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In this paper, cubic-phase Lu 2 O 3 :Bi3+ nanoparticles, with a range of sizes between 110 and 180 nm, were obtained by a combination of co-precipitation and thermal annealing techniques. For these nanoparticles upon UV or X-ray excitation, strong broadband emission peaks at 410 and 480 nm corresponding to Bi3+ occupying S 6 and C 2 (Lu3+(S 6) and Lu3+(C 2)) sites, respectively, can be observed. On the basis of the concentration-dependent luminescence intensity ratios (I 480 (C 2)/I 410 (S 6)) of Bi3+(C 2) to Bi3+(S 6), the energy transfer from Bi3+(S 6) to Bi3+(C 2) can be confirmed at high Bi3+ concentration. In particular, their X-ray absorption coefficient, emission wavelength, afterglow level (60 ppm) and response time (465 ns) are almost comparable to those of the commercial Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 crystals. By the means of dispersing Lu 1.98 Bi 0.02 O 3 nanoscintillators into organic polymer (PMMA)-acetone solution, the Lu 1.98 Bi 0.02 O 3 -PMMA flexible composite films exhibiting rapid response to X-ray photons, high X-ray sensitivity and radiation resistance, good mechanical performance and excellent environmental stability were prepared using a spin-coating technique. On the surface of X-ray imaging screen formed by the flexible dense composite films, the spatial resolution can reach to 6.0 lp/mm at a safe irradiation dose (4.6 μGy). Meanwhile, for the imaging screen using the flexible composite films after bended for thousands of times, we can observe clear image of each reed gap (300 μm) of the music box. For the Lu 2 O 3 :Bi3+-PMMA composite films, our results suggest that not only their scintillation properties are almost comparable to those of the commercial broadband Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 crystals, but also they might be applied in large-area and non-planar X-ray imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Blackberry seeds, as a by‐product of processing, have potential bioactive substances and activities. A response surface method was used to determine the optimal conditions of blackberry seed extracts (BSEs) with high 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity by ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE). The composition and antioxidant capacity of BSEs were further analyzed.The optimal conditions were material‐to‐liquid ratio of 0.07 g mL−1, ethanol concentration of 56%, extraction temperature of 39 °C and ultrasonic power of 260 W. Using these conditions, the extraction yield and total polysaccharide, phenolic and anthocyanin contents in BSEs were 0.062 g g−1 and 633.91, 36.21 and 3.07 mg g−1, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of BSEs exhibited characteristic peaks associated with polysaccharide absorption. The antioxidant capacity, DPPH and 2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of BSEs were 1533.19, 1021.93 and 1093.38 mmol Trolox equivalent g−1, respectively. The delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, paeoniflorin‐3‐O‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐O‐arabinoside contents in BSEs were 3.05,12.76 and 1895.90 ± 3.45 μg g−1. Five polyphenols including gallic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin and caffeic acid were identified and quantified in BSEs with its contents at 8850.43, 5053.26, 4984.65, 1846.91 and 192.40 μg g−1.These results provide a method for preparing BSE containing functional components such as polysaccharides, phenols and anthocyanins through UAE, and BSEs have potential application in food industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAdvances in the field of bioactivation have significantly contributed to our understanding and prediction of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It has been established that many adverse drug reactions, including DILI, are associated with the formation and reactivity of metabolites. Modern methods allow us to detect and characterize these reactive metabolites in earlier stages of drug development, which helps anticipate and circumvent the potential for DILI. Improved in silico models and experimental techniques that better reflect in vivo environments are enhancing predictive capabilities for DILI risk. Further, studies on the mechanisms of bioactivation, including enzyme interactions and the role of individual genetic differences, have provided valuable insights for drug optimizations. Cumulatively, this progress is continually refining our approaches to drug safety evaluation and personalized medicine.Shuai Wang and Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid progress of deepfake technology, the improper use of manipulated images and videos presenting synthetic faces has arisen as a noteworthy concern, thereby posing threats to both daily life and national security. While numerous CNN based deepfake face detection methods were proposed, most of the existing approaches encounter challenges in effectively capturing the image contents across different scales and positions. In this paper, we present a novel two-branch structural network, referred to as the Self-Attention Deepfake Face Discrimination Network (SADFFD). Specifically, a branch incorporating cascaded multi self-attention mechanism (SAM) modules, is parallelly integrated with EfficientNet-B4 (EffB4). The multi SAM branch supplies additional features that concentrate on image regions essential for discriminating between real and fake. The EffB4 network is adopted because of its efficiency by adjusting the resolution, depth, and width of the network. According to our comprehensive experiments conducted on FaceForensics++, Celeb-DF, and our self-constructed SAMGAN3 datasets, the proposed SADFFD demonstrated the highest detection accuracy, averaging 99.01% in FaceForensics++, 98.65% in Celeb-DF, and an impressive 99.99% in SAMGAN3, surpassing other state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. • A novel two-branch CNN structure is proposed for deepfake face discrimination. • The self-attention mechanism is utilized to enhance the accuracy of discrimination. • FaceForensics++, Celeb-DF and our self-built dataset are used in evaluation in terms of detection accuracy. • Forged face images/videos from various generating methods are included in our evaluation datasets. • Comprehensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method in discriminating deepfake face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a method for bifunctional regulation on the surface micro-morphology and nitrogen-doping configuration of graphene-based nanosheets by annealing chitin and graphene oxide. Systematic studies reveal that annealing temperature is a key to determine micro-morphology and type of nitrogen-doping of the graphene matrix, and 2D multi-wrinkled graphene (CS-rGO-600) with enriched active nitrogen species and moderate defects can be obtained successfully under an optimized annealing temperature. When used as a "green" electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), CS-rGO-600 exhibits superior performance, in terms of more outstanding electrode activity and durability, higher output power density in fuel cell system compared to that of Pt/C. These could be attributed to the fact that appropriate annealing treatment is not only conducive to exogenous nitrogen enrichment and oriented conversion but also beneficial to micro-structure construction. The synergistic effects between multi-wrinkled 2D structure and active sites endow CS-rGO-600 with superior ORR performance in the fuel cell. • CS-rGO-X was prepared via pyrolysis of biomass waste and GO. • Appropriate pyrolysis is conducive to N enrichment and structure construction. • Synergism between structure and active sites endow CS-rGO-600 with superior activity. • CS-rGO-600 with highest E onset (0.059 V) and P max (0.665 mWcm−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is difficult to cure and easy to relapse, leading to poor quality of life for patients. Oxymatrine (OMT) is one of the main alkaloids of Sophora flavescens Aiton, which has many effects, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, and immunosuppression. This study aimed to investigate whether OMT could attenuate ulcerative colitis by inhibiting the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing three (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. In this study, the UC rat models were established by 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in vivo, while RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with Lipopolysaccharides/Adenosine Triphosphate (LPS/ATP) in vitro to simulate pyroptosis models, and Western blotting (WB) and other detection techniques were applied to analyze proteins involved in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Our results showed that OMT alleviated colitis ulcers and pathological damage in the TNBS-induced