima najveće površine i spada u red najznačajnijih gajenih biljaka u svetu. Do sada postignuti i valorizovani rezultati istraživanja u zemlji i svetu potvrđuju lidersku poziciju u regionu i šire, a novosadsku genetiku soje čine prepoznatljivom. Kolekcija lucerke poseduje oko 800 genotipova različitih varijateta i nivoa dormantnosti. Kraj XX i početak XXI veka, karakteriše primena novog koncepta oplemenjivanja lucerke na prinos per se, koji treba da iskoristi prirodni heterozis u cilju stvaranja semihibrida. Centar izuzetnih vrednosti za leguminoze raspolaže sa 655 genotipova crvene deteline, oko 730 genotipova graška i 495 genotipova grahorica. Značajan doprinos nauci je stvaranje prve sorte ozimog graška za zrno u Jugoistočnoj Evropi (NS Mraz).

Young soybean crops are vulnerable to weed competition, especially if spring weather is cool. Inter-row cultivation is one of the practices used to tip the balance in the competition between the crop and weed flora in favour of the soybean. This practice note explains how to carry out interrow cultivation. The information presented in this practice note, which was produced in the framework of the Legumes Translated project, results from research carried out by Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, Serbia.

In temperate regions, normal-leafed field pea still represents an important crop for grain and animal consumption, even though there is increasing interest in afila type cultivars because of their better standing ability. The effect of dual legume intercropping on grain yield of normal-leafed pea was studied during 2015 and 2016 in order to reduce lodging, to improve grain yield stability and to analyse the competitiveness of field pea with annual legumes and wheat. The research involved six species grown as sole crops: normal-leafed pea (Pisum sativum L. (Partim)), semi-leafless pea (Pisum sativum L. (Partim), faba bean (Vicia faba L. (Partim)), white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and wheat as a control (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol) and intercrop mixtures of normal-leafed pea with other five species. Grain yield (t ha(-1)), yield components, land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient and aggressivity value for grain yield were monitored. The highest grain yield of normal-leafed pea (2.87 t ha(-1)) was obtained from the mixture with semi-leafless pea in 2015 and from the mixture of wheat + normal-leafed pea (5.26 t ha(-1)) in 2016. The lowest number of pods and seeds per plant was formed by normal-leafed pea as a sole crop in 2015 (5.2 and 19.2, respectively). The obtained results showed that a thousand seed weight differed between treatments; however, the differences were not significant. The highest land equivalent ratio (1.40), relative crowding coefficient (4.44) and the positive value of aggressivity (0.19) were observed in the mixture of fenugreek + normal-leafed pea. The results demonstrated that semi-leafless + normal-leafed pea and fenugreek + normal-leafed pea are the most beneficial mixtures for grain production, while faba bean was a less suitable component for intercropping with normal-leafed pea.

Soybean is one of the most important industrial crops in the world. The rich nutritional content of the seed is the reason for the increased cultivation of this crop all over the world. However, a large number of phytopathogenic fungi that exist in soybean seeds can reduce the nutritional content, germination, and seed vigor. Soybean seed samples were collected from experimental fields in seven locations in Vojvodina Province, Serbia in the period 2016-2018. From each sample, 100 seeds were randomly selected. Seeds were surface-disinfested in 4% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min, washed two times in sterile water, and dried on a filter paper. All 100 seeds were placed in 20 Petri dishes with standard potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), five seeds in each, and incubated at 22 ± 2°C for seven days, under 12 h of alternating light/dark conditions. The first assessment was performed on the fourth day after isolation. The health status analysis of soybean seed showed that Peronospora manshurica, Macrophominaphaseolina, Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora kikuchii as well as the species from genera Alternaria, Diaporthe, and Fusarium had colonized soybean seed in Serbia over three years. Species from the genus Alternaria and Peronospora manshurica were dominant in all three examined years. Furthermore, it has been noticed that weather conditions, location, and cultivar significantly influenced the intensity of the infection. The results of this study have shown which pathogens pose a threat to successful soybean seed production and help in finding preventive measures to control these pathogens during vegetation. Soja je jedna on najznačajnih gajenih industrijskih biljnih vrsta na svetu. Bogat nutritivni sadržaj zrna zaslužan je za sve veću učestalost gajenja ove industrijske biljke širom sveta. Međutim, veliki broj fitopatogenih gljiva egzistira u semenu soje i nepovoljno utiče na hranljivi sadržaj zrna pa samim tim i na smanjenu klijavost i životnu sposobnost. Zdravstveni pregled semena soje u trogodišnjem periodu od 2016. do 2018. godine, pokazao je da fitopatogene vrste iz rodova Alternaria, Diaporthe i Fusarium, kao i vrste Peronospora manshurica, Macrophominaphaseolina, Botrytis cinerea, i Cercospora kikuchii egzistiraju u semenu soje prikupljenom iz sedam lokaliteta u Srbiji. Ipak, P. manshurica i vrste iz roda Alternaria pokazale su se kao najdominantnije vrste u sve tri godine. Takođe, ustanovljeno je da vremenski uslovi, lokalitet gajenja i odabir sorte značajno utiču na intenzitet zaraze. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju koji patogeni predstavljaju pretnju uspešnoj semenskoj proizvodnji soje i pomažu u pronalaženju preventivnih mera za suzbijanje ovih patogena u toku vegetacije.

