300 results on '"W, Szymczak"'
Search Results
2. Wood dust – aspiration fraction Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)
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W. Szymczak, D. Pakulska, and R. Soćko
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03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,business.industry ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Occupational exposure ,business ,complex mixtures ,030210 environmental & occupational health - Abstract
Wood is the raw material of the wood industry, which is used in the form of solid wood or in the processed form. Occupational exposure to wood dusts occur during processing and woodworking. The highest levels of wood dust concentrations in the work environment were recorded in the furniture and carpentry industries. The number of workers exposed to wood dust in Poland estimated during WOODEX project (2000-2003) amounted to 310 000, of which 79 000 workers were exposed to wood dust at concentrations < 0.5 mg/m3, 52 000 workers at concentrations: 0.5 ÷ 1 mg/m3, 63 000 workers at concentrations: 1 ÷ 2 mg/m3, 72 000 workers at concentrations: 2 ÷ 5 mg/m3 and 44 000 workers at concentrations > 5 mg/m3. According to data from selected sectors of the economy in Poland in the years 2001-2005, developed in collaboration with the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate at the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Łódź, the arithmetic mean value of inhaled wood dust concentrations in the wood and wood products sector (excluding furniture) was 2,08 mg/m3. This concentration was calculated on the basis of 8 602 measurements. In the case of hardwood dust, exceeded values of NDS at worksites were reported in more than 20% of the measurements, whereas in case of softwood – in less than 10% of measurements. Exposure to hardwood dust (mainly oak and beech wood) or in mixture with conifer species (softwood) is correlated with nasopharyngeal adenocarcinomas, whereas non-neoplastic respiratory symptoms, excluding asthma, are not correlated with the specific type of wood. Occupational asthma is most often the result of action of the biologically active compounds present in some wood species (both hardwood and softwood). One of the better-known species of wood and source of knowledge about occupational asthma is the dust of red cedar wood. Both dust hardwood and softwood may impair clear airway, resulting in chronic lung disease. The health effects of exposure to wood dust concern the upper or lower respiratory tract depending on the size of the wood particles. Occupational exposure to wood dust causes: chronic bronchitis, rhinitis and conjunctivitis and skin irritation, also allergic skin reactions. Spirometry has shown the reduction of the lung function index as a result of mechanical or chemical irritation of the lung tissue. It should be noted that changes in pulmonary function and the occurrence of occupational asthma was found in the woodworking industry workers, mainly employed in furniture industry (with no history of atopy) at concentrations below 1 mg / m3 of wood dust. A review of the studies in humans and in experimental animals show that wood dusts exhibit mutagenic and genotoxic effects. Analysis of DNA taken from people with cancer of the paranasal sinuses, employed in exposure to wood dusts showed mutations, mainly in the gene k-ras, which is one of the most frequently activated oncogenes in human cancers. Furthermore, h-ras mutations in adenocarcinoma patients, chromosomal aberrations in carpenter peripheral blood lymphocytes, damage to DNA strands in rats' hepatocytes, increase in micronuclear frequency in cells of mouse intestine and rats' nasal epithelium have been found. Based on results of epidemiological studies, including case-control studies showed the relationship between the incidence of the nose and paranasal sinuses cancer and the exposure to the wood dust. The risk of adenocarcinoma was a significantly higher compared to the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of wood dust in humans and assigned them to Group 1 - a substances with proven carcinogenic effects in humans. The Commission of the European Union has included works related to exposure to hard and mixed wood dusts to technological processes classified as carcinogenic to humans (Directive 2004/37 / EC) and has established a BOELV value for the inhalable wood dust fraction on a level of 5 mg/m3 indicating that if there is a mixture of hardwood dust with other wood dusts then NDS refers to the total wood dust present in the mixture. SCOEL Scientific Committee resigned from the division into hard and soft wood and proposed the exposure limit value for wood dust, taking into account not only its irritating effects on upper and lower respiratory tract but also carcinogenicity (inhalable fraction: 1 mg/m3, total dust 0.5 mg/m3). The health effects of exposure to wood dust and the socio-economic conditions have alsobeen considered by the Committee on Safety and Health at Work (ACSHW), which has proposed a BOELV value for hard wood dusts of 3 mg/m3, taking into account that the lower value would result in the closure of many companies, mostly small, employing 1 to 9 employees. Establishment of the hygienic standards of wood dust is complicated by the fact that we never expose to the wood dust itself. At the same time, we are exposed to naturally occurring chemicals in wood (most of them are irritating and sensitizing). In addition, the biological fraction (bacteria, mold) found in wood dust, mainly fresh, as well as wood preservatives such as organic solvents or formaldehyde, increase the health risk. Another variable considered when assessing risk associated with exposure to wood dust is the particle size emitted during wood processing, which varies according to the type of wood and its treatment. Aerodynamic diameter of the particles is generally in the range of 10 to 30 m, which classifies them into an extra thoracic fraction (penetrating head area) or thoracic fraction (penetrating the trachea bronchial area). Percentage of respirable fraction is usually 15 ÷ 20%. When setting the NDS value for wood dusts, data from a cross-sectional survey of 161 people employed in wood dust exposure in 54 furniture companies were used. Nasal patency was examined after exposure to mixed wood dust at a low concentration (0.17 ÷ 0.74 mg/m3), mean (0.74 ÷ 1.42 mg/m3) and high (1.42 mg/m3). With regard to nasal patency before commencement of the work, exposure to medium and high concentration of wood dust significantly increased nasal congestion, reduced nasal cavity capacity and reduced nasal cross-sectional area as a result of 4-7 hours exposure. There was a statistically significant relationship between the concentration of wood dust and the nasal obstruction grade determined by the method of acoustic rhinometry and the subjective assessment. These symptoms also occurred when the dust concentrations were small, but these symptoms were not statistically significant. Furthermore, patients in the control group had significant differences in nasal passivity before commencement of work compared to the post-work period, thus undermining the observed changes at low concentrations (0.17 ÷ 0.74 mg/m3) of wood dust. Taking into account the above data as well as socioeconomic factors discussed with wood industry representatives in Poland, the Interdepartmental Commission on NDS and NDN at its 84th meeting on 4 November 2016 adopted a concentration of 3 mg/m3 for the maximum permissible concentration (NDS) for the inhalable fraction of all wood dust. Socioeconomic considerations were also taken into account in determining the BOELV value for the inhalable wood dust fraction (3 mg/m3) in the European Union. The adoption of this value without distinction for hard and soft wood is a compromise between current NDS values for wood dust with the exception of dust oak and beech (4 mg/m3) and beech and oak dust (2 mg/m3). The proposed value of NDS is at the level proposed by the European Commission for BOELV for the hard wood dust inhalable fraction (3 mg/m3), which takes into account socio-economic conditions of enterprises. Due to the fact that wood dusts have been shown to be carcinogenic, mutagenic and cause pneumoconiosis, the determination of NDSCh values is unjustified. It is proposed to mark the wood dust notation: "Carc. – category 1 carcinogen, according to the classification of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and, by reason of possible sensitization, the letter "A ".
- Published
- 2017
3. TOF-SIMS characterisation of spark-generated nanoparticles made from pairs of Ir–Ir and Ir–C electrodes
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W. Szymczak, Klaus Wittmaack, Wolfgang G. Kreyling, and N. Menzel
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Electrical mobility ,Oxide ,Analytical chemistry ,Nanoparticle ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Mass spectrometry ,Secondary ion mass spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Sputtering ,Mass spectrum ,Iridium ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Instrumentation ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
This paper constitutes a comprehensive study on the use of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) for determining the composition of spark-generated nanoparticles as well as for deriving information on their size. This kind of nano-sized matter is often used in animal studies to explore and quantify lung inflammatory response to inhalation or instillation of insoluble particles. Two iridium samples, Ir(#1) and Ir(#2), were generated with a pair of electrodes made of pure iridium. A mixed C(Ir) sample was produced with one electrode of carbon and the other of iridium. The primary particles of Ir had a size (“diameter”) Dp ≤ 5 nm, but they were agglomerated in chain-type aggregates with different mean electrical mobility diameter, depending on the spark frequency. The atomic fraction of Ir in the C(Ir) particles was less than 1% (Dp ∼ 13 nm). The generated particles were collected on cellulose acetate-nitrate filters. An Ir electrode with a polished surface served as a reference sample. SIMS analysis of negative secondary ions was performed under impact of 34 keV Ar+. The mass spectra of the Ir samples revealed surprisingly high yields of cluster ions of the type IrkXY−, with k up to 20 and XY indicating combinations of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. A detailed evaluation of cluster composition based on the isotopic pattern of Ir revealed a high oxygen content in the particles located at the surface of fresh samples. The true oxygen content of these “oxide” particles appears to be reduced by preferential sputtering. Depth dependent information was derived by sputter erosion in between a series of TOF mass spectra. Surprisingly, the (primary) oxide particles in Ir(#1) featured a very high cross-section for sputter ejection, reminiscent of monolayer removal. The particles uncovered by sputtering were much larger and mostly made of carbon-rich Ir particles (“carbides”), with the addition of some nitrogen. Combined with the high cluster ion yields, the results suggest that the Ir oxide was contained in flakes or chunks with sizes as small as 1 nm or even less. The same or similar oxide species were present in Ir(#2), but piled up to thicker layers. Very similar Ir oxide and carbide particles were identified in the C(Ir) sample, but at a very low yield, roughly corresponding to the atomic fraction of Ir.