UC rats and exhibited an inhibitory effect on pyroptosis at the early stage of UC. In the model group, the pyroptosis reached the peak at 24 h after modeling with the contents of active-cysteine-aspartic proteases-1 (caspase-1), Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-N, and cleaved-interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to the highest expression level. Meanwhile, we found that OMT (80 mg kg−1) remarkably decreased the expression levels of NLRP3, active-caspase-1, and cleaved-IL-1β at 24 h in the lesion tissue from UC rats. Further experiments on cells demonstrated that OMT at concentrations of 100 and 250 μM significantly inhibited cell death caused by NLRP3 inflammasome activation (p < 0.05), downregulated caspase-1, GSDMD, and decreased the levels of active-caspase-1, GSDMD-N, cleaved-IL-1β in RAW326.7 cells, and peritoneal macrophages. In summary, these results indicated that OMT could attenuate ulcerative colitis through inhibiting pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. The inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a potential strategy for UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is a crucial substance in the formation of the secondary cell wall in plants. It is widely distributed in various plant tissues and plays a significant role in various biological processes. However, the number of copies, characteristics, and expression patterns of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in maize are not fully understood. In this study, bioinformatic analysis and gene expression analysis were used to discover the lignin synthetic genes, and two representative maize inbred lines were used for stem strength phenotypic analysis and gene identification. Finally, 10 gene families harboring 117 related genes involved in the lignin synthesis pathway were retrieved in the maize genome. These genes have a high number of copies and are typically clustered on chromosomes. By examining the lignin content of stems and the expression patterns of stem-specific genes in two representative maize inbred lines, we identified three potential stem lodging resistance genes and their interactions with transcription factors. This study provides a foundation for further research on the regulation of lignin biosynthesis and maize lodging resistance genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms can exist in both suspended and attached forms in natural and engineered systems. While extensive research has been performed to investigate the bioreduction kinetics of iron oxides by suspended microorganisms, the kinetics of iron oxide reduction by biofilms has not been well studied. This study investigated the rates of ferrihydrite bioreduction by biofilms of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with variable concentration ratios of electron donor to acceptor, and different biofilm thickness. Results indicated that the bioreduction rate of ferrihydrite by biofilms increased with increasing biofilm surface area and was faster than that by suspended microorganisms for the same biomass amount, apparently as a result of the biofilm surface area facilitating the direct contact between ferrihydrite and microorganisms for electron transfer. Increasing biofilm thickness decreased bioreduction rate for the same total biomass as a result of the decrease of the ratio of the biofilm surface area to total biomass. The bioreduction rate increased with increasing electron donor and ferrihydrite inputs, consistent with the saturation type of kinetic models. The different rates of ferrihydrite reduction in the biofilm system resulted in different rates of Fe(II) production as a function of electron donor, acceptor, and biofilm surface area, which in turn affected the type and concentrations of the secondary iron minerals, such as lepidocrocite and goethite. A kinetic model was developed that integrates biofilm surface area, and electron donor and acceptor concentrations that well described the measured rates of ferrihydrite bioreduction. The results emphasized the importance of the biofilm surface area in understanding and modeling iron redox biogeochemistry and iron-related biogeochemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate synchronous solutions of coupled van der Pol oscillator systems with multiple coupling modes using the theory of rotating periodic solutions. Multiple coupling modes refer to two or three types of coupling modes in van der Pol oscillator networks, namely, position, velocity, and acceleration. Rotating periodic solutions can represent various types of synchronous solutions corresponding to different phase differences of coupled oscillators. When matrices representing the topology of different coupling modes have symmetry, the overall symmetry of the oscillator system depends on the intersection of the symmetries of the different topologies, determining the type of synchronous solutions for the coupled oscillator network. When matrices representing the topology of different coupling modes lack symmetry, if the adjacency matrices representing different coupling modes can be simplified into structurally identical quotient graphs (where weights can be proportional) through the same external equitable partition, the symmetry of the quotient graph determines the synchronization type of the original system. All these results are consistent with multi-layer networks where connections between different layers are one-to-one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectral line confocal imaging (LCI) technology enables high-resolution, rapid 3D surface morphology analysis of transparent materials and other samples, positioning it as a leading optical measurement tool. Nevertheless, where the sensor measures samples with significant variations in surface reflectance, the peak signals of the acquired images exhibit low signal-to-noise ratios or become distorted, hampering the peak extraction algorithm from accurately locating their peak positions. Consequently, it's arduous to reconstruct their precise surface topography. To enhance the sensor's dynamic measurement range and adaptability, this paper introduces an adaptive correction approach. It utilizes a regularized non-negative matrix to decompose images with various grey levels. This is followed by weighted frequency filtering and Gaussian enhancement of all the grey layers. Eventually, these layers are fused into one image with high contrast and uniformity. Using this approach, the sensor is capable of achieving precise 3D reconstruction with high-quality peak signals. Additionally, this study experimentally demonstrates the efficacy of the suggested approach by measuring the interdigital electrode and printed circuit boards (PCB). It should be noted that the technique presented in this paper is not limited to spectral line confocal instruments and is also effective for line laser and line structured light instruments. • A spectral line confocal system for high-speed 3D surface topography measurements was developed and built in-house. • A proposed adaptive signal correction algorithm to address the problem of reflectance difference surface measurement. • Enhances the dynamic measurement range and adaptability of the instrument. • The method is both simple and effective, as it requires only a single measurement followed by processing single image. • The method is also applicable to line laser and line structured light instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice stem borer (RSB), Chilo suppressalis, a notorious rice pest in China, has evolved a high resistance level to commonly used insecticides. Tetraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, effectively controls multiple pests, including RSB. However, the potential resistance risk of RSB to tetraniliprole is still unknown. In this study, the tetraniliprole‐selection (Tet‐R) strain was obtained through 10 continuous generations of selection with tetraniliprole 30% lethal concentration (LC30). The realized heritability (h2) of the Tet‐R strain was 0.387, indicating that resistance of RSB to tetraniliprole developed rapidly under the continuous selection of tetraniliprole. The Tet‐R strain had a high fitness cost (relative fitness = 0.53). We established the susceptibility baseline of RSB to tetraniliprole (lethal concentration at LC50 = 0.727 mg/L) and investigated the resistance level of 6 field populations to tetraniliprole. All tested strains that had resistance to chlorantraniliprole exhibited moderate‐ to high‐level resistance to tetraniliprole (resistance ratio = 27.7−806.8). Detection of ryanodine receptor (RyR) mutations showed that the Y4667C, Y4667D, I4758M, and Y4891F mutations were present in tested RSB field populations. RyR mutations were responsible for the cross‐resistance between tetraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. Further, the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR‐associated