Genomic selection is a valuable breeding tool that has a great potential for implementation in a real breeding program, as long as prediction model performance is carefully evaluated for each specific scenario. The performance of genomic prediction models has been commonly evaluated by standard cross-validation that can lead to an overestimation of the model performance, by using the same genetic material and their performances that were included in the model development. Besides cross-validation, this study explored the efficiency of yield prediction models for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by using historical data for external model validation. Historical data represents a valuable source for evaluation of model performance, simulating the real breeding process. In general, results indicate a modest influence of statistical model and marker number on the prediction ability cross-validation and external validation. In both considerations, non-parametric random forest (RF) model showed an overestimation of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs). Overall, genomic prediction ability for soybean yield for historical data across years was relatively high (0.60), implicating that the model has the potential to predict broad adaptation of breeding lines. The model, however, had variable ability to predict phenotypic performance in separate years, with especially high prediction ability in years not impacted by yield-limiting factors, when the genetic potential was fully achieved. General improvement of model performance in both cross-validation and external validation was achieved by increasing the phenotyping intensity that must reflect the target environment variability in terms of different climatological conditions.

The performance of rhizobia in soybean nodules under drought stress conditions was analyzed using five Bradyrhizobium strains selected according to the osmotic stress tolerance in liquid medium. The effect of selected rhizobial strains on root and nodule antioxidant response and symbiotic performance was evaluated in a soil pot experiment under different levels of drought stress (0, 3, 5, 7 days withholding water). Drought stress increased the guaiacol peroxidase (POX) and ionically cell wall-bound peroxidase (POD) activity, antioxidant capacity, soluble protein content in roots and nodules, reduced the shoot dry weight (SDW), and increased the nitrogen content in the roots. Under water deficit conditions the highest increase of antioxidative parameters was recorded in the nodules of strain 216, and the lowest in roots and nodules of the plants inoculated with strain 511. Inoculation with strain 511 resulted in significantly lower SDW, root dry weight (RDW) and plant nitrogen content, while application of strain 216 resulted in the highest shoot attributes. Rep-PCR characterization and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic region sequencing emphasized the differences in strains genomic organization, especially for the 216 strain showing the higher tolerance to osmotic stress. The results implicate similarity between strain performance under osmotic stress in liquid medium and in symbiotic association under drought stress. The results also suggested important contribution of rhizobial strains in enhancing antioxidative response under drought stress and in symbiotic effectiveness, indicating more sensitive and tolerant symbioses.

Isoflavones are a group of phytoestrogens, naturally-occurring substances important for their role in human health. Legumes, particularly soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), are the richest source of isoflavones in human diet. Since there is not much current data on genetics of isoflavones in soybean, particularly in the aglycone form, elucidation of the mode of inheritance is necessary in order to design an efficient breeding strategy for the development of high-isoflavone soybean genotypes. Based on the isoflavone content in 23 samples of soybeans from four different maturity groups (00, 0, I and II), three crosses were made in order to determine the inheritance pattern and increase the content of total isoflavones and their aglycone form. Genotype with the lowest total isoflavone content (NS-L-146) was crossed with the low- (NS Zenit), medium (NS Maximus), and high- (NS Virtus) isoflavone genotypes. There were no significant differences in the total isoflavone content (TIF) between F2 populations, and there was no transgression among genotypes within the populations. Each genotype within all three populations had a higher TIF value than the lower parent (NS-L-146), while genotypes with a higher TIF value than the better parent were found only in the NS-L-146 × NS Zenit cross. However, significant differences in the aglycone ratio (ratio of aglycone to glycone form of isoflavones) were found between the populations. The highest aglycone ratio was found in the NS-L-146 × NS Maximus cross. The results indicate that the genetic improvement for the trait is possible.

The aim of this work was to estimate the trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in seeds of cultivated pea varieties, wild varieties and selected crosses between varieties from the first group and wild pea varieties and to study the variation in genes coding trypsin inhibitors. Mean TIA in field pea varieties ranged from 3.12 TIU/mg of sample in field pea variety from Czech Republic to 12.90 TIU/mg of sample in field pea variety FP S4 of Serbian origin. Wild field pea varieties showed TIA between 0.98 TIU/mg of sample in Pisum elatius and 9.79 TIU/mg of sample in Pisum abyssinicum. Selected crosses between cultivated field pea varieties and Pisum elatius showed a decrease in TIA in comparison with a parent line that has higher TIA content. The PCR amplification resulted in variety-specific amplification. Varieties with low TIA activity showed amplification with At13/At5 primer pair, while varieties with higher TIA activity showed amplification with primer pairs At12/At5, At14/At5 and At14/At8. Thus, At13/At5 primer pair could be sufficient to distinguish most varieties. These markers can be applied during an early screening of the valuable materials for future breeding programs of pea cultivars with the low level of tripsin inhibitor.