- Published
- 2006
4. Das Potential der Atemgasanalyse zur Früherkennung von Typ-2-Diabetes nach einem Schwangerschaftsdiabetes
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W Szymczak, S Keller, AG Ziegler, Michael Hummel, B Mirgeler, Daniela Much, V Höllriegl, M Fedrigo, Andreas Beyerlein, and Sandra Hummel
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Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism - Published
- 2014
5. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry of matrix-diluted oligo- and polypeptides bombarded with slow and fast projectiles: Positive and negative matrix and analyte ion yields, background signals, and sample aging
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W. Szymczak, Klaus Wittmaack, Gerald Hoheisel, and Wilfried Tuszynski
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Analyte ,Angiotensins ,Swine ,Chemistry ,Matrix isolation ,Analytical chemistry ,Fast atom bombardment ,Angiotensin II ,Mass Spectrometry ,Ion ,Secondary ion mass spectrometry ,Matrix (chemical analysis) ,Structural Biology ,Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ,Mass spectrum ,Animals ,Insulin ,Protons ,Peptides ,Oligopeptides ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
Human angiotensin II, chain B of bovine insulin, and porcine insulin were determined by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry under impact of approximately 25 keV Xe+ and SF5+ ion beams and approximately 100 MeV 252Cf fission fragments. Matrix-embedded samples, dissolved in a large surplus of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, were prepared by nebulizer spray deposition, neat samples by the droplet technique. It is shown that the status of the sample can be assessed by evaluating the matrix-specific features of the mass spectra. The beneficial effect of matrix isolation was small for angiotensin but large for the insulin samples, which did not show parent peaks from neat material. Negative ion yields under SF5+ impact were up to a factor of 50 higher than with Xe+. For positive secondary ions, the enhancement was much smaller. The mass spectra produced by slow ion beams or fast fission fragments were qualitatively similar. Quantitative differences include the following: with fast projectiles the yields were about 10-30 times higher than with slow ions, but similar for negative ion emission under SF5+ bombardment; the analyte-to-matrix yield ratios were higher with slow ions and up to 250 times higher than the molar analyte concentration; for analyte ions the peak-to-background ratios were higher using slow projectiles; the fraction of carbon-rich collisionally formed molecular ions was much higher with fast projectiles. Sample aging in vacuum for up to five weeks strongly reduced the yield of protonated analyte molecules ejected by slow ion impact, but not of deprotonated species. Hence protonation seems to correlate with sample "wetness" or the presence of volatile proton-donating additives.
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- 2000
6. A spray technique for preparing uniform large-area PIXE calibration standards from aqueous solutions
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B. Hietel, M. Leirer, Klaus Wittmaack, N. Menzel, and W. Szymczak
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Aqueous solution ,Chemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,Polymer ,Cellulose acetate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Deposition (phase transition) ,Wetting ,Area density ,Polycarbonate ,Raster scan ,Instrumentation - Abstract
We describe a procedure for preparing reference standards that can be used to calibrate PIXE spectra of aerosol deposits collected on suitable backing films made, for example, of synthesised polymers (polypropylene, polycarbonate etc.) or chemically modified biopolymers (e.g., cellulose actetate). Aqueous solutions of well defined concentration were prepared from metal salts. The solutions were spray-deposited on cellulose acetate backings using a nebuliser. Lateral uniformity of the deposited layer over areas ranging from several mm to several cm was accomplished by raster scanning the table on which the backing was mounted. By optimising the experimental parameters, deposition could be accomplished without any detectable wetting of delicate substrates like paper. The areal density of the deposited material was calculated from the concentration of the solute, the volume of the consumed solution and the raster scanned area. The reference standards were analysed by PIXE using an external beam chamber backfilled with helium. The Si(Li) based detection system contained a thin funny filter so that X-ray spectra could be measured down to 1 keV. The proton energy on impact was 1.1 MeV. This relatively low probe energy has the advantage of producing favourable elemental X-ray peak heights relative to the bremsstrahlung-background, notably at energies between 2 and 7 keV. Under the same conditions sufficiently high X-ray yields were achieved for heavy elements like Zn and Pb. Using large area beams, bombardment-induced stress in the backing films could be kept at a low level so that very reproducible background spectra were obtained. Hence a straightforward background subtraction routine could be employed. Sensitivities were determined for 23 elements ranging from Na to Pb. Advantages and problems associated with the different metal salts are discussed briefly.
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- 1999
7. Copper speciation in aqueous solutions of fulvic acid and related molecular weight distributions
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W. Schimmack, G. Teichmann, Enamul Hoque, Manfred Wolf, and W. Szymczak
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Secondary ion mass spectrometry ,Gel permeation chromatography ,Aqueous solution ,Chemistry ,Stability constants of complexes ,Potentiometric titration ,Analytical chemistry ,Fluorescence spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Biochemistry ,Copper ,Nuclear chemistry ,Geochemical modeling - Abstract
Potentiometric and fluorescence measurements of aqueous solutions of fulvic acid containing Cu(NO 3 ) 2 or Cu(ClO 4 ) 2 , respectively, were carried out at 25°C and pH 5.5 to determine naturally occurring Cu species. The fulvic acid used was isolated by XAD-8 from filtrated (0.3 μm) water of a peat bog in the Dachauer Moos near Munich. From the results an operational molecular weight of fulvic acid of about 750 g/ mol was estimated, which was confirmed by molecular weight distributions determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Using this molecular weight and assuming that mainly 1:1 Cu-fulvic acid complexes are formed, a conditional stability constant of the Cu-fulvic acid complex of 10 5.9 could be calculated. These data are essential for the assessment of organic carrier-mediated migration of Cu as well as of the toxicological risk potential of Cu in aqueous environment and can be used as input parameters for geochemical modeling of the Cu species distribution in aqueous solutions.
- Published
- 1999
8. The Complexation of Tetracycline and Anhydrotetracycline with Mg2+ and Ca2+: A Spectroscopic Study
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W. E. Ford, and W. Szymczak, J. M. Wessels, and S. Schneider
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Circular dichroism ,Aqueous solution ,Ligand ,Hydrogen bond ,Chemistry ,Inorganic chemistry ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Crystallography ,Deprotonation ,Materials Chemistry ,Titration ,Qualitative inorganic analysis ,Chelation ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
Steady-state absorption and emission, circular dichroism (CD), and time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass-spectroscopic (TOF−SIMS) measurements were performed to study the complexation of tetracycline (TC) and anhydrotetracycline (AHTC) with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, respectively, in aqueous solutions at pH 8.02. The results obtained suggest that Ca2+ forms a 1:2 ligand:metal complex with TC via chelation through O10−O11 and O12−O1 and induces thereby the extended conformation A of TC, which is stabilized through hydrogen bonding between the deprotonated dimethylamino nitrogen, N4, and OH12a. pH titrations provide evidence that N4 deprotonates in the presence of a 164-fold molar excess of Ca2+ at approximately pH ⩾ 7.7 (cTC = 2.1 × 10-5 M). In contrast to Ca2+, Mg2+ binds to N4−O3 and thereby stabilizes the twisted conformation B of TC. TOF−SIMS measurements indicate that a 1:2 ligand:metal complex is formed in addition to the 1:1 complex. The Mg2+-induced increase in the fluorescence intensity and the observed chan...
- Published
- 1998
9. Difference in the influence of maternal and paternal NIDDM on pancreatic beta-cell activity and blood lipids in normoglycaemic non-diabetic adult offspring
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I. Stradowska, W. Szymczak, D. L. Holloway, K. Stepień, Ronald R. Bowsher, A. Czyzyk, K. Jedynasty, T. Kasperska-Czyzyk, and R. Nowaczyk
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Adult ,Blood Glucose ,Male ,endocrine system ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,endocrine system diseases ,Offspring ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Mothers ,Blood lipids ,Biology ,Cohort Studies ,Fathers ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Sex Factors ,Child of Impaired Parents ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Insulin ,Pancreatic hormone ,Proinsulin ,Glucose tolerance test ,C-Peptide ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,C-peptide ,Patient Selection ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Glucose Tolerance Test ,medicine.disease ,Lipids ,Endocrinology ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,chemistry ,Female ,Body mass index ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists - Abstract
The 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 38 normoglycaemic (World Health Organization criteria) non-diabetic volunteers, aged 31-40 years, of whom 20 had a non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) mother and 18 had an NIDDM father. At the time of the study the offspring of NIDDM mothers had a somewhat higher body mass index (BMI) (males: 26.5 +/- 1.0 (mean +/- SEM), females: 27.5 +/- 1.5 kg/m2) than the offspring of NIDDM fathers (males: 23.4 +/- 0.9, females: 24.2 +/- 1.2 kg/m2). There was no difference in the time-course of glycaemia; however the serum concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C-peptide and proinsulin were significantly higher in offspring of NIDDM mothers than in offspring of NIDDM fathers: area under the curve (AUC) serum IRI: 0.928 +/- 0.091 vs 0.757 +/- 0.056 nmol.l-1.h-1, p = 0.019; serum C-peptide: 6.379 +/- 0.450 vs 4.753 +/- 0.242 nmol.l-1.h-1, p = 0.004; serum proinsulin: 172 +/- 40 vs 51 +/- 7 pmol.l-1.h-1, p = 0.008). Serum IRI correlated with BMI, but C-peptide and proinsulin did not, and after accounting for BMI by covariance analysis they remained significantly higher in offspring of NIDDM mothers. In this group serum proinsulin was significantly higher in male than in female offspring (AUC serum proinsulin: 289 +/- 68 vs 77 +/- 27 pmol.l-1.h-1, P = 0.015). Male offspring of NIDDM mothers also had significantly higher serum triglyceride levels than females of the same group and than offspring of NIDDM fathers. The offspring (male and female) of NIDDM mothers had slightly lower serum apolipoprotein A-I levels than the offspring of NIDDM fathers. Significant correlations were found between serum triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, and serum concentrations of pancreatic beta-cell peptides, mostly in the offspring of NIDDM mothers; however, they did not display unequivocal association with gender within this group. The data are consistent with clinical observations of a greater risk of NIDDM transmission from the mother than from the father, and may suggest that male offspring are more exposed to this risk than female offspring.
- Published
- 1996
10. Evidence for strongly enhanced yields of negative molecular secondary ions due to bombardment with SFn cluster ions
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K. Wittmaack and W. Szymczak
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Mass number ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Adsorption ,Silicon ,chemistry ,Yield (chemistry) ,Polyatomic ion ,Mass spectrum ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Instrumentation ,Spectral line ,Ion - Abstract
We have performed the first comparative study of the effect of molecular ion bombardment on the yield of positive and negative molecular ions sputtered from adsorbed layers. Mass spectra of differently treated silicon samples were measured by TOF-SIMS using 27–33 keV Xe+ and SF−6 primary ions at impact angles between 56° and 66°. The spectra of positively charged secondary ions are dominated by characteristic peaks due to CnH+m, (m, n = 0, l, 2, …) ions and, prior to etching, by the well-known plasticizer peak at mass number 149 u. The secondary ion yields Y+ are higher for SF−6 than for Xe+ impact, the yield ratio R+ = Y+ (SF−6)/ Y+ (Xe+) amounting to a factor of about 2 at low masses (M 80. Comparative studies using primary ion beams of Xe+, SF+5 and SF−5 showed that the strong yield enhancement observed in the negative SIMS mode is due to the molecular character of the projectile and only marginally (if any) related to the projectile charge. In an application of this cluster bombardment technique we show that changes in composition of the topmost layers, brought about by etching of the sample, can be studied in detail by comparing the yields of bulk-type high-mass molecular ions like (SiO2)nX−(X = H or OH).