protein 9‐mediated genome‐modified flies were used to study the contribution of RyR mutations to tetraniliprole resistance. The order of contribution of a single RyR mutation to tetraniliprole resistance was Y4667D > G4915E > Y4667C ≈ I4758M > Y4891F. In addition, the I4758M and Y4667C double mutations conferred higher tetraniliprole resistance than single Y4667C mutations. These results can guide resistance management practices for diamides in RSB and other arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of digital mindfulness (DMFN) on the cognitive load (CL) experienced by English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in computer-assisted writing classrooms, with cognitive awareness (CA) as a mediator and perceived task complexity (PTC) as a moderator. Employing a time-lagged survey-based methodology, EFL learners’ perceptions are assessed at multiple time points to establish causal relationships. The findings reveal that DMFN has a significant direct and indirect effect on CL through the mediation of CA. Moreover, PTC is found to moderate the relationship, demonstrating that the effectiveness of DMFN in reducing CL is more pronounced when learners perceive writing tasks as highly complex. This study suggests that the incorporation of DMFN practices can enhance EFL learners’ CA, subsequently alleviating CL, especially when learners perceive writing tasks as challenging. The implications of this research highlight the potential benefits of DMFN in language learning environments, offering a promising avenue for educators to optimize writing instruction in computer-assisted classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si), as one of the most promising anode candidates, is expected to improve the energy density of Li−ion batteries due to its high specific capacity (≈4200 mAh g−1). However, the cyclic performance of Si anode is unsatisfactory for practical usage due to its inadequate toughness when exceeding the mass loading beyond 2 mg cm−2, which triggers unceasing electrode breakage. Here, a biomimetic Si electrode is created by interconnecting vertically aligned graphene oxide sheets with conductive carbon nanotubes (AGO−Si/C). Unlike reported structures, the AGO−Si/C electrode exhibits superior interlaminar toughness owing to its unique crumpling architecture of reversible interlayer slipping. The elastic structure releases the accumulative lithiation stress of Si nanoparticles to address the degraded inactivation. Thus, the AGO−Si/C electrode shows long−lived cycles by toughening the structure, allowing the fabrication of very thick loading (4.1 mg cm−2) with an impressive areal capacity of 10.0 mAh cm−2. This discovery offers an easily scalable method for graphite/Si anode with high areal capacity that exceeds the commercial−level of 5 mAh cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous Zn‐based batteries (AZBs) have appealed numerous attentions in the energy storage field due to their low cost, environmental friendliness and high safety. However, the Zn metal anode faces severe challenges of short cycle life because of the dendrite growth and side reactions, which hinders the practical application of AZBs. Herein, an artificial coating layer of cyclized polyacrylonitrile (cPAN) is designed on the Zn anode through spin‐coating and thermal treatment. The cPAN layer possesses abundant N‐containing groups and delocalized π‐conjugation structure, which endows the Zn anode with low nucleation barrier and homogeneous electric field. Benefiting from these synergetic advantages, the nucleation overpotential of Zn is remarkably decreased. Furthermore, no obvious byproduct is observed on the cPANZ‐Zn after cycling. As a result, the resultant cPANZ‐Zn anode delivers a long lifespan of 600 h and high reversibility. cPANZ‐Zn||MnO2 full cells are further assembled and exhibited stable cycling and high rate capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionOrganophosphorus pesticide poisoning can lead to severe brain damage, but the specific mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Our research aims to elucidate the function of the TRPV4 ion channel in the development of brain injury induced by paraoxon (POX).In vivo, we examined the survival rate, behavioral seizures, histopathological alterations, NMDA receptor phosphorylation, as well as the expression of the NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 complex and downstream inflammatory factors in the POX poisoning model following intervention with the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874. In vitro, we investigated the effects of GSK2193874 on NMDA-induced inward current, cell viability, cell death rate, and Ca2+ accumulation in primary hippocampal neurons.The treatment with the TRPV4 antagonist increased the survival rate, suppressed the status epilepticus, improved pathological damage, and reduced the phosphorylation level of NMDA receptors after POX exposure. Additionally, it inhibited the upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory cytokines expression after POX exposure. Moreover, the TRPV4 antagonist corrected the NMDA-induced increase in inward current and cell death rate, decrease in cell viability, and Ca2+ accumulation.TRPV4 participates in the mechanisms of brain injury induced by POX exposure through NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractExtant research has demonstrated the positive roles of workplace friendships and has recently found the negative effect or the double-edged effect on employees and organizations. Unfortunately, little is known about the boundary condition of the double-edged effects of workplace friendships and the elaborated understanding of the mechanism of positive and negative effects of workplace friendship simultaneously. Our purpose is to reveal that workplace friendship is a mixed blessing by investigating when and how workplace friendships are likely to promote versus inhibit voice behavior. We propose that the double-edged effect of workplace friendship hinges on the competitive climate. Specifically, when the competitive climate is low, workplace friendship is positively related to employees’ psychological safety, promoting voice behavior. In contrast, workplace friendship is positively related to employees’ face concern, inhibiting voice behavior when the competitive climate is high. Our hypotheses were supported across the three waves of surveys and experimental studies. Taken together, our findings reveal the perils and benefits of workplace friendship and the importance of boundary conditions resulting in employees’ differential psychological processes in friendship interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is still a disagreement on how aging affects the risk of cable fire. In order to comprehensively assess the aging effects on cable fire risks, a series of cone calorimeter tests and flame spread experiments on accelerated thermal aging PVC cables were carried out with various thermal aging time. A large amount of fire characteristics was measured, including the ignition time (TTI), heat release rate, critical heat flux, fire performance index (FPI) and fire growth index (FGI) by cone calorimeter tests, as well as flame spread and dripping behaviors by flame spread experiments. Results showed that the values of TTI, FPI and the dripping frequency are increased with thermal aging time, but the maximum heat release rate, flame spread rate, FGI are decreased. It is evidenced that the thermal aging PVC cables have lower ignition risk, heat release risk, fire growth risk, but have a higher risk of dripping and igniting surrounding combustibles. This work may provide an in-depth understanding of fire risk of thermal aging cables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elderly patients are less likely to recover from lumbar spine fusion (LSF) as rapidly compared with younger patients. However, there is still a lack of research on the effect of early ambulation on elderly patients undergoing LSF surgery for lumbar degenerative disorders. To evaluate the safety and benefit of ambulation within 24 hours in elderly patients who underwent LSF. A retrospective study. Consecutive patients (aged 65 and older) who underwent elective transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery for degenerative disorders from January 2019 to October 2022. Outcome measures included postoperative complications, postoperative drainage (mL), laboratory test data, length of hospital stay (LOS), readmission and reoperation within 3 months. Early ambulation patients (ambulation within 24 hours after surgery) were propensity-score matched 1:1 to a delayed ambulation patients (ambulation at a minimum of 48 hours postoperatively) based on age, intraoperative blood loss, and number of fused segments. The incidence of postoperative adverse events (AEs, including rates of complications, readmission, and