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Analyzing the effects of space weather on aviation is a new and developing topic. It has been commonly accepted that the flight time of the polar flights may increase during solar proton events because the flights have to change their route to avoid the high-energy particles. However, apart from such phenomenon, researches related to the flight time during space weather events is very rare. Based on the analyses of 39 representative international air routes around westerlies, it is found that 97.44% (94.87%) of the commercial airplanes on the westbound (eastbound) air routes reveal shorter (longer) flight time during solar proton events compared to those during quiet periods, and the averaged magnitude of change in flight time is ~10 min or 0.21%-4.17% of the total flight durations. Comparative investigations reassure the certainty of such phenomenon that the directional differences in flight time are still incontrovertible regardless of over-land routes (China-Europe) or over-sea routes (China-Western America). Further analyses suggest that the solar proton events associated atmospheric heating will change the flight durations by weakening certain atmospheric circulations, such as the polar jet stream. While the polar jet stream will not be obviously altered during solar flares so that the directional differences in flight time are not found. Besides the conventional space weather effects already known, this paper is the first report that indicates a distinct new scenario of how the solar proton events affect flight time. These analyses are also important for aviation since our discoveries could help the airways optimize the air routes to save passenger time costs, reduce fuel costs and even contribute to the global warming issues., submitted to Scientific Reports

Solar flare is one of the severest solar activities on the sun, and it has many important impacts on the near-earth space. It has been found that flight arrival delays will increase during solar flare. However, the detailed intrinsic mechanism of how solar flares influence the delays is still unknown. Based on 5-years huge amount of flight data, here we comprehensively analyze the flight departure delays during 57 solar flares. It is found that the averaged flight departure delay time during solar flares increased by 20.68% (7.67 min) compared to those during quiet periods. It is also shown that solar flare related flight delays reveal apparent time and latitude dependencies. Flight delays during dayside solar flares are more serious than those during nightside flares, and the longer (shorter) delays tend to occur in the lower (higher) latitude airport. Further analyses suggest that flight delay time and delay rate would be directly modulated by the solar intensity (soft X-ray flux) and the Solar Zenith Angle. For the first time, these results indicate that the communication interferences caused by solar flares will directly affect flight departure delay time and delay rate. This work also expands our conventional understandings to the impacts of solar flares on human society, and it could also provide us with brand new views to help prevent or cope with flight delays., submitted to APJL

As one of the best-known commercial goat breeds in the world, Boer goat has undergone long-term artificial selection for nearly 100 years, and its excellent growth rate and meat production performance have attracted considerable worldwide attention. Herein, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) called from the whole-genome sequencing data of 46 Australian Boer goats to detect polymorphisms and identify genomic regions related to muscle development in comparison with those of 81 non-specialized meat goat individuals from Europe, Africa, and Asia. A total of 13 795 202 SNPs were identified, and the whole-genome selective signal screen with a π ratio of nucleotide diversity (πcase /πcontrol ) and pairwise fixation index (FST ) was analyzed. Finally, we identified 1741 candidate selective windows based on the top 5% threshold of both parameters; here, 449 candidate genes were only found in 727 of these regions. A total of 433 genes out of the 449 genes obtained were annotated to 2729 gene ontology terms, of which 51 were directly linked to muscle development (e.g., muscle organ development, muscle cell differentiation) by 30 candidate genes (e.g., JAK2, KCNQ1, PDE5A, PDLIM5, TBX5). In addition, 246 signaling pathways were annotated by 178 genes, and two pathways related to muscle contraction, including vascular smooth muscle contraction (ADCY7, PRKCB, PLA2G4E, ROCK2) and cardiac muscle contraction (CACNA2D3, CASQ2, COX6B1), were identified. The results could improve the current understanding of the genetic effects of artificial selection on the muscle development of goat. More importantly, this study provides valuable candidate genes for future breeding of goats.