- Published
- 1994
11. Potential der Atemluftanalyse während des 75g OGTT bei Frauen mit Verdacht auf GDM
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W Szymczak, M Hummel, V Höllriegl, M Fedrigo, Anette-G. Ziegler, JM Maier, and S Halbritter
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Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism - Published
- 2011
12. Angular distributions of gold sputtered from a (111) crystal: Dependence of spot shapes and of spot and background yields on the primary ion mass and energy and on the target temperature
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Klaus Wittmaack and W. Szymczak
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Crystal ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Sputtering ,Chemistry ,Collision cascade ,Crystal structure ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation ,Single crystal ,Excitation ,Ion ,Shape analysis (digital geometry) - Abstract
Angular distributions of gold sputtered from a single crystal with a (111) surface have been investigated as a function of the target temperature (15–550 K), the primary ion energy (0.1–270 keV) and the ion mass (He, Ne and Xe). Using the collector technique in combination with backscattering analysis of the deposits, absolute angular-differential sputtering yields were measured in a {110} plane as well as at various azimuthal angles off this plane. The angular distributions showed the characteristic so-called 〈110〉 and 〈001〉 spots superimposed on an apparently random background. The essential features of the emission pattern, i.e. the shape of the spots and their relative contribution to the total sputtering yield, were found to depend on all experimental parameters. For the first time we have observed, at low primary ion energies, characteristic spots at glancing angles of emission (presumably emission due to correlated sequences in 〈101〉 directions parallel to the (111) surface, terminated by a defocusing collision). The angular dependence of spot and background emission can be described by cosine power distributions, from which the partial sputtering yields due to the spots, ΔY110 and ΔY001, and the background, ΔYbg, are derived by integration. The (total) sputtering yields Y thus obtained by summation over all partial yields agree well with available literature data. At low primary ion energies the relative contribution of spot emission to the total sputtering yield amounts to as much as 50%, but decreases with increasing energy to about 25% (15%) for He and Ne (Xe) impact. This finding implies that the angular distributions of particles sputtered from single crystals are sensitive to the energy and momentum distributions in the collision cascade. The ratio of the partial sputtering yields, ΔY 110 ΔY 001 , increases with increasing mean range〈 x 〉 of the primary ions, from about unity for 〈x〉 = 1 nm to a maximum of 4–5 between 10 and 20 nm and then decreases slowly for larger 〈 x 〉. This result suggests that the range of 〈110〉 focusons may amount to a few nm. Whereas the background distribution remains unaffected by variations of the target temperature, the 〈110〉 spot and the 〈001〉) spots become broader as the temperature increases. At 15 K the half-width of the 〈110〉 spot is only 5°, but twice as large at 550 K. Spot shape analysis suggests that the 〈110〉 spot is composed of two contributions, one being strongly dependent on temperature (“focuson”) and the other one independent thereof. At ion energies between a few keV and about 50 keV the yield ratio R 110 = ΔY 110 Y shows a clearly detectable temperature effect with dR110/dT = −(2 ± 0.5) × 10−4/K, which is attributed to a decreasing focuson contribution to the total sputtering yield. High excitation densities in the collision cascade apparently also reduce the relative 〈110〉 spot yields. This effect of “dynamic randomization” of the crystalline structure was observed under Xe bombardment at energies above about 3–10 keV.
- Published
- 1993
13. A Numerical Algorithm for Hydrodynamic Free Boundary Problems
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W Szymczak
- Subjects
Computational Mathematics ,Numerical Analysis ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Applied Mathematics ,Modeling and Simulation ,Computer Science Applications - Published
- 1993
14. Expression of Bax, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 proteins in relation to grade of inflammation and stage of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C
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A, Piekarska, R, Kubiak, A, Omulecka, W, Szymczak, and J, Piekarski
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Liver Cirrhosis ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Histology ,Biopsy ,bcl-X Protein ,Bcl-xL ,Inflammation ,Apoptosis ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Immunoenzyme Techniques ,Bcl-2-associated X protein ,Fibrosis ,medicine ,Humans ,bcl-2-Associated X Protein ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Anatomical pathology ,General Medicine ,Hepatitis C ,Hepatitis C, Chronic ,medicine.disease ,Neoplasm Proteins ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ,Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct ,Liver biopsy ,biology.protein ,Hepatocytes ,medicine.symptom ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Aims: To determine the expression of regulators of apoptosis in chronic hepatitis C. Methods and results: Expression of Bax, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 proteins was assessed immunohistochemically in liver biopsy specimens obtained from 89 adults with chronic hepatitis C. Expression of Bax in hepatocytes correlated inversely with grade of inflammation (P
- Published
- 2007
15. Self-assembled monolayers of aminosilanes chemically bonded onto silicon wafers for immobilization of purified humic acids
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J. P. Durand, W. Szymczak, C. Barbot, M. Plaschke, O. Bouloussa, Jae-Il Kim, Gunnar Buckau, F. Goudard, J. Pieri, Laboratoire GERMETRAD (GERMETRAD), Université de Nantes (UN), Mer, molécules et santé EA 2160 (MMS), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Institut Curie [Paris], Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM), and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
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Silicon ,Inorganic chemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,[CHIM.INOR]Chemical Sciences/Inorganic chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,complex mixtures ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy ,TOF-SIMS ,Humic acid ,Moiety ,[CHIM]Chemical Sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Silanes ,Chemistry ,SAMs ,Self-assembled monolayer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surface coating ,Self-assembly ,AFM ,0210 nano-technology ,ATR-FTIR - Abstract
International audience; In this paper, we report on the covalent attachment of humic acids on silicon wafers.Monolayers of 11-amino-undecylsiloxane were prepared on silicon wafers by substitution of 11-bromo-undecylsiloxane with an azido group followed by a subsequent reduction. These substrates were coupled with humic acids via a diazotization procedure. Characterization of the functionalized surfaces was performed by different methods: ATR-FTIR, ellipsometry, AFM, TOF-SIMS and amino groups surface density was monitored by UV spectroscopy. These different methods confirmed the immobilization of humic acids on the substrates, consisting in a very useful tool for environmental applications, in particular, for determination of complexation constants between immobilized humic acid moiety and radionuclides. These miniaturized solid state system could be used as a sensitive detector for trace elements in fluid solutions or lixiviation studies in the framework of radionuclide dissemination and modelling studies from radioactive storage.
- Published
- 2007
16. Aspects of measurements of the hydrodynamics size and molecular mass distribution of humic and fulvic acids
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Ngo Manh Thang, Elham A. Ghabbour, W. Szymczak, Manfred Wolf, Jae-Il Kim, Horstr Geckeis, Gunnar Buckau, Enamul Hoque, and Geoffrey Davies
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Molecular mass ,Distribution (number theory) ,Chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,Fractionation ,Particle size ,Mass spectrometry ,Spatial distribution - Published
- 2007
17. C206: Alterations in FGF and FGFR gene expression in different grades and stages of bladder cancer
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P. Lipiński, Marek Lipiński, Waldemar Różański, W. Szymczak, A. Szymczyk, Ewa Forma, and Adam Madej
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Bladder cancer ,Fibroblast growth factor receptor ,business.industry ,Urology ,Gene expression ,medicine ,Cancer research ,Fibroblast growth factor ,medicine.disease ,business - Published
- 2014
18. Patients with Paget disease of nipple and with palpable mass in breast have unfavorable prognosis
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J, Piekarski, A, Jeziorski, M, Baklinska, W, Szymczak, M, Zadrozny, and J, Berner
- Subjects
Adult ,Aged, 80 and over ,Time Factors ,Biopsy ,Paget's Disease, Mammary ,Breast Neoplasms ,Middle Aged ,Prognosis ,Treatment Outcome ,Recurrence ,Nipples ,Humans ,Female ,Aged - Abstract
Recent data indicate that in breast cancer patients the presence of Paget disease of the nipple may be related to poor prognosis. Therefore, we decided to assess long-term results of the treatment of such patients, and to assess the relationship between the physical and pathological findings and prognosis. The files of 60 patients with Paget disease of the nipple who were treated between 1977 and 2000 were analyzed retrospectively with respect to the results of physical and pathologic examinations, disease recurrence and survival. In 38/60 patients, the cancer was invasive. In 26/60 patients, palpable masses in the breast were diagnosed. The 5-year overall survival probability was 0.68; the probability was 0.82 for patients without palpable masses, 0.51 for those with palpable masses, 0.91 for patients without invasive cancer and 0.58 for patients with associated invasive cancer. In conclusions, patients with Paget disease of the nipple and with palpable mass in the breast had unfavorable diagnosis. The nature of all nipple changes should be explained as early as possible in order to diagnose the disease when no mass is palpable in the breast.