Seed decay is one of the most important diseases of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) that has a negative impact on the market grade of soybeans. The disease is mainly caused by Diaporthe longicolla, along with other Diaporthe species. Screening of soybean seeds health status in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, showed cultural and morphological variability among isolates identified as D. longicolla. With the use of DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), the new species was determined. BLAST analysis showed 100% identity with D. pseudolongicolla (syn. D. novem) that was described in this study and its taxonomic revision is discussed. Pathogenicity trial showed that both species, D. longicolla and D. pseudolongicolla, are highly pathogenic on soybean stem and seed, causing 100% of stem wilting and more than 82% of seed decay. Trulež semena je jedna od najvažnijih bolesti soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), koja negativno utiče na vrednost soje na tržištu. Najčešće je uzrokuje Diaporthe longicolla, zajedno sa drugim Diaporthe vrstama. Pregledom zdravstvenog stanja semena soje u Vojvodini (Srbija) uočena je morfološka varijabilnost između izolata identifikovanih kao D. longicolla. Upotrebom sekvenci DNK iz ITS regiona (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) i elongacionog faktora 1-alfa (EF1-α) potvrđeno je prisustvo nove vrste na semenu soje. BLAST analizom je dokazana identičnost od 100% sa D. pseudolongicolla (sin. D. novem) koja je opisana u ovom radu i čija taksonomska revizija se razmatra. Ispitivanja patogenosti su pokazala da su obe vrste, D. longicolla i D. pseudolongicolla, visoko patogene na stablu i semenu soje uzrokujući 100% uvenuće biljaka kao i trulež više od 82% semena.

The most frequent oil crops in Serbia today are sunflower and soybean, planted on over 200,000 ha each, followed by rapeseed, which increases significantly in surfaces. Black and white mustard, hemp, oil pumpkin, castor bean, flax, poppy, sesame and safflower are grown on smaller surfaces. In Serbia, a total of 355 varieties of oil plant species were on the variety list in 2017, out of which 188 were sunflower, 83 soybean and 71 rapeseed, followed by oil pumpkin, hemp, white and black mustard and castor bean. Among the domestic and foreign seed companies, the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad prevails with 150 registered varieties. Camelina, flax, poppy and safflower are in the registration process. In the ten-year period 2008-2017, the seed production of oil crops averaged 9,955 ha per year, of which the highest were soybean (8,200 ha per year) and sunflower (1,732 ha per year), and on small areas: rapeseed, oil pumpkin, poppy and hemp. In the 2016/2017 season in Serbia, 19,657,116 kg of soybean, 1,666,267 kg of sunflower, 137,179 kg of rapeseed and small quantity of white mustard seed, cannabis and oil pumpkin seeds were certified (all seed categories). Over 86% of declared sunflower seed and over 94% of rapeseed is imported. Serbia belongs to bigger European producers of soy and sunflower, has favorable agroecological conditions for the cultivation of oil crops, long tradition of breeding, strong processing sector, quality human resources and capacities and developed system of state regulation in seed production. The advantages Serbia has in breeding, seed production and growing of oil crops, have not been adequately exploited. Najzastupljenije uljane biljne vrste u Srbiji su suncokret i soja koje se gaje na preko 200.000 ha, sledi uljana repica čije površine značajno rastu. Na manjim površinama gaje se crna i bela slačica, konoplja, uljana tikva, ricinus, lan, mak, susam i šafranjika. U Srbiji je 2017. godine na listi priznatih sorti poljoprivrednog bilja bilo 355 sorti uljanih biljnih vrsta, od toga suncokreta 188, soje 83 i uljane repice 71, slede uljana tikva, konoplja, bela i crna slačica i ricinus. Među domaćim i stranim semenskim kućama dominira Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada sa 150 registrovanih sorti. U priznavanju su i lanik, lan, mak i šafranjika. U desetogodišnjem periodu 2008-2017, semenarstvo uljanih biljnih vrsta se u proseku odvijalo na 9.955 ha godišnje, od toga najviše soje (8.200 ha godišnje) i suncokreta (1.732 ha godišnje) i na malim površinama uljana repica, uljana tikva, mak i konoplja. U sezoni 2016/2017. u Srbiji je atestirano (svih kategorija semena) 19.657.116 kg soje, 1.666.267 kg suncokreta, 137.179 kg uljane repice i manje količine semena bele slačice, konoplje i uljane tikve. Preko 86% deklarisanog semena suncokreta i preko 94% semena uljane repice potiču iz uvoza. Srbija spada u veće evropske proizvođače soje i suncokreta, ima povoljne agroekološke uslove za gajenje uljanih biljnih vrsta, dugu tradiciju oplemenjivanja, jak prerađivački sektor, kvalitetne kadrove i kapacitete i razvijen sistem državne regulative u semenarstvu. Prednosti koje Srbija ima u oplemenjivanju, semenarstvu i gajenju uljanih biljnih vrsta nisu adekvatno iskorištene.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação genética do inibidor de tripsina em variedades cultivadas (Glycine max) e silvestres (Glycine soja) de soja. Foram avaliadas as variações genéticas do inibidor de tripsina Kunitz, representado pela proteína 21-kDa (KTI), e do inibidor de tripsina-quimotripsina Bowman-Birk (BBI), em variedades de soja cultivadas (G. max) e selvagens (G. soja). Ensaios de clivagem foram feitos com endonuclease de incompatibilidade heteroduplex, para a detectar mutações no gene de KTI, com uma única nuclease específica de cadeia simples, obtida a partir de extractos de aipo (CEL I). As variedades de soja estudadas apresentaram baixo nível de variação genética em KTI e BBI. A análise por PCR -RFLP dividiu o BBI-A em A1 e A2 e mostrou que o Tib do KTI é o tipo dominante. A digestão com enzimas de restrição não foi capaz de detectar diferenças entre os tipos de ti-null e outros alelos Ti, enquanto o ensaio com endonucleases com incompatibilidade heteroduplex com CEL I pôde detectar o tipo ti-null. O método de digestão com CEL I fornece uma ferramenta genética simples e útil para a análise de SNP. O método apresentado pode ser utilizado como ferramenta para a triagem rápida e útil de genótipos desejáveis em futuros programas de melhoramento de soja. The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variation of trypsin inhibitor in cultivated (Glycine maxL.) and wild (Glycine sojaSiebold & Zucc.) soybean varieties. Genetic variations of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, represented by a 21-kD protein (KTI), and of the Bowman-Birk trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor (BBI) were evaluated in cultivated (G. max) and wild (G. soja) soybean varieties. Endonuclease heteroduplex mismatch cleavage assays were performed to detect mutations in the KTI gene, with a single-stranded specific nuclease obtained from celery extracts (CEL I). The investigated soybean varieties showed low level of genetic variation in KTI and BBI. PCR-RFLP analysis divided the BBI-A type into subtypes A1 and A2, and showed that Tib type of KTI is the dominant type. Digestion with restriction enzymes was not able to detect differences between ti-null and other types of Ti alleles, while the endonuclease heteroduplex mismatch cleavage assay with CEL I could detect ti-null type. The digestion method with CEL I provides a simple and useful genetic tool for SNP analysis. The presented method can be used as a tool for fast and useful screening of desired genotypes in future breeding programs of soybean.