One of the most promising approaches to reach a high gain in inertial confinement fusion is the fast ignition scheme. In this scheme, a relativistic electron beam is generated; this passes through the imploded plasma and deposits parts of its energy in the core. However, the large angular spread of the relativistic electron beam and the poorly controlled compression of the target affect realization of the fast ignition technique. Here, we demonstrate that indirectly driven (that is, driven by X-rays generated inside a gold hohlraum) implosions with a ‘high-foot’ and a short-coast time of less than 200 ps allow us to tightly compress the shell. Furthermore, we show the ability to optimize the symmetry of the imploding shell by changing the hohlraum length, successfully tuning a suitable tube-shaped shell to compensate for the large angular spread of the relativistic electron beam and to enhance the electron-to-core coupling efficiency via resistive magnetic fields. Benefiting from those experimental techniques, a significant enhancement in neutron yield was achieved in our indirectly driven fast ignition experiments. These results pave the way towards high-coupling fast ignition experiments with indirectly driven targets similar to those at the National Ignition Facility. Experiments realizing the indirect-drive fast ignition scheme for inertial confinement fusion are reported. Enabled by a tightly compressed target, an increase of neutron yield is observed.

The International Maritime Organization is currently establishing second generation intact stability criteria, the dead ship stability is considered one important criterion, so the development of its direct stability assessment regulation has become a topic undergoing close review. In this paper a peak-over-threshold (POT) method is proposed to evaluate the dead ship stability, which focuses on the statistical extrapolation that exceed the threshold, also the traditional Monte Carlo simulation is carried out to approve the method. On the basis of verification calculation of the sample ship CEHIPAR2792, the capsizing probability of a certain warship is also conducted. Moreover, the influence of initial stability height GM and effective wave slope coefficient Y on the capsizing probability is analysed. The results and the possible reason for the difference are examined. This study is expected to provide technical support for the second-generation stability criteria and establish the capsizing probability of damaged dead ship stability.

管控妊娠期高血压，产科医师不该局限在自我意识范畴内，也不能生搬硬套非妊娠期血压管控模式，而需要提升妊娠期高血压管控特色的认知水平。不忘记妊娠期血压管理特点，加强对各类高血压的识别，早期管理并动态监测，掌握非药物性和药物性抗高血压治疗手段，学会如何在中国选择应用抗高血压药物，凡此种种，都是减少妊娠期高血压疾病的发生、减少重度高血压的发生、减少高血压疾患对母儿损害环环相扣之节点。.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) on detrusor underactivity (DUA). METHODS: From December 2019 to April 2020, 6 patients with DUA who had been treated with SNM were assessed retrospectively. The average age was 58 years (46-65 years), with 3 males and 3 females. All the patients were diagnosed with DUA by urodynamics examination. Obstruction of bladder outlet was excluded through the cystoscopy. No patient had the history of neurological disease. All the patients were placed with the bladder colostomy tube before SNM. One female patient accepted the trans-urethral resection of bladder neck. Two male patients accepted the trans-urethral resection of prostate. All the 3 patients had no improvement of void symptom after the urethral operation. Before SNM, the average 24 h times of voiding was 23.8 (18-33), average volume of every voiding was 34.2 mL (10-50 mL), average residual volume was 421.7 mL (350-520 mL). The preoperative and postoperative 24 h urine frequency, average voided volume, and average residual urine volume were compared respectively. RESULTS: Totally 6 patients underwent SNM with stage Ⅰ procedure. The operation time for stage Ⅰ procedure was 62-135 min (average 90 min). After an average follow-up of two weeks, stage Ⅱ procedure was performed on responders. Four patients accepted stage Ⅱ procedure (conversion rate 66.7%), the other two patients refused the stage Ⅱ procedure because the urine frequency did not reach the satisfied level. But all the patients had the improvement of residual urine volume. For the 4 patients at the follow-up of 10-15 months, the improvement of void was still obvious. For the all patients after stage Ⅰ procedure, the average 24 h urine frequency reduced to 13.5 times (9-18 times, P < 0.001), the average voided volume increased to 192.5 mL (150-255 mL, P < 0.001), and the average residual urine volume reduced to 97.5 mL (60-145 mL, P < 0.001). No adverse events, such as wound infection or electrode translocation were detected during an average follow-up of 11.3 months. Only one of the 4 patients who received the stage Ⅱ procedure did the intermittent catheterization for one time each day. CONCLUSION: SNM provides a minimal invasive approach for the management of DUA.