- Published
- 2004
19. 40(th) EASD Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes : Munich, Germany, 5-9 September 2004
- Author
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Liu, H, Jeong, I, Chae, M, Choi, M, Yoo, H, Kim, C, Yun, M, Na, M, Kang, Y, Kong, O, Son, S, Kim, I, Tanaka, N, Hosoi, M, Matsuyama, Y, Fukumoto, M, Yamakita, T, Yoshioka, K, Ishii, T, Sato, T, Fujii, S, Aoki, T, Shibata, T, Mizutani, N, Suzuki, J, Fowelin, J, Samuelsson, P, Brandrup wogsen, G, Okumura, K, Tokmakova, A, Staroverova, D, Antcieferov, M, Shutichina, I, Kuntchevich, G, Vriesendorp, T, Morélis, Q, Legemate, D, Schaper, F, Mainas, E, Gkioulmpasanis, I, Panagiotou, I, Vassilikos, G, Skorda, L, Sidira, M, Christoforidou, M, Alaveras, A, Artikis, V, Evdemon, E, Lechleitner, M, Koch, T, Ebenbichler, C, Sturm, W, Moretti, L, Moruzzo, D, Boldrini, E, Pandolfo, C, Kameyama, M, Iwasa, R, Cho, M, Nam, J, Huh, K, Kaplar, M, Paragh, G, Erdei, A, Csongradi, E, Garai, I, Varga, J, Galuska, L, Udvardy, M, Higa, M, Kaneko, Y, Hiroi, N, Koziarska, D, Nowacki, P, Majkowska, L, Luzniak, P, Wojciechowska luźniak, A, Tushuizen, M, Nieuwland, R, Snoeck, D, Sturk, A, Diamant, M, Aguiar, L, Bahia, L, Villela, N, Laflor, C, Conde, C, Bottino, D, Dorigo, D, Bouskela, E, Pu, S, Luo, Z, Lam, K, Dan, Q, Xu, A, Shen, J, Cheng, K, Xu, J, Thamer, C, Stefan, N, Haap, M, Heller, E, Tschritter, O, De Prado, A, Ortiz, A, Ybarra, J, Gich, I, Pou, J, Ehren, M, Roggenland, D, Reinsen, B, Klein, H, Rittig, K, Stock, J, Kocher, B, Balletshofer, B, Shon, H, Chung, D, Nakatani, Y, Matsuhisa, M, Kaneto, H, Hatazaki, M, Yoshiuchi, K, Katakami, N, Kawamori, D, Ohtoshi, K, Sakamoto, K, Matsuoka, T, Ozawa, K, Ogawa, S, Hori, M, Yamasaki, Y, Zitouni, K, Harry, D, Nourooz zadeh, J, Earle, K, Olesen, P, Franco, L, Corvaja, C, Semplicini, A, Ceylan işık, A, Arı, N, Rösen, P, Lee, I, Park, K, Jung, E, Shin, D, Jo, S, Obuobie, K, Prakash, P, Hanna, F, Lazarus, J, Varadhan, L, Gurushankar, J, James, D, Sheikh, S, Gaede, P, Zou, D, Vilarrasa, N, Perez maraver, M, Mena, E, Perez, D, Setti, G, Buckingham, R, Urbančič, V, Stefanovska, A, Bernjak, A, Ažman juvan, K, Kocijančič, A, Glowania, A, Filters, T, Fosmark, D, Torjesen, P, Kilhovd, B, Berg, T, Sandvik, L, Hanssen, K, Mentink, C, Donchenko, G, Stepanenko, S, Maingrette, F, Deng, H, Lindenmair, A, Freudenthaler, A, Baumgartner parzer, S, Nizheradze, K, Khoruzhenko, A, Tronko, N, Sheu, W, Ou, H, Shen, H, Lin, T, Wu, H, Yang, C, Mogylnytska, L, Schmoelzer, I, Davies, J, Band, M, Struthers, A, Prázný, M, Škrha, J, Kasalová, Z, Neelotpol, S, Jahan, P, Kauschke, S, Harrop, C, Schäfer, A, Widder, J, Eigenthaler, M, Walter, U, Uchimura, I, Ikebukuro, M, Kaibara, M, Hirata, M, Helal, R, Pervin, F, Yang, X, Jansson, P, Nagaev, I, Jack, M, Carvalho, E, Sunnerhagen, K, Cam, M, Cushman, S, Smith, U, Creely, S, Farmer, J, Gustafson, B, Kusminski, C, Krusinova, E, Wohl, P, Klementova, M, Lanska, V, Mcdougall, C, Kelly, I, Abbas, Z, Lutale, J, Archibald, L, Karunajeewa, H, Stingemore, N, Stuccio, G, Mcgechie, D, Muller, L, Hak, E, Goudzwaard, W, Montorsi, F, Homering, M, Sprenger, K, Goldstein, I, Asnaghi, V, Ferrari, G, Rastaldi, M, Gabellini, D, Dell'Antonio, G, Maestroni, A, Ruggieri, D, Luzi, L, Piemonti, L, Zerbini, G, Anafaroglu, I, Tutuncu, N, Sultana, M, Siddiqua, N, Iwasaki, T, Nakajima, A, Yoneda, M, Mukasa, K, Tanaka, S, and Sekihara, H
- Subjects
0303 health sciences ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,EASD ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Human physiology ,medicine.disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Family medicine ,Internal Medicine ,Medicine ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,030304 developmental biology - Published
- 2004
20. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and P1 metabolic polymorphism and lung cancer predisposition
- Author
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E, Reszka, W, Wasowicz, K, Rydzynski, N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Male ,Lung Neoplasms ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Genotype ,Smoking ,Mutation, Missense ,Valine ,Adenocarcinoma ,Isoenzymes ,Glutathione S-Transferase pi ,Risk Factors ,Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ,Occupational Exposure ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Humans ,Female ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Poland ,Carcinoma, Small Cell ,Isoleucine ,Gene Deletion ,Glutathione Transferase - Abstract
Individual susceptibility to different environmental agents is expected to be associated with alterations in metabolism of xenobiotics. Thus, genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase (GST) can be recognized as a potential risk modifier in lung cancer development. The distribution of GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes was studied in a group of 138 diagnosed lung cancer patients and in 165 controls living in central Poland and RFLP-PCR technique was applied. The frequency of GSTM1 null genotype and GSTP1 Val single and duplicated alleles was similar among patients and controls. GSTM1 homozygous deletion was most prevalent in small-cell carcinoma groups (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98-5.52). In patients and controls, GSTM1A genotype was most frequent (34.1% vs. 37.0%). The estimated lung cancer risk for GSTM1 null, GSTP1 Ile/Val and GSTP1 Val/Val combined genotype was 1.44 (95% CI: 0.73-2.83), suggesting the absence of modifying effect of defective GSTM1 and GSTP1 alleles on lung cancer predisposition.
- Published
- 2003
21. Immunohistochemical evaluation of P21ras and P53 proteins expression in human non-small-cell lung cancers
- Author
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B, Przybojewska, K, Rydzynski, M, Stepnik, M, Jakubiak, J, Kozak, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Lung Neoplasms ,Adenocarcinoma ,Middle Aged ,Oncogene Protein p21(ras) ,Prognosis ,Immunoenzyme Techniques ,Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ,Lymphatic Metastasis ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Carcinoma, Large Cell ,Humans ,Female ,Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ,Aged ,Neoplasm Staging - Abstract
Human non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) of 48 patients were analyzed immunohistochemically to detect P21 ras and P53 proteins expression. The relationship between P21 ras and P53 proteins expression and clinicopathologic findings was also assessed. DAKO EnVision TM detection system was employed in the study. The P21 ras and P53 proteins expression was shown in 75% (36/48) and 33.3% (16/48) studied NSCLCs, respectively. In both cases the difference was significant when compared with adequate negative control. Simultaneous expression of both studied proteins was observed in all cases in which P53 expression was noticed. No significant association of P21 ras and P53 expression was found with age, histologic type, histologic grade, tumor size or lymph node metastasis of the studied NSCLCs. Therefore, our study suggests that P21 ras and P53 protein play a role in the pathogenesis of NSCLCs but they have no value as a prognostic markers in the case of lung cancers.
- Published
- 2003
22. Effect of water treatment on analyte and matrix ion yields in matrix-assisted time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry: the case of insulin in and on hydroxycinnamic acid
- Author
-
Klaus Wittmaack and W. Szymczak
- Subjects
Ions ,Analyte ,Time Factors ,Coumaric Acids ,Chemistry ,Swine ,Insulin ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Organic Chemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Water ,Analytical Chemistry ,Secondary ion mass spectrometry ,Solubility ,Yield (chemistry) ,Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ,medicine ,Animals ,Water treatment ,Sample preparation ,Dissolution ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
A systematic study was performed to identify the origin of surprisingly high analyte-to-matrix yield ratios recently observed in time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analysis of oligo- and polypeptides mixed in matrices of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4HCCA). Several sets of samples of porcine insulin in 4HCCA (1:3100 molar) were prepared from liquid solutions by a nebuliser technique, with more than one order of magnitude variation in sprayed material (substrate silicon). Following different periods of storage in air and/or vacuum as well as exposure to high-purity water, TOF-SIMS analysis was performed under oblique impact of 22 keV SF5+. Treatment with water involved either deposition of a droplet covering the whole sample for times between 1 and 20 min or spraying with water in droplet equivalent quantities. The analyte and matrix molecules were detected as protonated molecules (insulin also in doubly protonated form). Even the as-prepared samples usually showed insulin-to-4HCCA yield ratios exceeding the molar ratio of the mixed material. Upon ageing in vacuum the matrix ion yields remained constant but the analyte yields decreased, partly due to break-up of intrachain disulfide bonds. Water treatment resulted in a pronounced decrease in the 4HCCA yield, typically by a factor of five, in parallel with an increase of the insulin yield, by up to a factor of four. Evidence is provided that these changes occur concurrently with a partial dissolution of 4HCCA at the sample surface. The enhanced insulin yield was not correlated with the Na+ yield. The typically 20-fold increase in the insulin-to-4HCCA yield ratio, generated by water exposure of the samples, provides the explanation for the high yield ratios observed previously with water-treated samples. Spraying with water or repeated exposure to water droplets caused a pronounced degradation of the insulin parent yields in combination with an increasing appearance of signals due to the B- and A-chains of insulin. To clarify the issue of surface segregation, a few samples were prepared by spraying acetone-diluted solutions of insulin on previously deposited layers of 4HCCA. Whereas the insulin yields from as-prepared samples were rather low, the yields observed after water treatment were comparable with those observed with samples of insulin in 4HCCA. The results suggest that a large amount of insulin is present at the surface of samples prepared from liquid mixtures of insulin in 4HCCA. With both methods of sample preparation, however, high secondary ion yields of insulin were only obtained after exposure of the samples to water. The chemical changes responsible for this beneficial effect still need to be identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Published
- 2002
23. [Quantitative evaluation for risk assessment of neoplasms caused by exposure to chemical substances]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Occupational Diseases ,Likelihood Functions ,Models, Statistical ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Nonlinear Dynamics ,Neoplasms ,Carcinogens ,Humans ,Asbestos ,Environmental Exposure ,Risk Assessment - Abstract
This work is based on the assumption that work safety and hygiene inspectors or a work hygiene inspectors in sanitary and epidemiological station will not develop their own dose-response models on the basis of background data. They should be equipment with a tool allowing them to assess a given risk in the most simple way. Dose-response models for assessing cancer risk induced by carcinogenic chemicals are presented in the "Guidelines on health risk assessment of carcinogenic agents" published since 1995 by The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Łódź. Nevertheless, it seemed advisable to gather in one publication all models published thus far, and by adding relevant comments and necessary formulas for calculations, produce a simple set of practical rules of risk assessment. All models already published in Guidelines may be divided into two groups: linear and non-linear models. In addition, among linear models one may differentiate those for asbestos dust exposure because of different nature of the relationship between the extent of exposure and likelihood of cancer occurrence. The models are given in three tables under the following headings: linear models for 21 chemicals, non-linear models for 12 chemicals and linear models for asbestos. There are also included formulas that allow to convert dose into concentration and concentration into dose, and occupational exposure into equivalent exposure over the course of a lifetime, as well as conversion coefficients enabling the use of animal experiment results in the assessment of human risk.