prolonged LOS) and the average LOS were used to assess the safety and benefit of early ambulation, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to assess the association between early ambulation and postoperative AEs. The risk factors for delayed ambulation were also determined using multivariable logistic analyses. A total of 998 patients with LSF surgery were reviewed in this study. After excluding 116 patients for various reasons, 882 patients (<24 hours: N=350, 24–48 hours: N=230, and >48 hours: N= 302) were included in the final analysis. After matching, sex, BMI, preoperative comorbidities, laboratory test data and surgery-related variables were comparable between the groups. The incidence of postoperative AEs was significantly lower in the EA group (44.3% vs 64.0%, p<.001). The average postoperative LOS of the EA group was 2 days shorter than the DA group (6.5 days vs 8.5 days, p<.001). Patients in the EA group had a significantly lower rate of prolonged LOS compared with the DA group (35.1% vs 55.3%, p<.001). There was no significant difference in postoperative drainage volumes between the two groups. Multivariable analysis identified older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, p<.001), increased intraoperative EBL (OR 1.002, p=.001), and higher international normalization ratio (OR 10.57, p=.032) as significant independent risk factors for delayed ambulation. Ambulation within 24 hours after LSF surgery is independently associated fewer AEs and shorter hospital stays in elderly patients. Implementing the goal of ambulation within 24 hours after LSF surgery into enhanced recovery after surgery protocols for elderly patients seems appropriate. Older age, increased intraoperative blood loss and worse coagulation function are associated with delayed ambulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical transport models (CTMs) are widely used for air pollution modeling, which suffer from significant biases due to uncertainties in simplified parameterization, meteorological fields, and emission inventories. Accurate diagnosis of simulation biases is critical for the improvement of models, interpretation of results, and management of air quality, especially for the simulation of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5). In this study, an efficient method with high speed and a low computational resource requirement based on the tree-based machine learning (ML) method, the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), was designed to diagnose CTM simulation biases. The drivers of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model biases are compared to observations obtained by simulating PM 2.5 concentrations from the perspectives of meteorology, chemical composition, and emission sources. The source-oriented CMAQ was used to diagnose the influences of different emission sources on PM 2.5 biases. The model can capture the complex relationship between input variables and simulation bias well; meteorology, PM 2.5 components, and source sectors can partially explain the simulation bias. The CMAQ model underestimates PM 2.5 by - 19.25 to - 2.66 µgm-3 in 2019, especially in winter and spring and during high-PM 2.5 events. Secondary organic components showed the largest contribution to the PM 2.5 simulation bias for different regions and seasons (13.8 %–22.6 %) of all components. Relative humidity, cloud cover, and soil surface moisture were the main meteorological factors contributing to PM 2.5 bias in the North China Plain, Pearl River Delta, and northwestern China, respectively. Primary and secondary inorganic components from residential sources showed the two largest contributions to this bias (12.05 % and 12.78 %), implying large uncertainties in this sector. The ML-based methods provide valuable complements to traditional-mechanism-based methods for model improvement, with high efficiency and low reliance on prior information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly efficient and low-cost bio-oil upgrading process is critical for the realization of renewable biomass as the substitution for fossil oil in the production of biofuel. In this study, a highly dispersed Co/SiO2–Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by simple wet impregnation, and its catalytical activity in the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, one of the most key reactions of bio-oil upgrading, was evaluated. The as-prepared catalyst could provide a full conversion of guaiacol (100%) and 96.8% selectivity of cyclohexane under relatively mild conditions (250 °C, 2-MPa H2, 1 h). The characterizations of the as-prepared Co/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst confirmed a highly dispersed Co particle with the SiO2–Al2O3 support, which favored the selectivity of cyclohexane. In addition, both the synergy of Co0 and Coδ+ species and the medium-strength acidic sites contributed to the high catalytical performance of the catalyst. According to the distribution of the products, the reaction path from guaiacol to cyclohexane was speculated. Furthermore, the Co/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst also possessed high stability and versatility. The above properties together with the easy preparation method entitled the Co/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst great potential as a non-noble metal catalyst for the scale-up applications in bio-oil upgrading process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Disease metabolomes have been studied for identifying diagnostic and predictive biomarkers of pathology. Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is one of the most prevalent subtypes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, yet the profile and diagnostic value of its tissue metabolite are unclear. Subjects and Methods: Tumor tissue samples and matched normal mucosal tissue samples were collected from 40 OTSCC patients. Untargeted metabolic analysis by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, in positive and negative ion modes, was used to identify dysregulated metabolites in OTSCC. Further, utilizing LASSO regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses, biomarker metabolites were selected and validated, and a diagnostic model was established. Results: One hundred and ninety metabolites were detected. The OTSCC had a total of 89 dysregulated metabolites, of which 73 were elevated. A diagnostic panel of nine metabolites was subsequently created that could accurately identify OTSCC with 100% sensitivity of 100%, 100% specificity and an AUC of 1.00. Conclusions: This study identified distinct metabolic characteristics of OTSCC and established a diagnostic model. Our research also contributes to the investigation of the pathogenesis of OTSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diamond possesses extremely excellent properties, which make it a potentially transformative material in an extensive range of applications. Herein, diamonds were synthesized in a FeNiCo–C system with B2S3 as an additive by a temperature-gradient growth method at high temperature and high pressure (HPHT) conditions. The effects of the B2S3 additive in the FeNiCo–C system on diamond crystallization were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. FTIR result shows the presence of positive-charged N+ in the diamond crystal synthesized with the B2S3 additive, and its concentration was estimated to be around 30 ppm. Moreover, the XPS measurements confirm that N+ can combine with boron to form a B–N bond. Furthermore, the Hall effect result indicates that the resistivity of the diamond crystal synthesized with B2S3 was reduced to 3.89 × 10 Ω cm, whereas, the resistivity of the diamond synthesized with the same weight of B2S3 additive along with Ti/Cu as the nitrogen removal agent dropped sharply to 2.51 × 10−1 Ω cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing precise and fast position control of the gear is a challenging issue because of its nonlinearity, parameter uncertainty and external disturbance. Therefore, this paper researches the clutch position control considering the influence because of the factor on the system performance. By virtue of the traditional adaptive control method, an improved strategy based on finite time theory is proposed to further improve the convergence rate as well as the position tracking precision. First, a model of electromechanical clutch actuator system is established by theoretical analysis. Then, an enhanced adaptive controller is designed using finite time idea by introducing power function in the virtual control. And parameter update rate is adopted in the control action. Next, the stability of the control system is proved theoretically. Finally, Matlab simulations and experimental bench test are carried out to exhibit the effectiveness of the presented method. The results show that the satisfactory performance has been achieved