早在1912年，Weinberg首次提出了父亲年龄的增长与子代的遗传缺陷有关。从此，人们开始意识到父亲年龄与子代预后有关联。近年，伴随着母亲生育年龄的增加，父亲的生育年龄也有所增加。纵观国内外的相关报道，除了父亲年龄对生育能力有影响外，父亲生育年龄对子代的影响可以分为近期影响和远期影响。对子代的近期影响包括早产、流产、低出生体重、染色体异常、畸形、死胎等。对子代的远期影响包括儿童期恶性肿瘤、代谢类疾病、精神类疾病等。本文通过对目前已有的国内外文献的分析，总结了父亲生育年龄与子代近远期预后的影响，并对今后的研究提出了一些方向。.

A weakly nonlinear (WN) theoretical model for the two-dimensional incompressible Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) is proposed. Its solution form is the complete expansion in real space. The transition from linear to nonlinear growth is analytically studied via third-order solutions of plane KHI initiated by a single-mode surface perturbation. The difference between the WN growth of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) in plane geometry and the WN growth of the KHI in plane geometry is discussed. It is found that there are resonance solutions in the higher harmonics of KHI but not in RTI. The vertex of spikes and bubbles is deflected because of the shearing effect in KHI compared with that in RTI. The spike velocity increases with the Atwood number before a particular time and then inversely after that time. There is no such reversal in RTI. However, the bubble velocity with the Atwood number of KHI has the same evolution rule as that of RTI. In addition to the influence of initial perturbation on the nonlinear saturation amplitude, the influence of Atwood number on the nonlinear saturation amplitude of the fundamental mode is obtained. Finally, compared with the numerical simulations, at the same initial conditions, the analytical solutions up to the third harmonics are well consistent with the simulated datum in the linear and weakly nonlinear stages for a widely varied Atwood number.

OBJECTIVE: To develop the visual uroflow scale (VUS), analyze the relationship of VUS score and index of free uroflowmetry, assess urination function preliminarily and improve the work efficiency in the clinic. METHODS: Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) patients, who attended the Department of Urology in Peking University People's Hospital from March 2016 to March 2017, were assessed for their urination function according to the Visual Uroflow Scale without help from clinicians before undertaking a free uroflowmetry test. And afterwards, a free uroflowmetry was undertaken, and variables including maximal flow rate (Qmax), the average flow rate (Qave) and voiding volume (VV) was obtained. During the study, 124 cases were collected and 53 cases met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the study cohort. The Spearman correlation analysis was used for analyzing the correlation of VUS scores with free uroflowmetry variables and age. The validity of VUS was evaluated. RESULTS: Most of the patients could choose the very figure matched with self-condition by first instinct without any help from the clinician. The data were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. In the present study, voiding time was positively correlated with the VUS score (correlation coefficient, 0.62, P < 0.05). In the present cohort, the patients chose the third and fourth figures to take longer time to urinate, implying worse LUTS situation. Flow time and VUS scores were positively correlated (correlation coefficient, 0.61, P < 0.05). The patients with higher VUS scores would spend more time on urinate, no matter how long urinary hesitation was. Both Qmax and Qave were negatively correlated with the VUS score (correlation coefficient －0.54, －0.62, P < 0.05). The study illustrated that the VUS score suggested that the Qmax basically and further reflected the urination function. And its relationship to age revealed the decreased urination function of aging male, which had reached a consensus. CONCLUSION: Development of VUS has helped the clinician assess the urination function preliminarily at the first time. Patients are assessed for a VUS score before getting surgery or receiving the drug for treatment, and can be re-assessed after. The VUS score can provide an objective quantitative basis to evaluate the treatment efficacy. In addition, considering that it is convenient, timesaving and easy to understand, the VUS is available for follow-up.