- Published
- 2001
24. Mortality of workers at two asbestos-cement plants in Poland
- Author
-
N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska, U, Wilczyńska, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,Mesothelioma ,Pleural Neoplasms ,Asbestos ,Middle Aged ,Cohort Studies ,Occupational Diseases ,Neoplasms ,Humans ,Female ,Poland ,Sex Distribution ,Aged - Abstract
To assess mortality rate among workers occupationally exposed to asbestos, cohort studies were carried out in two asbestos cement plants operating since the 1960s. Asbestos cement sheets for roofing and siding have been manufactured there, using mostly chrisotile, and since 1985 also crocidolite for pressure pipes. In all, the cohort comprised 3,220 workers, including 2,616 male workers. Subject to consideration were the workers employed for at least three months in the period between the onset of the production and 1980. The vital status of the subjects was traced up to 31 December 1991. The availability of the cohort was 96.8%. Workers' mortality was analysed using standardized mortality ratio (SMR). The reference group was the general population of Poland. In the male cohort, 385 cases of death were recorded. Statistically significant excess of mortality from large intestine cancer (7 cases, SMR = 264) and pleural mesothelioma (5 cases, SMR = 2846) was found. In male workers who died from pleural mesothelioma the work history ranged from 12 to 26 years. An excess mortality from pleural mesothelioma was also noted among the female workers (2 cases, SMR = 11,275). No malignant neoplasms of other locations produced significant excess mortality either in the male or female workers.
- Published
- 2000
25. Hyposensitivity to amphetamine following exposure to chlorphenvinphos--protection by amphetamine preexposure
- Author
-
S, Gralewicz, P, Lutz, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Male ,Amphetamine ,Behavior, Animal ,Chlorfenvinphos ,Exploratory Behavior ,Animals ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Drug Interactions ,Cholinesterase Inhibitors ,Rats, Wistar ,Locomotion ,Rats - Abstract
We investigated the effect of an acute exposure to chlorphenvinphos (CVP), an organophosphate anticholinesterase, on amphetamine-induced open-field locomotion in rats. CVP was administered in a single i.p. dose of 1.0 mg/kg (1/10 of the LD50). All animals were challenged with 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine (AMPH) three weeks after the CVP exposure, i.e. after a time sufficient for acetylcholinesterase recovery. Some rats were also given AMPH three weeks before the CVP exposure. In rats challenged with AMPH only once after the CVP exposure, AMPH-induced open-field locomotion was significantly reduced. Such an effect was not observed in rats given AMPH three weeks before the CVP exposure. The results suggest that a single CVP exposure may result in persistent dopaminergic hyposensitivity, and that an amphetamine pretreatment may protect the rat against this effect.
- Published
- 2000
26. Eosinophilic cationic proteins in the peripheral blood of patients with contact allergy
- Author
-
M, Kieć-Swierczyńska, B, Krecisz, B, Krajewska, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Radioimmunoassay ,Blood Proteins ,Eosinophil Granule Proteins ,Immunoglobulin E ,Blood Cell Count ,Eosinophils ,Ribonucleases ,Case-Control Studies ,Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ,Humans ,Female ,Skin Tests - Published
- 2000
27. [Incidence of occupational diseases in Poland]
- Author
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N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Occupational Diseases ,Incidence ,Humans ,Female ,Poland ,Middle Aged ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
The paper is aimed at presenting the incidence of occupational diseases in Poland. The analysis was performed on the basis of the information included in 'occupational disease certificates'. All sanitary and epidemiological stations throughout the country are committed to send these certificates to the Central Register of Occupational Medicine in The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lódź. The incidence of occupational diseases during the three recent years (1996-97-98) was the subject of a thorough analysis. In all, 11,318, 11,685 and 12,017 cases of occupational diseases, respectively were registered over those three years. The corresponding rates were 116.0, 116.9 and 117.3, respectively per 100,000 people employed. In 1998, diseases of the voice organ predominated (30.4%) of all occupational diseases) and they were followed by hearing impairment (28.2%), infectious and parasitic diseases (9.9%), pneumoconioses (8.2%), dermatoses (6.4%), vibratory syndrome (2.9%) and poisoning (2.5%). These disease categories constituted over 88% of all occupational diseases registered in that year. Diseases of the voice organ which showed the greatest growth dynamic were mainly diagnosed among teachers. Neither in the United States nor in the member states of the European Union, this pathology is included into the list of occupational diseases. In view of high rates of its incidence in our country it has become one of essential problems of occupational medicine. In Poland, particular attention is paid to infectious and parasitic diseases among which hepatitis occupies the first place (65%), mostly among health service workers. The decrease in hepatitis incidence observed in the 1990s has been due to an intensive vaccination programme in this group of workers. The incidence of occupational hepatitis became rather stable and accounted for 940 cases per year, however the incidence of hepatitic C increased at the same time. Lower rates of incidence of 'classic' occupational diseases, such as poisoning, pneumoconioses or vibratory syndrome are a positive observation. It is also interesting to note that the rate of occupational diseases diagnosed in advanced stage has also diminished. When analyzing occupational diseases one should bear in mind that the majority of pathologies already diagnosed result from long-term effect of exposure to harmful factors. In all, 93% of cases of occupational diseases emerged after a ten-year exposure. The highest rates, taking account of sections of activity, were found in mining and quarrying, health service, agriculture, hunting and forestry.
- Published
- 2000
28. [Quantitative assessment of cancer risk following epidemiological studies]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Risk Factors ,Neoplasms ,Humans ,Female ,Poland ,Middle Aged ,Models, Theoretical ,Risk Assessment ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
The role of data derived from epidemiological studies in the quantitative assessment of cancer risk has been constantly growing. That results from the fact that epidemiological studies are performed directly on humans so that it is possible to avoid bias very often associated with methods of extrapolation between animals and humans. Moreover, a slow but continuous increase in the number of well designed epidemiological studies with results which can be used to estimate dose-response relationship is being observed. In this paper, the methodological foundations of cancer risk modelling on the basis of epidemiological studies are discussed, and the dose-response relationship based on epidemiological study carried out in an occupational cohort of workers employed in a pulp and paper plant was estimated. The epidemiological study was performed by the team of the Department of Epidemiology, The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lódź. Lung cancer was adopted as the effect of occupational exposure. In oder to estimate the increase in cancer risk induced by occupational exposure, the risk for the whole occupational life was calculated by employing the methods of competitive risks, essential relative risks were modelled using Poisson means for data divided into groups, and a Cox proportional-hazards model was used for single data. The analysis indicated, that the data from epidemiological studies render it possible to carry out a more thorough investigation as compared to data obtained from animal experiments. As to the cohort under study, a certain effect of age at which workers enter into exposure on lung cancer risk was observed. A risk 'outfit' the workers bring in at the beginning of their employment is clearly visible in older age groups. A general conclusion drawn from the study may be formulated as follows: epidemiological studies play a major role in assessing the effect of working conditions on the increase in the morbidity risk, however, they are not a panacea for all the problems emerging in the cancer risk assessment in exposed persons. Therefore, information obtained from epidemiological and toxicological studies should supplement and reinforce one another, and data from both sources should be used to obtain the best possible characteristics of risk cancer in humans.
- Published
- 2000
29. [The causes of increased risk for lung cancer in the pulp and paper industry workers. The effect of smoking and exposure to chemicals]
- Author
-
I, Szadkowska-Stańczyk and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Paper ,Nicotine ,Lung Neoplasms ,Smoking ,Middle Aged ,Cohort Studies ,Occupational Diseases ,Risk Factors ,Chemical Industry ,Occupational Exposure ,Humans ,Female ,Poland ,Cellulose ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
An analysis of mortality in a cohort of workers employed in the pulp and paper industry, carried out by the authors of this presentation several years ago, indicated an increase of 22% in the risk of mortality from lung cancer. This risk decreased by only 4% after taking account of smoking. The results obtained then were considered as sufficient to undertake further studies aimed at identifying specific occupational factors responsible for an increased risk for mortality from lung cancer in the population under study. The nested case-control study, in which cases (of lung cancer) and controls were selected from the same cohort observed earlier, was approved as the most suitable method for achieving the aforesaid aim. The study covered 79 cases of deaths from lung cancer confirmed by histological and cytological or radiological examinations, and 237 'healthy' controls matched in the ratio of one to three, taking into account gender, date of birth and date of employment. A group of experts carried out in-depth analysis of exposure to harmful factors in each case of death and in each control. Using a questionnaire, specially developed for this purpose, detailed data on smoking habits among persons under study were collected. Odds ratio was used as a measure of a relative risk for death from lung cancer. A crude relative risk and risk adjusted by eliminating the effect of smoking, applying the model of conditional logistic regression, were calculated for individual exposure factors. Smoking proved to be a significant causal factor responsible for the development of lung cancer in the cohort studied. That was evidenced by relative risk accounting for 12.9 for smokers in relation to non-smokers and an enhanced risk with the increasing number of cigarettes smoked daily, the number of smoking years and an accumulated dose. The study does not confirm a hypothesis that chemical factors specific of the pulp and paper industry exert a significant effect on the risk of death from lung cancer. Odds ratios, crude and adjusted for smoking, were lower than one in all distinguished categories of exposure.
- Published
- 1999
30. [Application of BMD models in quantitative evaluation of carcinogenic risk]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Models, Chemical ,Chemical Industry ,Occupational Exposure ,Carcinogens ,Humans ,Risk Assessment - Abstract
The characteristics of the relationship between the exposure level and the incidence of harmful health effects is a general objective of assessing health risk related to chemical exposure. A real dose-response relationship, particularly for low doses, is usually unknown thus it can only be deduced on the basis of biological and statistical considerations. Low dose risk estimation requires extrapolation beyond the range of data observed. Nowadays, quantitative risk assessment encounters certain duality as linear models are mostly used in evaluation of environmental exposure, and nonlinear models are most frequently applied in occupational exposure. Bearing in mind that the assumption on the dose-response linear relationship is an apparent simplification built on our lack of knowledge of carcinogenic mechanisms, it seems that the proposal of the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) to use benchmark dose methods (BMD) for exposure effects manifested by neoplasms, is the compromise between a conservative approach of the EPA towards risk modelling resulting from the limited knowledge of these mechanisms and lack of criteria for selection of nonlinear models. In the case of carcinogenic risk assessment, this solution involves the identification of so called 'cut off point' by applying relevant statistical models. The cut off point indicates the exposure level that contributes to the increase in risk by 10%, 5% or 1%. Another possibility is to use interspecies extrapolation methods for the cut of point modification, and then draw a line between the cut off point and the beginning of the system of co-ordinates. Since it is not feasible to apply a complete BMD methods for certain chemicals (e.g. bezo(a)pirene), not because of chemical properties, but due to insufficient experimental experience, it is proposed to use the method of sticking together a straight line and a curve in relation to a two-grade curve and not to its confidence limitation.