with accurate position tracking and fast convergence speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the robust performance of damping devices during intense vibrations, such as seismic excitation, is crucial for maintaining structural protection. Hazard analysis serves as an effective method for evaluating the reliability of vibration-damping devices installed on structures subjected to vibrations. This study aimed to conduct a seismic hazard analysis comparing the rotary eddy current damper (R-ECD) and the widely used fluid viscous damper (FVD). To facilitate analysis and engineering applications, this study introduces innovative contributions by proposing a simplified formula for estimating the nonlinear damping force of the R-ECD under specific conditions. This formula incorporates two physically significant parameters: maximum damping force (Fmax) and critical velocity (vcr). By doing so, it offers a swift and efficient tool for the intricate calculation of damping force. The accuracy of this estimation formula is validated by testing a large-scale R-ECD with a maximum damping force exceeding 1,500 kN, revealing a remarkable agreement of ±6.8% between the estimated and experimental results. Subsequently, employing stochastic linearization, the equivalent linear damping ratio of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structures with R-ECD and FVD were derived. Leveraging this stochastic linearization, seismic hazard analysis of these two dampers was carried out. The results indicate that R-ECDs exhibit superior reliability in terms of self-limited output force and their ability to handle large strokes, outperforming FVDs. Moreover, the findings confirm that ECDs are particularly well-suited for long-span structures such as bridges, which are prone to temperature-related influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coherent optical phonon (COP) and coherent acoustic phonon (CAP) play vital roles in probing ultrafast dynamics across various materials and systems. Their applications range from metamaterial diagnosis to manipulating ferroelectric polarization and self-trapping of carriers in perovskites. However, the inherently small signals associated with COP and CAP pose challenges in extracting valuable information. In this paper, we address this challenge by presenting a numerical differential method for signal amplification and deduction of phonon dephasing time. In addition, application of this method has been demonstrated in a superlattice system, establishing the validity and effectiveness of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defective metal–organic frameworks-based composites with excellent separation properties were obtained. The mesoporous metal–organic frameworks were selected and deliberately designed to be deficient, and they were then combined with polyacrylamide to be modified on the surface of silica microspheres. The prepared composites were employed as mixed-mode stationary phase in chromatographic separation, and they were compared to both conventional microporous metal–organic framework-based columns and commercial columns. It showed improved selectivity and retention toward both hydrophilic and hydrophobic analytes, allowing for the effective separation of nine nucleosides and nucleobases, eight alkaloids, six antibiotics, and five alkylbenzenes. Additionally, the column was used to effectively separate the active ingredients in the daring substance of honeysuckle, revealing a wide range of possible applications. For the same batch of analytes, three batches of distinct materials demonstrated consistent separation effects. It also demonstrated excellent chromatographic repeatability and stability, with relative standard deviations of the retention time and/or column efficiency being found to be less than 0.8% and 0.9%, respectively. The dispersive hierarchically porous composites were demonstrated to be effective in chromatographic separation, and the results expanded the potential uses of defective MOFs with dispersed multi-level pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) are locally aggressive and have a high rate of recurrence, but the pathogenesis of OKCs is not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the serum metabolomic profile of OKCs and discover potential biomarkers. Methods: Metabolomic analysis was performed on 42 serum samples from 22 OKC patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs) using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry to identify dysregulated metabolites in the OKC samples. LASSO regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to select and validate metabolic biomarkers and develop diagnostic models. Results: A total of 73 metabolites were identified in the serum samples, and 24 metabolites were dysregulated in the OKC samples, of which 4 were upregulated. Finally, a diagnostic panel of 10 metabolites was constructed that accurately diagnosed OKCs (sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 100%, area under the curve of 1.00). Conclusion: This study is the first to investigate the metabolic characteristics and potential metabolic biomarkers in the serum of OKC patients using GC‒MS. Our study provides further evidence to explore the pathogenesis of OKC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To simplify the structure of a multi-frequency base station antenna, this paper presents a three-frequency dual-polarization base station antenna for the 2G/3G/4G/5G band. The antenna consists of two pairs of three-ring dipoles placed at ± 45° to produce a ± 45° dual-polarization characteristic. The three current paths, produced by outer, middle and inner rings, correspond to the three operating bands respectively. Balun feed of the loaded slot and stub optimizes the three-band impedance matching of the antenna. The measurement results show that the impedance bandwidths of the antenna in the three frequency bands reach 46.7% (1.69–2.72 GHz), 19.2% (3.3–4 GHz) and 8.7% (4.4–4.8 GHz). In the operating band, the gain of 3.6–4 GHz is maintained at 7 ± 2 dB, and the gain of the rest of the working band is maintained at 9 ± 0.5 dB as a whole. The cross-polarization ratio of the main axis of the antenna is greater than 26 dB. The antenna designed in this paper has the advantages of wide band, high gain and high polarization purity compared with the traditional multi-frequency base station antenna. These attributes make the proposed antenna a potential candidate for 5G commercial base stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strength prediction under the action of pores is crucial for the safety of ceramics. Here, a quantitative prediction model of pore-strength response under mode-I loading was developed based on the new mapping relationship between stress intensity factor and tip radius. The new model was proved to have great application after comparison and analysis of the pore-strength test data of three typical ceramics as well as the pertinent data as-reported in the literature. Results indicated that when the tip radius of pore (ρ) exceeds the critical value (ρ c = K Ic 2/(π σ 0 2)), the stress intensity factor increases as a power function with increasing ρ , at which point the strength decay is significantly weakened, and when the ρ is lower than the ρ c , the pore can be equated to a crack problem. This work can not only forecast and assess the failure strength of ceramics containing pores, but also provide guidance for the design of extremely dependable ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langatate (La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14, LGT) crystals have attracted significant attention due to their excellent piezoelectric properties. However, the volatilization of Ga2O3 during the traditional Czochralski (Cz) growth often hinders the preparation of high-quality LGT crystals. This work replaced the iridium crucible with a platinum crucible and successfully grew an LGT crystal with a diameter of 60 mm under an air atmosphere by the Cz method, effectively eliminating Ga2O3 volatilization. The full width at half maximum of the rocking curve is 25.2′′, and the transmission is 80%. After annealing in Ar at 1100 °C, the resistivity increases to 1.2 × 108 Ω cm at 560 °C. This work has great potential for growing high-quality LGT crystals for use in high-temperature piezoelectric sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes are popular phosphorescent emitters with color‐tunable emissions. To render their practical applications as organic light‐emitting diodes emitters, it is required to develop Pt(II) complexes with high radiative decay rate constant and photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield. Here, a general protocol is developed for accurate predictions of emission wavelength, radiative decay rate constant, and PL quantum yield based on the combination of first‐principles quantum mechanical