Isoflavones are a group of phytoestrogens, naturally-occurring substances important for their role in human health. Legumes, particularly soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), are the richest source of isoflavones in human diet. Since there is not much current data on genetics of isoflavones in soybean, particularly in the aglycone form, elucidation of the mode of inheritance is necessary in order to design an efficient breeding strategy for the development of high-isoflavone soybean genotypes. Based on the isoflavone content in 23 samples of soybeans from four different maturity groups (00, 0, I and II), three crosses were made in order to determine the inheritance pattern and increase the content of total isoflavones and their aglycone form. Genotype with the lowest total isoflavone content (NS-L-146) was crossed with the low- (NS Zenit), medium (NS Maximus), and high- (NS Virtus) isoflavone genotypes. There were no significant differences in the total isoflavone content (TIF) between F

The objective of this paper was to examine the effect of seed lot, sowing date, and priming on germination and vigour of soybean seed. Three different seed lots of an old soybean variety (Lot 1, Lot 2, Lot 3) created at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad were used. There were three sowing dates: 10 April, 20 May and 20 June. KNO3 (1%), H2O2 (0.1%), GA3 (0.075%) and distilled water were used as primers. The results showed that soaking the seed prior to sowing, so called priming, positively affected seed germination and vigour in all three lots and with all three sowing dates. The best effect was accomplished with Lot 1 and sowing on the third date. With regards to primers, the best effect was achieved with the application of KNO3 and H2O2 solutions. Research has shown that even soaking the seed in distilled water, which is a simple, cheap, and ecological method of priming, in most cases leads to improvement of germination and vigour of soybean seed.

The trial was carried out in the period 2007-2010 at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. Study was based on applied different fertilizer doses (mineral fertilizers and harvest residues of the previous crop). Trial variants were arranged in a randomized block design and they included: 0 kg N ha-1 without ploughing under crop residues; 0 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 50 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 150 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 250 kg N ha-1 + crop residues. There were two trial sub-variants with and without soybean seed inoculation within each variant. Seed of soybean cultivar Proteinka (maturity group 0) was inoculated directly before planting, using microbial fertilizer NS-Nitragin containing a mixture of selected highly effective Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains. Seed inoculation produced statistically highly significant yield increases in all four trial years, while the variants with higher doses of nitrogen applied under a preceding crop showed increases in mineral nitrogen uptake from the soil without adequate increases in soybean yield. The application of microbial fertilizers and ploughing under crop residues evidently ensured high yields of soybean, even with reduced doses of nitrogen fertilizer applied to a preceding crop. Eksperiment je izveden u periodu 2007-2010. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad. Studija je zasnovana na primenjenim različitim varijantama đubriva (mineralna đubriva i biljni ostaci prethodnog useva). Varijante ogleda su raspoređene po slučajnom blok sistemu: 0 kg N ha-1 bez zaoravanja žetvenih ostataka; 0 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 50 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 150 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 250 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci. U okviru svake varijante postojale su dve pod-varijante sa i bez inokulacije semena soje. Seme soje sorte Proteinka (0 grupa zrenja) je neposredno pre setve inokulisano mikrobiološkim đubrivom NS-Nitragin koje sadrži mešavinu odabranih visoko efikasnih sojeva bakterija Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Inokulacija semena dovela je do statistički veoma značajnog povećanja prinosa u sve četiri godine istraživanja, dok su varijante sa visokim dozama azota primenjene pod predusev dovele do povećanja usvajanja mineralnog azota iz zemljišta bez odgovarajućeg povećanja prinosa soje. Primena mikrobioloških đubriva i zaoravanje biljnih ostataka može da obezbedi visoke prinose soje, čak i pri smanjenim dozama azotnih đubriva koje su primenjene u prethodnom usevu.