患者男，42岁。5年前外院确诊为多发性骨髓瘤ⅢA（IgA-LAM型），化疗后4个月余，因发现左腰背部肿物入院。入院后行肿物穿刺活检，镜下见胞质丰富的肿瘤细胞弥漫密集，浸润性生长，侵及周围脂肪组织。肿瘤细胞圆形或卵圆形，胞质嗜碱性或嗜双色性，核深染、圆形偏向一侧，部分核仁明显，核分裂象易见，未见坏死及核碎屑。免疫组织化学检测肿瘤细胞呈：CD3、CD38、CD138、CD56、MUM1、Lambda阳性，Ki-67阳性指数达90%，CD20、Kappa、EB病毒编码的小RNA（EBER）阴性。诊断为高级别浆细胞肿瘤；结合多发性骨髓瘤病史，考虑浆母细胞型骨髓瘤并反常表达CD3。.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a well-received non-destructive technique for the detection of underground utilities, such as water/gas pipes, sewers, power cables, and telecommunication ducts. However, radar signatures of plastic pipes are generally weak when the surrounding soils are attenuative and/or the pipe and soils have similar electromagnetic characteristics. In order to increase the radar visibility of these pipes, attaching Radio-Frequency (RF) tags to them is a useful method. In this paper we designed two types of Bowtie-Omega shaped RF tags. The finite element method (FEM) simulation and measurement of the designed tags show strong resonances in the GPR spectrum, and by conducting GPR B-scans stronger radar signatures are observed when the RF tags are buried in our 2.0 × 1.5 × 0.75 m tank filled with dry sand. Furthermore, we implement a simple processing procedure based on Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT), by which strong time-frequency domain response of the tags is clearly seen at those designed resonant frequencies, and disappear when tags are not inserted. The resulting detection of the hollow plastic pipe in both time and frequency domains due to the co-located tag is evidently enhanced.

X-ray drive asymmetry is one of the main seeds of low-mode implosion asymmetry that blocks further improvement of the nuclear performance of “high-foot” experiments on the National Ignition Facility [Miller et al., Nucl. Fusion 44, S228 (2004)]. More particularly, the P2 asymmetry of Au's M-band flux can also severely influence the implosion performance of ignition capsules [Li et al., Phys. Plasmas 23, 072705 (2016)]. Here we study the smoothing effect of mid- and/or high-Z dopants in ablator on Au's M-band flux asymmetries, by modeling and comparing the implosion processes of a Ge-doped ignition capsule and a Si-doped one driven by X-ray sources with P2 M-band flux asymmetry. As the results, (1) mid- or high-Z dopants absorb hard X-rays (M-band flux) and re-emit isotropically, which helps to smooth the asymmetric M-band flux arriving at the ablation front, therefore reducing the P2 asymmetries of the imploding shell and hot spot; (2) the smoothing effect of Ge-dopant is more remarkable than Si-dopant because its opacity in Au's M-band is higher than the latter's; and (3) placing the doped layer at a larger radius in ablator is more efficient. Applying this effect may not be a main measure to reduce the low-mode implosion asymmetry, but might be of significance in some critical situations such as inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments very near the performance cliffs of asymmetric X-ray drives.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a urodynamic classification of male patients with symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) and discuss its clinical significance in practice. METHODS: From January 2015 to January 2017, there were 181 male patients from Peking University People’s Hospital who were diagnosed clinically with OAB and underwent preoperative urodynamic test. Finally 126 male patients were enrolled in the research. Male OAB patients could be stratified into four groups based on the chief complaints (whether or not presenting urgency) and the results of urodynamic test (whether or not presenting detrusor overactivity and the ability to stop the involuntary contraction). The contents of this follow-up study included the basic information, the preoperative and postoperative scores of the OAB symptom score (OABSS), the preoperative and postoperative scores of the international prostate symptom score (IPSS), and the amount of the concomitant diseases. RESULTS: According to the classification, the amounts of the four types of OAB patients were 32 (25.40%) for type Ⅰ, 27 (21.43%) for type Ⅱ, 59 (46.83%) for type Ⅲ, and 8 (6.35%) for type Ⅳ, respectively. The data of their heights showed no statistical significance (P>0.05). The ages, weights and the amount of the concomitant diseases of type Ⅳ were obviously higher than those of the other three types (P0.05). The improvement of the OABSS and IPSS scores of the type Ⅳ were obviously inferior to the other three types (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Type Ⅳ has the worst outcome and type Ⅲ has the best among the four types of OAB. And this classification system will certainly have a profound significance in guiding and directing our clinical diagnosis and treatments, and evaluating the prognosis of the patients with OAB.