method, machine learning, and experimental calibration. A new dataset concerning phosphorescent Pt(II) emitters is constructed, with more than 200 samples collected from the literature. Features containing pertinent electronic properties of the complexes are chosen and ensemble learning models combined with stacking‐based approaches exhibit the best performance, where the values of squared correlation coefficients are 0.96, 0.81, and 0.67 for the predictions of emission wavelength, PL quantum yield and radiative decay rate constant, respectively. The accuracy of the protocol is further confirmed using 24 recently reported Pt(II) complexes, which demonstrates its reliability for a broad palette of Pt(II) emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To bring about a revolution in energy storage through Li-ion batteries, it is crucial to develop a scalable preparation method for Si-based composite anodes. However, the severe volume expansion and poor ionic transport properties of Si-based composites present significant challenges. Previous research focused on SiO and nano Si/C composites to address these issues. In this study, mechanical milling was used to introduce a SiOx layer onto the surface of Si by mixing Si and SiO2 in a 1 : 1 mass ratio. The resulting Si+SiO2 composites (denoted as SS50) exhibited an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 73.5% and high rate performance. To further stabilize the overall structure, kerosene was introduced as a carbon source precursor to generate a coating layer. The resulting multiphase composite structure (SiOx+SiO2+C), designated as SS50-900C, demonstrated a capacity retention of 79.5% over 280 cycles at its capacity of 487 mA h g−1. These results suggest that a cost-effective mechanical ball milling refinement of Si+SiO2 and a gas-phase encapsulation process can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of Si-based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well-established for evaluation of spinal tuberculosis (TB), the importance of computed tomography (CT) should not be overlooked. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of spinal TB and the relationship between spinal TB and the bone lesion pattern seen on three-dimensional CT images. One hundred and sixty-one subjects were divided into a TB-positive group and a TB-negative group based on laboratory (X-pert mycobacterium tuberculosis/ rifampin) results and then subdivided further according to whether the bone lesion pattern seen on three-dimensional CT images was fragmentary, osteolytic, sclerotic, or had no evidence of bone destruction. The diagnostic value of the bone lesion pattern was compared between the TB-positive and TB-negative groups. Ninety-nine of the 161 patients were TB-positive and 62 were TB-negative. Fifty-six (34.8%) of the 161 patients had fragmentary/osteolytic lesions, seventy-four (45.9%) had absolute osteolytic lesions, 13 (8.1%) had osteosclerotic lesions, and 18 (11.2%) had no evidence of bone destruction. The fragmentary/osteolytic lesion pattern was strongly predictive of spinal TB (odds ratio 3.33), and when combined with 3 MRI findings (thin abscess wall, more than one half of the vertebral body destroyed, and subligamentous spread) had an even stronger diagnostic value (odds ratio 15.58). The absolute osteolytic pattern was the most common of the bone lesion patterns. The fragmentary/osteolytic pattern is highly suggestive of spinal TB, especially when combined with MRI findings of a thin abscess wall, destruction of more than one half of the vertebral body, and subligamentous spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum noise has always been an important issue in the field of quantum information transmission. As the localization of quantum noise, local quantum Bernoulli noises (LQBNs) have attracted extensive attention in recent years. In this paper, the quantum conditional entropy based on LQBNs is deeply discussed, and a new definition of quantum conditional entropy is given. Then we find that this quantum conditional entropy has some basic properties such as concavity, conditional reduced entropy and unitary invariance. This research is of great significance to the field of quantum information, which can help us to understand the influence of local quantum noises on quantum information transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the twenty first century, biotechnology offers great opportunities and solutions to climate change mitigation, energy and food security and resource efficiency. The use of metabolic engineering to modify microorganisms for producing industrially significant chemicals is developing and becoming a trend. As a famous, generally recognized as a safe (GRAS) model microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used due to its excellent operational convenience and high fermentation efficiency. This review summarizes recent advancements in the field of using metabolic engineering strategies to construct engineered S. cerevisiae over the past ten years. Five different types of compounds are classified by their metabolites, and the modified metabolic pathways and strategies are summarized and discussed independently. This review may provide guidance for future metabolic engineering efforts toward such compounds and analogues. Additionally, the limitations of S. cerevisiae as a cell factory and its future trends are comprehensively discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a predictive model for prolonged length of hospital stay (pLOS) in elderly patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgery, utilizing multivariate logistic regression, single classification and regression tree (hereafter, "classification tree") and random forest machine-learning algorithms. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of a prospective Geriatric Lumbar Disease Database. The primary outcome measure was pLOS, which was defined as the LOS greater than the 75th percentile. All patients were grouped as pLOS group and non-pLOS. Three models (including logistic regression, single-classification tree and random forest algorithms) for predicting pLOS were developed using training dataset and internal validation using testing dataset. Finally, online tool based on our model was developed to assess its validity in the clinical setting (external validation). Results: The development set included 1025 patients (mean [SD] age, 72.8 [5.6] years; 632 [61.7%] female), and the external validation set included 175 patients (73.2 [5.9] years; 97[55.4%] female). Multivariate logistic analyses revealed that older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.06, p < 0.001), higher BMI (OR 1.08, p = 0.002), number of fused segments (OR 1.41, p < 0.001), longer operative time (OR 1.02, p < 0.001), and diabetes (OR 1.05, p = 0.046) were independent risk factors for pLOS in elderly patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgery. The single-classification tree revealed that operative time ≥ 232 min, delayed ambulation, and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 as particularly influential predictors for pLOS. A random forest model was developed using the remaining 14 variables. Intraoperative EBL, operative time, delayed ambulation, age, number of fused segments, BMI, and RBC count were the most significant variables in the final model. The predictive ability of our three models was comparable, with no significant differences in AUC (0.73 vs. 0.71 vs. 0.70, respectively). The logistic regression model had a higher net benefit for clinical intervention than the other models. The nomogram was developed, and the C-index of external validation for PLOS was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.65–0.76). Conclusion: This investigation produced three predictive models for pLOS in elderly patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgery. The predictive ability of our three models was comparable. Logistic regression model had a higher net benefit for clinical intervention than the other models. Our predictive model could inform physicians about elderly patients with a high risk of pLOS after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable light perception abilities of the mantis shrimp, which span a broad spectrum ranging from 300 nm to 720 nm and include the detection of polarized light, serve as the inspiration for our exploration. Drawing insights from the mantis shrimp's unique visual system, we propose the design of a multifunctional imaging sensor capable of concurrently detecting spectrum and polarization across a wide waveband. This sensor is able to show spectral imaging capability through the utilization of a 16-channel multi-waveband Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator filter array. The design incorporates a composite thin film structure comprising metal and dielectric layers as the reflector of the resonant