Although Phomopsis longicolla is primarily known as a seedborne pathogen, it can be isolated from all parts of the plant. The disease lesions observed on the basal parts of soybean stems were slightly sunken with irregular shapes and sizes, bordered by a thin black margin. Within the lesions themselves, large and diffusely distributed pycnidia with α and β conidia, typical of the genus Phomopsis, were observed. The percentages of the two types of conidia varied considerably, but β conidia were predominant in most of the pycnidia. The presence of these reproductive organs indicated that the symptoms could have been caused by Phomopsis sojae. However, after isolation on a nutritive medium, all cultural and morphological characteristics clearly indicated that the isolated fungus was P. longicolla, whose identification was subsequently confirmed by sequencing three genomic regions. Monosporic isolates, with different ratios of α and β conidia, exhibited a high level of pathogenicity on soybean, after artificial inoculation. Both types of conidia were observed on the stems of the inoculated soybean plants. Beta conidia also formed quickly on medium made of soybean seeds and mature stems after exposure to low temperatures (−10°C). This study suggests that P. longicolla is capable of a massive production of β conidia, not only in old fungal cultures as it had until now been believed, but also in infected soybean plants in the field.

Svrha je ovog istraživanja bila procijeniti degradaciju i amplifikaciju DNA, te kvantificirati GMO tijekom proizvodnje tofua. Maseni udjeli Roundup Ready® sojinog (RRS) kultivara od 0,9; 2; 3 i 5 % korišteni su za procjenu razine od praktičnog značaja za utvrđivanje praga označavanja. Metoda PCR u stvarnom vremenu bila je učinkovitija od konvencionalne metode PCR za analizu sirovog sojinog mlijeka, okare, kuhanog sojinog mlijeka i tofua. Negativan učinak mljevenja i mehaničke manipulacije bio je vidljiv u uzorku okare pripremljenom s 3 % RSS u kojem je bilo (2,28±0,23) % GMO-a, te s 5 % RRS u kojem je bilo (2,74±0,26) % GMO-a. Zagrijavanje na 100 ºC tijekom 10 minuta nije dovelo do bitne degradacije DNA niti u jednom uzorku. Sadržaj kultivara RRS u konačnom proizvodu (tofu) deseterostruko se smanjio tijekom obrade, u rasponu od 0,07 do 0,46 %, što je bilo ispod praga označavanja. Rezultati su razmatrani u svjetlu globalne usklađenosti GMO standarda, što bi moglo pozitivno utjecati na trgovinu djelomično prerađenim prehrambenim proizvodima kao što je tofu, a naročito na politiku označavanja proizvoda., The aim of this study is to assess DNA degradation, DNA amplification, and GMO quantity during tofu production. Soybean seeds were spiked with Roundup Ready® soybeans (RRS) at 0.9, 2, 3 and 5 % (by mass), to assess the level of RSS that would be of practical interest for threshold labelling. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was more effective than conventional PCR in the analysis of raw soymilk, okara, boiled soymilk and tofu. The negative effect of grinding and mechanical manipulation was obvious in the okara sample prepared with 3 and 5 % RRS, where GMO content was reduced to (2.28±0.23) and (2.74±0.26) %, respectively. However, heating at 100 °C for 10 min did not cause significant degradation of DNA in all samples. The content of RRS in the final product, tofu, was reduced tenfold during processing, ranging from 0.07 to 0.46 %, which was below the labelling threshold level. The results are discussed in terms of global harmonization of GMO standards, which could have the positive effect on the trade of lightly processed foodstuffs such as tofu, especially regarding the labelling policies.