- Published
- 1999
31. Cancer risk in workers of the pulp and paper industry in Poland. A continued follow-up
- Author
-
I, Szadkowska-Stańczyk, W, Szymczak, N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska, and U, Wilczyńska
- Subjects
Male ,Paper ,Cohort Studies ,Survival Rate ,Risk Factors ,Cause of Death ,Chemical Industry ,Neoplasms ,Occupational Exposure ,Humans ,Female ,Sex Distribution ,Follow-Up Studies ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
A mortality cohort study was undertaken among Polish pulp and paper workers. This paper concentrates on neoplasms mortality among men and women employed continuously for at least one year in the factory producing sulphate pulp, paper board and paper products. A retrospective observation carried out till 31 December 1995 covered 10,460 workers employed during the years 1968-1990. The cohort accessibility was 99%. Cancer risk was evaluated on the basis of standardized mortality ratio (SMR) calculated according to the person-years method. The general population of Poland was the reference population. The results of a 23-year cohort observation, published earlier, showed a lowered overall mortality from all causes and from all malignant neoplasms, and a significant excess of death from peritoneum and prostate cancer among pulp mill male subcohort. The conclusion was drawn that a 'young' cohort and relatively short follow-up period might have affected the results. The results presented in this paper, obtained after further five years of observation showed in the male cohort an excess of deaths from cancer of respiratory tract and peritoneum (lung SMR = 122, nasal cavities SMR = 587, peritoneum SMR = 562). An approximate correction for smoking habits resulted in only 4 decreased risk estimates for lung cancer, indicating a small positive confounding effect of smoking in this material. In female cohort an excess of brain cancer was found (SMR = 355). Only the excess mortality from cancers of nose, lung and peritoneum was coherent with the exposure to higher concentrations of wood dust, pulp, paper and board dust. It may support a hypothesis that these factors as well as dust pollutants, not yet identified in this study, may be considered as one of the risk factors contributing to the incidence of neoplasms of these sites.
- Published
- 1998
32. Environmental exposure to asbestos in asbestos cement workers: a case of additional exposure from indiscriminate use of industrial wastes
- Author
-
N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska, U, Wilczyńska, W, Szymczak, and K, Laskowicz
- Subjects
Adult ,Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,Mesothelioma ,Lung Neoplasms ,Data Collection ,Incidence ,Industrial Waste ,Asbestos ,Middle Aged ,Cohort Studies ,Survival Rate ,Age Distribution ,Risk Factors ,Cause of Death ,Occupational Exposure ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Humans ,Industry ,Female ,Poland ,Sex Distribution ,Aged ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The paper presents data on cancer risk, especially pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer, among the workers of asbestos cement plant who living in the vicinity of the plant, were also environmentally exposed to asbestos. In 1959 an asbestos cement factory was founded in the rural area of south-eastern Poland. Apart from chrysotile asbestos, crocidolite was used till 1985 chiefly for the manufacture of pressure pipes. The blue asbestos made up 15% of the mean annual tonnage of the processed asbestos. It was found that soon after asbestos production had started the process wastes were made available to local community, particularly to the workers of that factory. For over twenty years asbestos wastes of all kinds, both wet (process sludge) and dry (from pipe and sheet grinding) were exploited for the hardening of roads, paths, farmyards and sports fields and as construction material components. For the evaluation of cancer risk due to occupational exposure to asbestos a cohort of 1,526 workers employed in this factory was observed till the end of 1996. The cohort availability was 95.6%. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated using the man-years method. The reference population was the general population of Poland. The results of the study demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the risk of a) pleural mesothelioma--over an 80-fold excess among males and over a 200-fold one among females; b) lung cancer in females--over a 6-fold excess; c) colon cancer in males--over a 3-fold excess. In the 1990 ten new cases of pleural mesothelioma in the cohort were reported. As compared to other asbestos-cement cohorts in Poland, observed at the same time, this cohort presented a very high risk of pleural mesothelioma. The analysis of 16 cases of pleural mesothelioma found in the cohort from 1987 to 1997 revealed 4 cases with very short employment period (3.5 months-5 years) including two cases with relatively short latency period (11-12 years). In order to find explanation of these findings, additional investigations were made. The epidemiological study indicated that all these persons were at the same time subject to non-occupational exposure associated with massive utilization of commonly available asbestos-cement wastes as road surface material.
- Published
- 1998
33. [Evaluation of reproductive disorders in men occupational exposed to lead]
- Author
-
K, Sitarek, W, Szymczak, and B, Berlińska
- Subjects
Adult ,Lead Poisoning ,Male ,Occupational Diseases ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Case-Control Studies ,Occupational Exposure ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Poland ,Infertility, Male ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The objective of the study was to define the prevalence of reproductive disorders in men occupationally exposed to lead in concentrations occurring usually in the work environment. The period of time preceding the conception in couples in which men were occupationally exposed to lead was adopted as the measure of the disorder. A cross-section survey was performed. Men of selected plants of Upper Silesia and Głogów responded to questions included in the questionnaire regarding age, education, occupation, occupational exposure, health condition, addictions, the situation in the family as well as questions concerning the respondent's spouse (age, education, occupation, addictions, health condition). The blood lead concentrations in persons exposed to this metal in the period preceding the conception were defined on the basis of medical data stored by the plant occupational outpatient clinics. The control group consisted of workers of the metallurgic industry, living in Lódź or its vicinity, and non-occupationally exposed men living in Silesia. In total 341 exposed men and 510 non-exposed controls participated in the study. The investigated groups were rather homogeneous as to the age of those under study and their spouses, education, addictions and the number of children. The analysis of the survey results indicated that in 5% of couples in the control group the time before conception exceeded one year. A similar occurrence of reproductive disorders was found in couples in which man was occupationally exposed to lead. The proportion of couples with reproductive disorders in this group (regardless of the size of Pb exposure) was 6%. The stratification of the Pb-exposed groups, taking into account the exposure size in accordance with the WHO criteria (group 1-220 micrograms/l, that is below the accepted value above which the ZnPP level increases; group II-PbB 200-400 micrograms/l that is up to the level recommended as the highest level for the population occupationally exposed to lead; and group III-PbB above 400 micrograms/l) allowed the analysis of the frequency of reproductive disorders depending on the size of the exposure. The percentage of couples with delayed conception accounted for 4.5% in group I; 8.7% in group II, and in group III did not differ significantly from that in the control group. These results show that men's occupational exposure to lead below allowable concentration in the biological material (500 micrograms/Pb/l blood in Poland or 400 micrograms/Pbl recommended by WHO) does not pose the risk for prolonged period preceding the conception in their partners.
- Published
- 1998
34. [Data processing computer system for evaluation of health effects due to occupational diseases diagnosed in Poland]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak and Z, Starzyński
- Subjects
Electronic Data Processing ,Occupational Medicine ,Medical Records Systems, Computerized ,Health Status ,Occupational Diseases ,Disability Evaluation ,User-Computer Interface ,Computer Systems ,Humans ,Poland ,Sick Leave ,Epidemiologic Methods ,Mathematical Computing ,Software - Abstract
General consequences of occupational diseases for both employees and the country's economy have been known for many decades. Nevertheless there were no legal instruments and financial means to carry out studies leading to a comprehensive evaluation of health effects induced by occupational diseases diagnosed in Poland. Only recently, the legal basis has been provided by the revision of the regulations on occupational diseases (Official Journal of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare no 9, heading 51, 1989), and the financial means allocated according to the Governmental Strategic Programme (SPR-1) for the years 1995-1998. The objectives of the study and the results obtained have been presented in another publication. Here the authors concentrated on some aspects of data collection and their analysis. An essential element in the establishment of data base on health effects of occupational diseases was its integration, namely the number of diagnosed occupational disease had to correspond with the entity in the Register of Occupational Diseases. Such an approach helped to avoid including in the base all metrical data, as information on effects of occupational diseases was collected exclusively for persons with detected and diagnosed occupational disease, which had to be previously placed in the Register of Occupational Diseases. The correctness of data input and the data analysis were carried out outside the Paradox system. The analysis of histograms of characteristics under study and the explanation of departing values were employed to evaluate the freedom from bias, and the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data.
- Published
- 1998
35. [Health effects of occupational diseases diagnosed in Poland during the years 1990 and 1994]
- Author
-
Z, Starzyński and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Health Status ,Incidence ,Middle Aged ,Occupational Diseases ,Age Distribution ,Risk Factors ,Absenteeism ,Humans ,Female ,Poland ,Occupations ,Sex Distribution ,Sick Leave - Abstract
The study was carried out on the material of 15,136 occupational diseases that accounted for 71.9% and 65.6% of all cases detected in 1990 and 1994, respectively. The analysis focused on the selected health effects of occupational diseases, such as sickness absenteeism, the transfer to other workposts, the percentage of health impairment and related single recompensation as well as disability pension. The study helped to draw many conclusions of great value, and disclosed major pathologies and their causes responsible for the range of related health effects. Long-term sickness absenteeism, high percentage of health impairment and related consequences for the country's economy (single recompensations and growing number of disability pensions paid due to occupational diseases), and low proportion of transfers to safe workposts were most striking among the effects in question. The study also contributed to initiating the establishment of the data base and the development of the system for data collection and analysis of information on health effects of occupational diseases in Poland.
- Published
- 1998
36. Cancer mortality among pulp and paper workers in Poland. A cohort study
- Author
-
I, Szadkowska-Stańczyk, P, Boffetta, U, Wilczyńska, N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Cohort Studies ,Male ,Occupational Diseases ,Paper ,Risk Factors ,Neoplasms ,Confidence Intervals ,Humans ,Female ,Poisson Distribution ,Poland ,Middle Aged - Abstract
Mortality among workers in the Polish pulp and paper industry was evaluated in a cohort study of 10,460 workers who had been employed continuously for at least one year, between 1968 and 1990 in the factory producing sulphate pulp, paper, board and paper products. Three subcohorts were formed according to the work areas. A standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analysis was used to compare death rates for each group exposed with Polish national rates. Mortality from all causes and from all malignant neoplasms, both in the female and in male cohorts was lower than that observed in the general population. In the pulp male subcohort a significantly elevated risk of death from peritoneum cancer (2 obs, SMR = 2,530) and prostate cancer (4 obs, SMR = 854) was recorded, although overall mortality from all causes and from all malignant neoplasms was lower than expected. The excess of deaths from neoplasms in other sites was statistically nonsignificant in all subcohorts. This study did not confirm the excess mortality from lung, stomach and lymphatic cancers found by other authors. The "young" cohort and a relatively short follow-up period (23 years) might have affected the results.