cavity. The resulting metal–dielectric composite film FP resonator extends the operating bandwidth to cover both visible and infrared regions, specifically spanning a broader range from 450 nm to 900 nm. Furthermore, within this operational bandwidth, the metal–dielectric composite film FP resonator demonstrates an average peak transmittance exceeding 60%, representing a notable improvement over the metallic resonator. Additionally, aluminum-based metallic grating arrays are incorporated beneath the FP filter array to capture polarization information. This innovative approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of spectrum and polarization information using a single sensor device. The outcomes of this research hold promise for advancing the development of high-performance, multifunctional optical sensors, thereby unlocking new possibilities in the field of optical information acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scale accumulation is a serious problem in several industrial fields. Although a series of surface coatings are developed for anti‐scaling, they generally suffer from limited anti‐scaling capability and longevity. Herein, a light‐responsive liquid‐like coating is prepared by constructing a metal–organic framework (MOF) functionalized with poly‐spiropyran (PSP) and further grafting it with linear polydimethylsiloxane (LPDMS), which enables high‐performance anti‐scaling. The prepared MOF/PSP/LPDMS (MPL) coating integrates multiple strategies to synergistically suppress scale formation. It utilizes the PSP component to delay scaling by adsorbing salt ions and the liquid‐like LPDMS component to inhibit scale nucleation through reducing the scale‐substrate affinity interaction. The MOF skeleton isolates PSP components to prevent unfavorable aggregation, which helps to maintain high ion‐adsorption capacity upon exposure to ultraviolet or darkness. Additionally, the coating allows rapid release of adsorbed ions upon exposure to visible light, enabling the recovery of adsorption sites. Consequently, the MPL coating exhibits highly effective and sustainable anti‐scaling capability. Scale buildup of only 0.41 mg cm−2 for CaCO3 and 0.69 mg cm−2 for CaSO4 is achieved on the MPL coating after 14 days' scaling test, which is far superior to previously‐reported anti‐scaling surfaces. This work paves the way for designing light‐responsive liquid‐like coatings for sustainable scale resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delineation of the open-pit mining boundary, particularly in the context of medium to long-term planning, forms the foundation of mining design. However, due to the non-linear and dynamic nature of the economic and technical parameters influencing boundary delineation, determining the optimal mining boundary can be exceedingly challenging. Currently, most boundary optimization methods assume that block parameters remain fixed, which results in enterprises assuming a certain level of risk when facing changes in internal and external conditions. In this regard, this paper introduces the concept of "achievement degree" to reflect the risk associated with the results of boundary design. Using coal prices as an example, this article applies the predicted coal price curve to boundary optimization adjustments by specifying the "achievement degree" requirements for various time periods, thereby facilitating risk-controlled and economically optimal boundary decisions. Taking the illustrative case of an idealized small-scale inclined coal seam open-pit mine, adjustments to the boundary closely track variations in coal prices, further enhancing returns. The results demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper can increase overall revenue by approximately 51.15% within the forecast period, while effectively managing risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of angular velocities in the fixed-axis rotation of rigid bodies is crucial for ensuring the safety and functionality of civil structures and mechanical systems. In this research, a novel enhanced torsional eddy current damper (ETECD) is proposed to effectively control the angular velocities of rigid bodies within confined installation spaces. At first, an estimation approach is developed to determine the damping coefficient of the eddy current damper (ECD) within limited installation space. Furthermore, we utilize a gearbox to enhance the damping performance of the ECD in confined spaces. To establish the framework for the design of the proposed ETECD, the motion equation and solution of the rotating body are derived. By analytically presenting the approximate solution for the responses of a rotating body with a torsional viscous damper, the required range of the torsional damping coefficient is derived. This range ensures compliance to velocity restrictions under linearly angle-related torques, guiding the design of the ETECD. The ETECD, comprising two cylindrical torsional eddy current dampers (ECDs) and a motion-amplified gearbox, is designed and tested for a rotating body. Numerical examples and experimental tests are carried out to validate the performance of the proposed ETECD. The calculated damping coefficients and predicted control performance in the numerical examples agree well with the experimental results. Notably, under the minimum and maximum torques, the terminal angular velocity (TAV) of the rotating body can be significantly reduced by 70.76% and 58.99%, respectively. The proposed work emphasizes the potential of the ETECD as an effective and economic method in reducing angular velocities for rotating bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Results Conclusion Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent malignancy affecting the head and neck region. The prognosis for OSCC patients remains unfavorable due to the absence of precise and efficient early diagnostic techniques. Metabolomics offers a promising approach for identifying distinct metabolites, thereby facilitating early detection and treatment of OSCC.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in metabolic marker identification for early OSCC diagnosis. Additionally, the clinical significance and potential applications of metabolic markers for the management of OSCC are discussed.This review summarizes metabolic changes during the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma and reviews prospects for the clinical application of characteristic, differential metabolites in saliva, serum, and OSCC tissue. In this review, the application of metabolomic technology in OSCC research was summarized, and future research directions were proposed.Metabolomics, detection technology that is the closest to phenotype, can efficiently identify differential metabolites. Combined with statistical data analyses and artificial intelligence technology, it can rapidly screen characteristic biomarkers for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence maximization problem is one of the hot research topics in the field of complex networks in recent years. The so-called influence maximization problem is how to select the seed set that propagates the largest amount of information on a given network. In practical applications, networks are often exposed to complicated environments, and both link-specific and node-specific attacks can have a significant impact on the network's propagation performance. Several pilot studies have revealed the crux of the robust influence maximization problem, but the current work available is not comprehensive. On the one hand, existing studies only consider the case that the network structure is stable or under link-specific attacks, and few researches have concentrated on the case when the network structure is under node-specific attacks. On the other hand, the current algorithm fails to combine the information of the search process well to solve the robust influence maximization problem. Aiming at these deficiencies, in this paper, a metric for evaluating the robust influence performance of seeds under node-specific attacks is developed. Guided by this, a genetic algorithm (GA) maintaining the principle of diversity concern (DC) to solve the Robust Influence Maximization (RIM) problem is designed, called DC-GA-RIM. DC-GA-RIM contains several problem-orientated operators and fully considers diverse information in the optimization process, which significantly improves the search ability of the algorithm. The effectiveness of DC-GA-RIM in solving the RIM problem is demonstrated on a variety of networks. The superiority of this algorithm over other approaches is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-lingual spoken language understanding (cross-lingual SLU), as a key component of task-oriented dialogue systems, is widely used in various industrial and real-world scenarios, such as multilingual customer support systems, cross-border communication platforms, and international