This paper presents an overview of the research on soybean resistance to pathogens. The review included most harmful agents of soybean diseases in Serbia, as well as those that are potentially harmful. Development and cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most efficient, economical and environmentally acceptable control measure for plant disease. It points to the variability in pathogenicity (physiological races) of parasites, especially expressed in Phytophthora sojae, Peronospora manshurica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, which requires continuous breeding for resistance. Resistant, partially resistant and moderately susceptible genotypes, which are used as donors of resistance genes to different pathogens, are listed in this paper. Also, avirulent genes in the parasite and resistance genes in soybean are indicated. Gene mapping significantly contributes to better understanding of the mode of inheritance and consequently, more efficient breeding for disease resistance. Significant improvement is expected by using molecular techniques, especially in dealing with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and Phomopsis longicolla. For these parasites only partial resistance has been reported but not complete resistance. Na osnovu višegodišnjih istraživanja utvrđeno je da su najštetniji i najrasprostranjeniji paraziti soje u Srbiji Peronospora manshurica (prouzrokovač plamenjače), Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (bakteriozna pegavost), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (bela trulež), Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora (rak stabla), Macrophomina phaseolina (ugljenasta trulež) i Phomopsis spp. (trulež semena). Postoji realna opasnost da se na soji u našoj zemlji pojave i dva veoma destruktivna parazita; Phytophthora sojae, prouzrokovač fitoftorozne truleži i Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis prouzrokovač 'južnog' raka stabla. Unošenje otpornosti prema najznačajnijim parazitima u nove sorte soje je jedan od prioritetnih zadataka svih oplemenjivačkih programa. Najpre je potrebno iznaći odgovarajući izvor otpornosti, zatim obaviti povratna ukrštanja i u kasnijim generacijama identifikovati otporne genotipove. Uspeh u radu na stvaranju otpornih sorti soje uslovljen je postojanjem dobrih izvora rezistentnosti, kao i poznavanjem prirode otpornosti i načina nasleđivanja. Rezistentnost prema P. manshurica evidentirana je u više genotipova soje, a najčešće je uslovljena jednim dominantnim genom (Rpm). Ova otpornost je potpuna, ali nije trajna, jer se postepeno gubi usled pojave novih fizioloških rasa. Rasa br. 4 P. syringae pv. glycinea je dominantna na soji u svetu i kod nas. Ne postoje potpuno otporni genotipovi prema ovoj rasi, ali su prisutne značajne razlike u stepenu osetljivosti. Parcijalna otpornost kontrolisana je od strane jednog ili nekoliko Rpg gena. Mehanizmi izbegavanja oboljenja i parcijalna fiziološka rezistentnost uslovljavljaju razlike u reakciji sorti soje prema S. sclerotiorum. Mapirana su dva lokusa koji kontrolišu mehanizme izbegavanja bolesti i jedan lokus, najverovatnije odgovoran za parcijalnu fiziološku rezistentnost. Parcijalna rezistentnost utvrđena je kod nekoliko introdukovanih (PI) genotipova soje. U našim agroekološkim uslovima ranostasni genotipovi izbegavaju napad ovog oboljenja. Nije evidentirana potpuna otpornost prema D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, prouzrokovaču 'severnog' tipa raka stabla. Prouzrokovač 'južnog' tipa raka stabla D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis nije prisutan na soji u Srbiji. Otpornost prema ovoj gljivi nađena je u nekoliko genotipova soje, a uslovljavaju je dva (delimična otpornost), odnosno, četiri (potpuna) major gena. Pripadnici roda Diaporthe/Phomopsis su najštetniji paraziti semena soje, a vrsta P. longicolla je najzastupljenija. Zadovoljavajući nivo rezistentnosti prema ovom parazitu semena poseduje nekoliko genotipova soje. Priroda otpornosti nije u potpunosti razjašnjena, a novija istraživanja ukazuju da se radi o kvantitativnom svojstvu. Brojna istraživanja posvećena su proučavanju Phytophthora sojae (fitoftorozna trulež), veoma štetnog parazita soje. Opisano je više od 70 fizioloških rasa, identifikovani su avirulentni geni (Avr) u pojedinim rasama i pronađeni su geni rezistentnosti (Rps) u sortama soje. Tako je omogućeno uspešno oplemenjivanje soje na otpornost prema ovom parazitu.

This study was conducted to analyze the seed storage proteins of grain legumes cultivars using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Lab-on-a-Chip (LoaC) electrophoresis. Using reference proteins, the relative accuracy and precision in estimating molecular weight was similar when these two methods were compared. However, the LoaC method had a shorter analysis time and higher resolution, demonstrating a significant advantage. The molecular weight estimation of grain legume storage proteins gave very similar results ( R 2 = 0.99). Relative quantification of the separated proteins also indicated good agreement of the two techniques ( R 2 = 0.81). Both methods can be used to analyze the composition of the legume seed proteins, but the LoaC method is more suited to the separation and detection of proteins, enabling low reagent consumption, easy operation and faster turnaround. The LoaC method seems suitable for legume quality screening and cultivar development where large numbers of samples need to be analyzed.

Ascochyta blight complex is a significant and widespread disease of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) caused by Peyronellaea pinodes, P. pinodella, and Ascochyta pisi. During the 2015 growing season, screening of isolates revealed a previously unknown member of this complex. Thirteen single-conidial isolates were obtained using standard phytopathological protocols. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. lethalis associated with Ascochyta blight complex of field pea in Serbia.