- Published
- 1997
37. [Morbidity of occupational diseases in Poland in the years 1994-1996]
- Author
-
Z, Starzyński, W, Szymczak, and N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Hot Temperature ,Incidence ,Poisoning ,Respiratory Tract Diseases ,Middle Aged ,Vibration ,Hazardous Substances ,Occupational Diseases ,Age Distribution ,Sound ,Dermatitis, Occupational ,Neoplasms ,Hypersensitivity ,Humans ,Female ,Musculoskeletal Diseases ,Poland ,Nervous System Diseases ,Occupations ,Sex Distribution - Abstract
The authors analysed all cases of occupational diseases diagnosed in Poland over the last three years. The following variables were considered: age, gender of patients, duration of exposure to factors inducing occupational disease, nosologic units, and the types of work places by the European Activity Classification and their localization by voivodships. The obtained results helped to formulate the following conclusions: 1. The number of occupational diseases in the period under study ranged annually between 11,156 and 11,320 cases. The incidence rates (number of cases/100,000 employed) fell within 116-131. 2. The general incidence of occupational diseases was shaped by: hearing impairment, chronic diseases of voice organs, communicable and invasive diseases, pneumoconioses, skin diseases, vibratory syndrome and poisoning. 3. The majority of diagnosed diseases occurred at least after 10 years of occupational exposure to causal factor. 4. The highest incidence of occupational diseases by the European Activity Classification was observed in mining and quarrying, manufacture, education and health services. 5. The analysis of the occupational disease incidence in individual work places indicated a number, however small, of enterprises which are a major source of these diseases.
- Published
- 1997
38. [Occupational neoplasms in Poland in the years 1971-1994]
- Author
-
N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska, A, Strzelecka, U, Wilczyńska, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Occupational Diseases ,Adolescent ,Incidence ,Neoplasms ,Humans ,Female ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Poland ,Middle Aged ,Sex Distribution - Abstract
The analysis of the incidence of malignant neoplasms, recognised as occupational disease, in Poland during the years 1971-94 was based on occupational disease certificates sent obligatory to the Nofer institute of Occupational Medicine (Lódz) by all sanitary and epidemiological stations under the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and the Polish State Railways. During the period study 1118 occupational neoplasms were diagnosed, including 1042 cases (93.2%) of neoplasms in males. Among males malignant Ineoplasms of lung (36.1%), larynx (25.5%), bladder (14.7), skin (6%), lymphatic and haematopoietic tissue (3.4%) and pleura (2.9%) were most common. The rate occupational neoplasms in the total number of neoplasms registered accounted for 0.11% in males and 0.01% in females. PAH (29.1%), asbestos dust (18.8%), ionizing radiation (13.8%), chromium and its compounds (13.5%) and benzidine (9.8%) belong to the most frequent causes of malignant neoplasms in males, and ionizing radiation (31.5%) and asbestos dust (30.3%) in females. The number of neoplasms recognised as occupational disease is very low. Underestimation of occupational neoplasms is very common throughout the world, but it is particularly high in Poland if we take the incidence of pleura mesothelioma as an example. This is mainly due to: (1) the lack of clinical and morphological specificity of occupationally induced neoplasms; (2) a long latency; (3) the influence of other factors confounding the effect of occupational exposure; (4) a relatively small number of occupational carcinogens identified thus far; (5) limited knowledge of occupational carcinogens and criteria for occupational disease certification, and unsatisfactory interviewing skills among doctors who diagnose cancer disease. The identification of a harmful factor and the size of exposure to it, belongs to the weakest point in certifying the occupational background of the disease. The essential conclusions presented stress the urgent need for establishing the system facilitating the diagnosis and certification of occupational neoplasms.
- Published
- 1997
39. [A qualitative evaluation of health risk associated with occupational inhalation exposure to cadmium in production plants in Poland]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Occupational Diseases ,Lung Neoplasms ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Linear Models ,Humans ,Maximum Allowable Concentration ,Poisson Distribution ,Poland ,Risk Assessment ,Cadmium ,Environmental Monitoring ,Proportional Hazards Models - Abstract
In Poland several thousand people work under exposure to cadmium with different concentrations. The concentrations observed range between the level which is not determinable and the level above 0.3 mg/m3, at the MAC value equal to 0.04 mg/m3. In 1993 the cadmium classification was modified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Previously cadmium had been proved to be carcinogenic to animals (group 2B). At present it is classified in group 1, namely in the group of substances proved to be carcinogenic to humans. The cadmium MAC value, mandatory in Poland, has been set on the basis of the data on its chronic, toxic renal effects, but its critical effect in the form of cancer has not been taken into consideration. The author, using the results of epidemiological studies carried out by Thun et al., presented three dose-response functions which describe the relationship between the size of exposure and the probable incidence of lung cancer. The author used a linear multistage model, a Poisson model and a Cox proportional-hazards model; the magnitude of the risk from occupational exposure to concentrations equal to MAC values (0.04 mg/m3) was different for each model and it accounted for 9.02 x 10(-3), 2.04 x 10(-2) and 4.68 x 10(-2), respectively. Each of these values exceeded the acceptable level of the risk from occupational exposure which usually falls within 10(-3).
- Published
- 1997
40. [Eosinophil cationic protein in persons with contact allergy to disinfectants]
- Author
-
M, Kieć-Swierczyńska, B, Krecisz, B, Krajewska, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Health Personnel ,Blood Proteins ,Eosinophil Granule Proteins ,Immunoglobulin E ,Middle Aged ,Ribonucleases ,Dermatitis, Occupational ,Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ,Humans ,Female ,Inflammation Mediators ,Disinfectants ,Skin Tests - Abstract
The concentration of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in blood serum was determined in 53 health service workers (women) with contact allergy to disinfectants and in 16 healthy women using a radioimmunological method. The mean ECP concentration in the study group accounted for 7.518 micrograms/l, and in the control group 4.893 micrograms/l. The concentration of 8.403 micrograms/l (the mean concentration in the control group + 2 SD) was taken as a cut off concentration value. In 17 (32.1%) persons with contact dermatitis, pathological ECP values were found. An increased ECP was observed in persons with positive results of prick test, especially in the case of Dermatophagoides, pollens and latex as well as in those with increased total IgE concentration. Our results indicate the involvement of immediate allergy in the incidence of contact allergy to disinfectants.
- Published
- 1997
41. [Mortality among workers in the pulp-paper industry. A successive follow up of the cohort]
- Author
-
I, Szadkowska-Stańczyk, W, Szymczak, and U, Wilczyńska
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Paper ,Middle Aged ,Risk Assessment ,Cohort Studies ,Occupational Diseases ,Survival Rate ,Neoplasms ,Humans ,Female ,Poland ,Aged ,Follow-Up Studies ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
After five successive years of observation the authors present a verified evaluation of the delayed health effects in the pulp and paper industry workers (with particular regard to mortality from malignant neoplasms). The cohort studied consisted of 10,460 workers employed for at least 12 months between 1967 and 1990 in the plants manufacturing sulfate pulp, paper, board and paper products. Subjects were assigned to three subcohorts according to the work areas: 1. pulp mill workers; 2. paper mill workers (paper and board as well as their products); 3. other workers. The workers were enrolled in the subcohort if they were employed for at least one year in one of these departments. One subject could be included in more than one subcohort. The vital status of the cohort was determined through a variety of sources over an observation period of 28 yrs (1967-95). Mortality data were analysed in terms of cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) with expected deaths count based on the national mortality rates in Poland. The results of a twenty three-year cohort observation, published earlier, showed the lowered overall mortality (explained by a "healthy worker effect") and the excess of deaths from malignant neoplasms for some sites (peritoneum, prostate, brain). Due to a small number of deaths recorded, kind of exposure and its duration, were left out of the analysis. The results presented in this paper, obtained after five successive years of the male cohort observation, showed an excess of deaths from cancers of the respiratory tract and peritoneum. In the female cohort an excess of brain cancers was found. Only an excessive mortality from malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system was coherent with the exposure to higher concentrations of wood, paper and board dust. An excess mortality from diseases of the circulatory system was found in both males and females employed in paper production.
- Published
- 1997
42. [Quantitative evaluation of health risk associated with occupational inhalation exposure to vinyl chloride at production plants in Poland]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Occupational Diseases ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Neoplasms ,Liver Neoplasms ,Vinyl Chloride ,Humans ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Maximum Allowable Concentration ,Poland ,Risk Assessment - Abstract
Vinyl chloride is classified by the IARC in group 1-human carcinogens. In Poland occupational exposure to vinyl chloride is found among workers employed in many branches of industry, among others in the industry of vinyl chloride synthesis and polymerization as well as in the plastics, footwear, rubber, pharmaceutical and metallurgical industries. Concentrations observed range from the noon-determinable level to 90 mg/m3, at the MAC value equal to 5 mg/m3. Neoplasm of liver is a major carcinogenic effect of vinyl chloride. Hence, the health assessment focused on this critical risk. Four different linear dose-response models, developed by several authors and based on results of different epidemiological studies, were used to characterise the extent of cancer risk depending on the level of vinyl chloride concentrations. The estimated risk related to a forty-year employment under exposure equal to MAC values (5 mg/m3) fell within the range from 2.9.10(-4) to 2.6.10(-3). As the figures depict it did not exceed the acceptable level (10(-3)).
- Published
- 1997
43. [The effect of occupational exposure to metallic mercury on selected parameters of hemostasis]
- Author
-
B, Nowakowska, M, Prazanowski, M, Palmowska, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Occupational Diseases ,Air Pollutants ,Hemostasis ,Platelet Count ,Occupational Exposure ,Humans ,Female ,Mercury ,Blood Coagulation Disorders ,Middle Aged ,Blood Coagulation - Abstract
The group investigated comprised 60 workers under conditions of chronic exposure to metallic mercury vapours (mean exposure duration--9.3 yrs; mean age of subjects--38.5 yrs). The control group was composed of 24 non-exposed persons (mean age--39.9 yrs). The workers exposed were divided into three groups according to the air concentration of metallic mercury vapours at the workpost, group A--0.15-0.17 mg/m3, group B--0.03-0.08 mg/m3 and group C--0.02-0.03 mg/m3. The workers qualified for the study did not receive any medication containing acetylsalicylic acid derivatives, and did not consume alcoholic drinks for few days prior to the study. Persons with the diagnosis or the history of blood disorders, venous or arterial thrombosis as well as those with diabetes and hyperlipidaemia were excluded from the study. The haemostasis assessment was based on the results of laboratory tests, PLT, TBT, ACT, APTT, HTCT, INR and Fg, AT III, alpha 2 M, FDP, and FM concentrations. The comparison of the exposed and control groups revealed a statistically significant decrease in ACT and AT III concentrations. When particular groups under exposure were compared with one another and the controls, the increased INR and Fg concentrations were found in group A. Moreover, this group showed an increased platelet count, as well as decreased TBT and alpha 2 M concentrations. However, the differences between the groups were statistically insignificant. The results of the study indicated that chronic exposure to mercury may impair haemostasis and lead to hypercoagulability. The latter may result from the deficiency of natural coagulation inhibitors.
