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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the wavelength range 200 nm

The objective of the study was to identify suitable reference genes that can be used for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis in mung bean (Vigna radiata). Therefore, 10 potential reference genes were selected and the results showed that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme was suitable as reference under drought and pathogen infection stress; elongation factor 1-á was the most stable gene under waterlogging; and actin performed the best under saline stress. These selected reference genes were further confirmed by analysis of the expression profiles of catalase and peroxidase under waterlogging. Our results will contribute to the improvement of the accuracy of gene expression evaluation in mung bean.

To investigate the protective effect of compound bismuth and magnesium granules on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats and its possible mechanism.Acute gastric mucosal injury model was developed with intraperitoneal injection of aspirin in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into normal control group, injury group, sucralfate protection group, compound bismuth and magnesium granules protection group and its herbal components protection group(each group 12 rats). In the protection groups, drugs as mentioned above were administered by gavage before treated with intraperitoneal injection of aspirin. To evaluate the extent of gastric mucosal injury and the protective effect of drugs, gastric mucosal lesion index, gastric mucosal blood flow, content of gastric mucosal hexosamine, prostaglandins (PG), nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL) -1, 2, 8 were measured in each group, and histological changes were observed by gross as well as under microscope and electron microscope.Contents of hexosamine, NO, and PG in all the protection groups were significantly higher than those in the injury group (all P0.01), and content of NO in the compound bismuth and magnesium granules group was significantly higher than that in the sucralfate group ((11.29±0.51) vs(10.80±0.36)nmol/ml, P0.05). The gastric mucosal lesion index, contents of TNF, and IL-1, 2, 8 were significantly lower in all the protection groups than in the injury group (all P0.01), and contents of IL-2 and IL-8 in the compound bismuth and magnesium granules group were significantly lower than those in the sucralfate group ((328.17±6.56) vs(340.23±8.05)pg/ml, P0.01; (170.82±7.31) vs(179.31±7.80)pg/ml, P0.05). Tissue injury and inflammatory reaction in all the protection groups were obviously mitigated compared with the injury group.Compound bismuth and magnesium granules and its herbal components may have significant protective effect on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury.

A three-leveled Plackett-Burman experimental design was used for the optimization of enantiomeric separation of chlorpheniramine by capillary zone electrophoresis using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral recognition agent. In this study, the effects of five important factors, namely, pH of the buffer, concentration of chiral selector, organic cations composing the background electrolyte, organic solvent and applied voltage upon resolution, migration time, and peak efficiency were investigated. The optimum separation conditions deduced from the effects were used to determine the amount of the (−)-isomer as impurity in a (+)-chlorpheniramine raw substance and two dexchlorpheniramine commercial tablets. It was found that the impurity levels were between 1 and 2%.

Based on previous work using the uni-variate approach to optimize the separation of nine Lauraceous aporphine alkaloids, lindcarpine, laurolitsine, N-methyllindcarpine, boldine, norpredicentrine, isocorydine, laurotetanine, N-methyl-laurotetanine, and isoboldine, by micellar electrokinetic chromatography, a three-parameter overlapping resolution mapping (ORM) scheme was employed to optimize the separation of these compounds. With the other conditions preoptimized, three buffer parameters, i.e., the concentrations of sodium borate, sodium dodecylsulfate, and sodium heptanesulfonate were chosen to carry out the optimization process. Conditions were identified that allowed base-line separation of the nine aporphines and the internal standard within eight minutes. These results show that ORM is an efficient optimization procedure, although some primary separation data is first required.

Batch experiments were performed to investigate the removal of Cu2+ , Cl- , and 2,4-dichlorophe- noxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solution using chitosan-modified bentonite. When the chi-tosan was loaded on the bentonite, the inter-layer space of the montmorillonite increased and the adsorption efficiency enhanced, as chitosan contains large numbers of -NH2 and -OH functional groups that could serve as coordination sites to bind heavy metals. In this study, the bentonite that was prepared through three procedures: Na2CO3 treatment, thermal treatment and compound treatment, was modified by chitosan. Experimental results demonstrated that the average removal rates of Cu2+ , Cl-, and 2,4-D effectively were 94.87 %, 86.19 % and 91.06 %, respectively., Ispitivano je uklanjanje Cu2+, Cl− i 2,4-diklorfenoksioctene kiseline (2,4-D) iz vodene otopine bentonitom modificiranim kitozanom. U takvu je bentonitu povećana udaljenost među slojevima montmorilonita i time poboljšana adsorpcijska moć. Kitozan sadrži mnogo skupina −NH2 i −OH koje također mogu koordinirati ione teških metala. Prije modificiranja kitozanom bentonit je tretiran vodenom otopinom Na2CO3, toplinski je obrađen te obrađen kelirajućim agensom. Modificiranim bentonitom prosječno je iz vodene otopine uklonjeno 94,87 % Cu2+, 86,19 % Cl− i 91,06 % 2,4-D.

Murine mAb BAT123, which was made against the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HTLV-IIIB strain of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), is capable of neutralizing HTLV-IIIB in vitro. It also inhibits the fusion between uninfected CD4+ cells and HIV-1-infected cells to form syncytia. As a step to explore the potential utility of the anti-HIV antibody in vivo, we have constructed a mouse-human chimeric antibody by rDNA techniques. The chimeric antibody, which bears the variable domains of mouse antibody BAT123 and constant domains Cr1 and C kappa of human Ig retains the Ag specificity of BAT123 as determined by its reactivity with HIV-1-infected H9 cells, gp120 in Western blot analysis, and the oligopeptide recognized by BAT123. The antiviral activities of the chimeric antibody in neutralizing HIV-1 infection as well as inhibiting the syncytia formation are also found identical to those of the parent murine antibody. Moreover, in the presence of human blood mononuclear cells, the chimeric antibody but not BAT123 (mouse IgG1) induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The findings point to the potential usefulness of the chimeric antibody in treating patients infected with HIV-1.