International audience; Main conclusion Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed. is a scientifically valuable common ancestor of the plant tribe Fabeae and also important in breeding and agronomy studies of the cultivated Fabeae, but it is close to extinction. A concerted academic and geovernmental effort is needed to save it. Abstract Since 2007, an informal international group of researchers on legumes has been working to increase awareness of Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed., a relict and endangered wild-land relative to crop plant species. A majority of the modern botanical classifications place it within the tribe Fabeae, together with the genera vetchling (Lathyrus L.), lentil (Lens Mill.), pea (Pisum L.) and vetch (Vicia L.). V. formosa is encountered at altitudes from 1,500 m up to 3,500 m in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Russia, Syria and Turkey. This species may be of extraordinary importance for broadening current scientific knowledge on legume evolution and taxonomy because of its proximity to the hypothetical common ancestor of the tribe Fabeae, as well as for breeding and agronomy of the cultivated Fabeae species due to its perenniality and stress resistance. All this may be feasible only if a concerted and long-term conservation strategy is established and carried out by both academic and geovernmental authorities. The existing populations of V. formosa are in serious danger of extinction. The main threats are domestic and wild animal grazing, foraging, and early frosts in late summer. A long-term strategy to save V. formosa from extinction and to sustain its use in both basic and applied research comprises much improved in situ preservation, greater efforts for an ex situ conservation, and novel approaches of in vitro propagation.

In order to detect presence and quantity of Roundup Ready (RR) soybean in crude oil extracted from soybean seed with a different percentage of GMO seed two extraction methods were used, CTAB and DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. The amplifications of lectin gene, used to check the presence of soybean DNA, were not achieved in all CTAB extracts of DNA, while commercial kit gave satisfactory results. Comparing actual and estimated GMO content between two extraction methods, root mean square deviation for kit is 0.208 and for CTAB is 2.127, clearly demonstrated superiority of kit over CTAB extraction. The results of quantification evidently showed that if the oil samples originate from soybean seed with varying percentage of RR, it is possible to monitor the GMO content at the first stage of processing crude oil.

Large-flowered vetch (Vicia grandiflora Scop.) is widely present in many Eurasian wild floras, where it has significance in improving grassland communities and environment-friendly uses as a cover crop and green manure. The main goal of this study was to assess the possibility of transforming large-flowered vetch into a field crop and assess the basics for its breeding. A small-plot trial was carried out in three consecutive growing seasons 2005-2008 in Novi Sad, including twelve large-flowered wild populations collected at various sites in Serbia and France from 2002 to 2004 and multiplied ex situ during subsequent years. The population MM 02/01 of Serbian origin had the highest three-year average proportion of plants surviving winter (0.96). The smallest average number of days from sowing to first flower was in the population MM 03/10 (199 days). The population MM 03/08 produced the highest forage dry matter (8.0 Mg ha(-1)) yield stage between full flowering and forming first pods. The highest seed yield was in the population MM 03/10 (2,084 kg ha(-1)). Forage dry matter yield was significantly correlated to main stem length (r = 0.932), number of fertile nodes (r = 0.710), number of internodes (r = 0.640) and number of leaves (r = 0.604). Seed yield was significantly correlated to number of pods (r = 0.930), number of seeds (r = 0.883), number of stems (r = 0.882) and number of fertile nodes (r = 0.768). Our study confirmed that large-flowered vetch may represent a stable and quality source of forage in temperate regions such as the Balkans, as well as that it may have its place in various crop rotations and farming systems. At the same time, the existing phenotypic variability offers a solid basis for further improvement of this species.

Red-yellow (Pisum fulvum Sibth. et Sm.) and Ethiopian (Pisum abyssinicum A. Br.) peas have become of increasing interest to breeders in the last decade, as they have been found to be partially or completely tolerant to various biotic stresses, such as to attack by pea weevil, mildew blight or rust. A trial was carried out at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski anevi from 2005 to 2007, with 13 accessions each of red-yellow and Ethiopian peas sown at 100 viable seeds m(-2), in plots of 0.5 m(2). Seed yield per plant in red-yellow pea was significantly and positively correlated with seed number per plant (r = 0.881**), pod number per plant (r = 0.839**) and number of fertile nodes (r = 0.820**). The highest positive correlation among the agronomic characteristics in Ethiopian pea was between number of fertile nodes and number of pods (r = 0.937**). Seed yield in Ethiopian pea was highly significantly correlated with number of seeds (r = 0.807**), pods (r = 0.692*), and fertile nodes (r = 0.638*). The results suggest that plant morphology of the progenies between red-yellow or Ethiopian peas and grain-type common pea could not differ significantly from that of individual parents. That means that it could be possible to develop hybrid lines that could keep the desirable morphological traits of grain-type common pea, such as lodging-tolerance and high seed yields, and to make an introgression of a specific resistance from wild pea taxa, especially by back-crosses with the former. However, one must always be aware of unpredicted outcomes as a result of rather different genetic basis of individual seed yield components.

Soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the most important grain legume crop in many West Balkan Countries. A programme on the alternative uses of soya bean such as forage, biomass or green manure has been recently launched in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad and the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje in Belgrade. A small-plot trial has been carried out in Novi Sad and Zemun Polje during 2009 and 2010 with four US forage soya bean cultivars. In both years and at both locations, all four cultivars were sown in late April, with a target sowing density of 75 viable seeds m− 2, and cut in the stages of full flowering or first pods development, mostly in the second half of July. In a 2-year average, the cultivar Donegal had the highest yields of both green forage (63.9 t ha− 1) and forage dry matter (15.1 t ha− 1). In single years, the highest yields were recorded in the cultivar Donegal, in Novi Sad in 2010, with 82.4 t ha− 1 of green forage and 18.4 t ha− 1 of forage dry matter.

This chapter shows that our models of intercropping do not increase the costs of sowing. The crude protein content in forage dry matter remains high, even with short growing seasons. The models fit easily into various cropping systems and do not require synthetic fertilisers or herbicide. Intercropping is one of the oldest agricultural practices worldwide. Intercropping is beneficial in many ways, encompassing better utilisation of soil resources such as water and nutrients, improved tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress such as low temperatures, drought, pests and diseases and environment-friendly services such as decreased demand for chemical weed control and mineral fertilisers. Despite its long tradition, intercropping offers constant challenges in examining diverse aspects of newly-designed crop associations. One of the most recent and thoroughly studied is intercropping annual temperate legumes with each other for forage production. We established four main principles for such intercropping: same time of sowing; similar growing habit; similar cutting time; and one component has good standing ability (supporting crop) and another is susceptible to lodging (supported crop). Here we review the basic agronomic performance of three main intercropping groups, namely (1) autumn- and spring-sown ‘tall’ cool season legumes; (2) autumn- and spring-sown ‘short’ cool season legumes; (3) early and late maturing warm-season annual forage legumes. Intercropping autumn-sown faba bean with autumn-sown common vetch had balanced total forage dry matter yield and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.42. All combinations of autumn-sown and spring-sown intercrops of semi-leafless and normal-leafed peas resulted in LER values higher than 1. The intercrop of pigeon pea and lablab bean had LER values of 1.12 and 1.10. Majority of the intercrops are justified as economically reliable by Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values.

Effect of environmental conditions (temperatures and precipitation) on soybean yield and seed quality was examined during two years. Trials with four replications were located at experimental fields of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski Šančevi. Environmental conditions had significant influence on examined traits, and higher yield and seed quality was achieved during beneficial year. There was a moderate positive relationship between yield and seed germination. U dvogodišnjem istraživanju ispitivan je uticaj agrometeoroloških činilaca (temperatura i padavina) na prinos i semenske kvalitete zrna soje. Ogled je postavljen u četiri ponavljanja na oglednim parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima u 2009. i 2010. Vremenski uslovi značajno su uticali na ispitivana svojstva, odnosno u godini sa povoljnim meteorološkim uslovima (2010) ostvaren je veći prinos i kvalitet semena ispitivanih sorti soje. Uočena je umerena pozitivna korelacija između prinosa i klijavosti semena.

Small-plot trials were carried out during 2011 and 2012 on calcareous soils at the Experimental Field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski Sancevi near Novi Sad. The aim was to use white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and Andean lupin (L. mutabilis Sweet) as supporting crops, and intercrop them with nine other annual cool season legumes, as supported crops. The highest two-year average total forage dry matter yield obtained was for the intercrop of white lupin with grass pea (11.2 t ha− 1). Intercropping white lupin with Ethiopian pea and French vetch had the highest two-year average values for land equivalent ratio (LER), given as LERFDMY (both 1.20). The highest two-year average total forage dry matter yield came from the intercrop of Andean lupin with grass pea (9.8 t ha− 1). Intercropping Andean lupin with grass pea had the highest two-year average values of LERFDMY (1.10). The overall average obtained for intercropping white lupin with other cool season annual legumes was 10.3 t ha− 1 of forage dry matter yield and LERFDMY of 1.15, while intercropping white lupin with other cool season annual legumes yielded 8.7 t ha− 1 of forage dry matter and LERFDMY of 1.04. In comparison to the traditional approach of intercropping annual legumes with cereals for forage production, the mutual intercropping of annual legumes provides farmers with higher quality forage and grain richer in protein and better utilisation of natural resources.

International audience; Multi-service cover crops are used to provide ecosystem services, particularly for nitrogen management, such as “nitrate catching” and "green manuring" effects. Sowing cover crop mixtures including legumes and non-legumes have the advantage of combining the provision of both services related to N management thanks to phenomena of niche complementarity and/or facilitation in the capture of abiotic resources. When complementarities are optimized, these species mixtures can achieve both effects similarly to those provided by the average of mono specific cover crops, especially for nitrate catching. In addition, the complementarity for the access to light thanks to species having different aerial architectures and contrasted temporal complementarities enable them to obtain services in relay, in particular in the case of the longest fallow periods over mid-Spring. However, in order to achieve the targeted services, attention must be paid to limit competition between species in particular during early stages.