- Published
- 1997
44. [A quantitative assessment of health risk induced by occupational exposure to inorganic arsenic]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Cohort Studies ,Occupational Diseases ,Sweden ,Lung Neoplasms ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Humans ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Maximum Allowable Concentration ,Risk Assessment ,United States ,Arsenic - Abstract
The risk of neoplastic disease, primarily lung cancer, induced by occupational, inhalation exposure to nonorganic arsenic was assessed. In order to identify individual risk in the linear dose-response relationship which would serve as a basis for the risk assessment among persons exposed occupationally, the author also analysed the latest epidemiological studies performed in Sweden, as well as repeated analyses of American studies. This allowed to diminish individual risk by several times. It is thought that a diminished value of individual risk is, in the light of the most up-to-date epidemiological studies, closer to the reality than the value proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Having the value of individual risk related to occupational exposure, equal 1.79 x 10(-4), lung cancer risk after forty years of employment under the exposure level within the range of currently binding MAC values for arsenic (0.05 mg/m3) accounts for 8.95 x 10(-3), thus slightly exceeding the adopted value of 1 x 10(3). Whereas a new value, proposed by the Expert Group for Chemical Factors of the International Commission for Updating the list of MAC and MAI values in 1996, equals 0.01, so the risk for a forty-year employment accounts for 1.79 x 10(-3), in fact the value corresponding to that already approved. In addition, the assessment indicated that smoking increases by 4-6 times the risk of lung cancer induced by exposure to arsenic.
- Published
- 1997
45. Risk factors of intrauterine growth retardation: a study of an urban population in Poland
- Author
-
J, Kalinka, W, Hanke, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Employment ,Fetal Growth Retardation ,Urban Population ,Incidence ,Smoking ,Infant, Newborn ,Prenatal Care ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,Educational Status ,Humans ,Female ,Poland ,Marriage - Abstract
The main objective of the study was to examine the role of selected socio-occupational factors on the development of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in the urban population of Lódź, Poland. An epidemiological model of the case-control study was employed. Both the cases and controls were recruited from the female population covered by obstetric services in district hospitals during 1 January-30 June 1992. A group of cases included 92 females who delivered IUGR children, the control group-438 mothers of term born eutrophic babies. The presence of the relationship between IUGR manifestation and selected variables was initially assessed using the unadjusted odds ratio (OR). The variables described as significant were considered in the logistic regressions models, separately for all women and those with previous pregnancies. A comparison of the groups of cases and controls has revealed a significant excess of risk of delivering an IUGR child by mothers with the following characteristics: marital status-single, low educational level, low height (less than 1.60 m) low prepregnancy weight and low maternal weight gain. An elevated risk of delivering an IUGR child was found in the group of women who reported to have their first contact with the physician after 12 weeks of pregnancy. An adverse effect of prolonged vaginal bleeding was observed. Women who recently lost their job, compared to those employed continuously during pregnancy, were at an increased risk of IUGR. Cigarette smoking appeared to be the most important variable affecting the evaluated pregnancy outcome. For the women smoking 6-10 and more than 10 cigarettes a day, the risk of delivering an IUGR child was found to be almost 4 and 7 times, respectively, higher than for non-smokers. A logistic regression covering all the above mentioned maternal characteristics was employed. Only four of them proved to be significant: low maternal weight gain, prolonged vaginal bleeding, smoking and the marital status-single. The process of preventing IUGR and its consequences requires more effective activities aimed at increasing the level of health education and stimulating the development of appropriate, health-oriented behaviour.
- Published
- 1996
46. [A quantitative evaluation of risk associated with occupational inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Polish production plants]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Likelihood Functions ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Neoplasms ,Occupational Exposure ,Metallurgy ,Carcinogens ,Linear Models ,Humans ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Poland ,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ,Risk Assessment ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
In the early eighties, carcinogenic components of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were classified by IARC as potentially carcinogenic to humans, but later epidemiological studies indicate an increased mortality from lung cancer among workers exposed to PAHs. In Poland the highest, although, diversified occupational inhalation exposure to PAHs is observed in the coke production, aluminium metallurgy and steel industries. The cancer risk among workers employed in these industrial plants was assessed in relation to concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in the air zone of working posts. A wide range of results from 1.11 x 10(-11) to 1.4 x 10(-3), corresponding to the exposure size, was obtained. In order to show the relationship between occupational risk values and environmental exposure risk, both risks were compared using the same multistage model whose coefficients were estimated by employing the maximum likelihood method. It appeared that the occupational risk at working posts with benzo(a)pyrene concentration within allowable values is similar or lower than risk related with cigarette smoking or alimentary exposure (food intake).
- Published
- 1996
47. [Risk of death from malignant neoplasms among paper mill workers]
- Author
-
I, Szadkowska-Stańczyk, U, Wilczyńska, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Paper ,Brain Neoplasms ,Dust ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Middle Aged ,Risk Assessment ,Cohort Studies ,Occupational Diseases ,Survival Rate ,Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ,Cause of Death ,Neoplasms ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Humans ,Female ,Poland ,Sex Distribution ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
A cohort study was designed to evaluate the risk of death from malignant neoplasms among pulp and paper workers. This paper presents the evaluation of death risk among workers engaged only in the production of paper, paperboard and paper products. The cohort study covered 1,322 males and 1,914 females employed for, at least, one year in a big pulp and paper mill during the period 1968-90. The study of exposure to harmful factors revealed that concentrations of paper and paperboard dusts in this mill exceeded hygienic standards. The analysis of death risk by causes and gender of those under study was based on standardized mortality rate (SMR) calculated using the method of person-year observation. The general population of Poland was used as reference. The results do not confirm excess mortality from lung, stomach and hematopoietic cancers in paper mill workers reported by other authors. However, an elevated risk of bladder cancer in males (SMR = 491, two deaths) and brain cancer in females (SMR = 353, two deaths) was observed. Both SMR values were not statistically significant. Because of small number of deaths, risk according to exposure and latency was not evaluated.
- Published
- 1996
48. [Methods of extrapolating risk from from high to low doses and their effect on determining MAC values]
- Author
-
W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Likelihood Functions ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Environmental Exposure ,Risk Assessment ,Nonlinear Dynamics ,Chemical Industry ,Neoplasms ,Occupational Exposure ,Benzo(a)pyrene ,Carcinogens ,Humans ,Maximum Allowable Concentration ,Coke - Abstract
The author discussed problems arising from the use of different mathematical dose-response models for extrapolation of cancer risk from high to low doses. On the one hand, a linearized, multistage model, commonly used for evaluating cancer risk resulting from exposure to chemical carcinogens in the communal environment, frequently underestimates a real risk. On the other hand, the application of nonlinear models for describing the relationship between exposure and response sizes in occupational exposures, and linearized ones in communal exposures leads to ridiculous assessments, namely it sometimes appears that an inhabitant of Lodz is at the same cancer risk caused by inhalation exposure to benzo(a)pyrene like a worker employed in the coke-chemical industry and exposed to doses a dozen times higher than MAC values. A considerable overestimation of risk will also yield additional problems related with the acceptance of these values. Therefore, the author proposed to use, whenever possible, nonlinear models for establishing dose-response relationships both in communal and occupational exposures, and maximum likelihood method for estimating model parameters.
- Published
- 1996
49. [Evaluation of selected parameters of circulatory system function in various occupational groups exposed to high frequency electromagnetic fields. II. Electrocardiographic changes]
- Author
-
A, Bortkiewicz, M, Zmyślony, E, Gadzicka, and W, Szymczak
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Electrocardiography ,Electromagnetic Fields ,Blood Circulation ,Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ,Humans ,Middle Aged ,Aged ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the circulatory and nervous systems has been the subject of great interest for many years, since electric impulses generated in these systems by outer electric and magnetic fields can theoretically disturb their functions. The only data on chronic effect of weak EMFs on the human body come from the studies carried out in the Soviet Union between the fifties and the seventies. In view of a growing number of persons exposed to EMF, there is an urgent need for verifying those data by means of modern diagnostic methods. That is the reason why our study of the EMF effect on the circulatory system has been initiated. It covered 71 workers at four AM broadcast stations, 40 workers at ten radio link stations and 42 workers at three radioservices. Workers' exposure to EMF was evaluated (see part I). Subjective and objective medical examinations were performed in all workers in order to assess their state of health, then resting electrocardiogram, Holter measurements, and high intensity ECG were taken, and variation in cardiac rhythm was analysed by a long-term recording of blood pressure. The results of the analysis of the questionnaire survey as well as the Holter and resting ECG examinations are presented. The study indicated that exposure to EMF in parameters found in AM broadcast station increased risk for electrographic disturbances (detected by means of resting ECG and a 24-hour Holter recording) by six times in comparison with that in radio link station workers not exposed to medium wave EMF. In radioservice workers this risk was twice as high as that in link station workers. It seems that in AM broadcast station workers, resting ECG should be complemented by a 24-hour Holter measurements, particularly, if workers complain of the circulatory system disturbances.
- Published
- 1996
50. [Prevalence of pleural malignant mesothelioma in Poland in 1980-1993]
- Author
-
N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska, W, Szymczak, and U, Wilczyńska
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Mesothelioma ,Pleural Neoplasms ,Age Factors ,Asbestos ,Middle Aged ,Survival Rate ,Sex Factors ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Pleura ,Female ,Poland ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is subject of special interest for environmental epidemiologists due to its proven cause-effect relationship with the exposure to asbestos dust, particularly crocidolite. The paper discusses the prevalence trends and geographical distribution of pleural mesothelioma in Poland based on the death rate analysis. In 1993 the crude death rate for that neoplasm was found to be 4.48 per 1 million for men and 3.14 per 1 million for women. While interpreting the numerical data, such aspects were considered as the problems with histopathological diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma; the long latency period of 30-40 years; and consequently, the possibility that for the male population the results may have been affected by other causes of death owing to its relatively short average lifespan. The volume and types of asbestos used in Poland were also taken into account.
- Published
- 1996
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