language learning tools. However, obtaining large-scale and high-quality datasets for SLU is challenging due to the high cost of dialogue collection and manual annotation, particularly for minority languages. As a result, there is increasing interest in leveraging high-resource language data for cross-lingual transfer learning. Existing approaches for zero-shot cross-lingual SLU primarily focus on the relationship between the source language sentence and the single generated cross-lingual sentence, disregarding the shared information among multiple languages. This limitation weakens the robustness of multilingual word embedding representations and hampers the scalability of the model. In this paper, we propose the multilingual mixture attention interaction framework with adversarial training to alleviate the above problems. Specifically, we leverage the source language sentence to generate multiple multilingual hybrid sentences, in which words can adaptively capture unambiguous representations from the aligned multilingual words during the encoding phase, and adversarial training is introduced to enhance the scalability of the model. Then, we incorporate the symmetric kernel self-attention module with positional embedding to learn contextual information within a sentence, and employ the multi-relation graph convolutional networks to learn different granularity information between two highly correlated intent detection and slot filling tasks. Experimental results on the public dataset MultiATIS++ demonstrate that our proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance, and comprehensive analysis validates the effectiveness of each component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser junction temperature (Tj) is an essential parameter that directly affects the light power and lifetime of semiconductor lasers. Here, we investigate the effect of Tj on an InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) laser grown on a Si(001) substrate. Under 1% low pulsed current (1 µs pulse width and 100 µs period), the pure temperature-induced mode shift rate is 0.084 nm/°C. By increasing the duty cycle and measuring the corresponding mode wavelength shift, the laser's Tj under the continuous-wave (Tj-CW) mode is predicted to be from 31.1 to 81.6 °C when the injection current increases from 100 to 550 mA. Next, the average thermal resistance is 36.2 °C/W. Moreover, the non-negligible increase in Tj-CW is analyzed to significantly reduce the mean-time-to-failure of Si-based QD laser, especially for cases under high CW injection currents. These results provide an accurate reference for the thermal analysis of silicon-based QD lasers and point the way to high performance on-chip light sources by improving the laser heat accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial control terminals play an important role in industrial control scenarios. Due to the special nature of industrial control networks, industrial control terminal systems are vulnerable to malicious attacks, which can greatly threaten the stability and security of industrial production environments. Traditional security protection methods for industrial control terminals have coarse detection granularity, and are unable to effectively detect and prevent attacks, lacking real-time responsiveness to attack events. Therefore, this paper proposes a real-time dynamic credibility evaluation mechanism based on program behavior, which integrates the matching and symmetry ideas of credibility evaluation. By conducting a real-time dynamic credibility evaluation of function call sequences and system call sequences during program execution, the credibility of industrial control terminal application program behavior can be judged. To solve the problem that the system calls generated during program execution are unstable and difficult to measure, this paper proposes a partition-based dynamic credibility evaluation method, dividing program behavior during runtime into function call behavior and system call behavior within function intervals. For function call behavior, a sliding window-based function call sequence benchmark library construction method is proposed, which matches and evaluates real-time measurement results based on the benchmark library, thereby achieving symmetry between the benchmark library and the measured data. For system call behavior, a maximum entropy system call model is constructed, which is used to evaluate the credibility of system call sequences. Experiment results demonstrate that our method performs better in both detection success rate and detection speed compared to the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation has attracted great interest as a safe and green method to achieve biomass-based hydrogenation. In this study, a NiZr1/CoOx-400 catalyst was fabricated by in-situ structure topological transformation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) precursors, which exhibited excellent performance in the in-situ hydrogenation of furfural (FF) using isopropanol as the hydrogen donor, with a maximum FF conversion of 83.5% in only 2 h. According to XRD, XPS and H 2 -TPR analyses, there was a strong interaction between different metal species in NiZr/CoOx, which increased the surface charge heterogeneity and promoted the phase transition of metal oxides, thereby favoring the generation of oxygen vacancies. Among them, LDHs structure of NiZr1/CoOx-400 catalyst was conducive to expose oxygen vacancies, which could facilitate its interaction with FF. And the Co in the catalyst similarly promoted the adsorption of FF through the coordination of the catalyst surface with the –CHO group in FF, thus contributing to its conversion. The electron-rich Zr repelled the furan ring and prevented the excessive hydrogenation, which improved its selectivity. In addition, the FF hydrogenation followed the quasi-primary kinetics with a low apparent activation energy of 18.4 kJ/mol, which was comparable to that of noble metal catalysts. [Display omitted] • The NiZr/CoOx surface presented abundant oxophilic Co and oxygen vacancies. • A high FF conversion of 83.5% was obtained in only 2 h. • The activation energy of FF hydrogenation was as low as 18.4 kJ mol−1. • The impact of Zr on the selective hydrogenation of FF to FA was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ dual‐modal detection of electrophysiology (EP) and blood oxygen (BO) during muscle–vascular activity is crucial for healthcare and human–machine interaction. It requires an integrated monitoring system: a transparent electrode for EP detection directly adhered to skin and a near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) layer for BO detection. In particular, the multi‐channel, highly transparent, stretchable electrodes should be well developed. In this study, 16‐channel transparent ionotronic electrodes are fabricated based on a stretchable and printable ionogel, demonstrating excellent properties such as high transparency, large stretchability, wet adhesion, biocompatibility, softness, and long‐term stability. The electrode exhibits stable contact impedance for 24 h and a 2‐week periodic EP monitoring. The 16‐channel transparent ionotronic electrode outperforms stretchable gold electrodes by providing stable EP monitoring with minimal interference in NIRs for blood oxygen detection. An in situ negative correlation is found between EP intensity and blood oxygen level over time. This study paves the way for designing transparent ionotronics for synchronous optical‐related monitoring and highlights the potential use of an in situ dual‐modal monitoring system for the study of muscle–vascular coupling in neurocience and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of material volume in a construction vehicle's bucket is a crucial prerequisite for automation, as well as for productivity assessment and efficient material transport. Although some studies have been conducted in this field, the accuracy and speed of inference have been suboptimal, and specific implementation strategies have not been proposed. To address these issues, this paper proposes a new approach. The proposed approach has three main components. First, a novel image preprocessing framework based on three-dimensional (3D) grayscale terrain is presented. Second, a semantic mask-level data set is constructed to facilitate future research in this area. Third, a combined neural network and probabilistic approach is proposed to estimate the material volume, with speed and accuracy as metrics. Transfer learning is introduced to improve training efficiency and accuracy. The proposed material volume estimation method is implemented on three different devices, addressing the problem from the development phase to the application phase. The advantages and disadvantages of each device are discussed in depth. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves an impressive average accuracy of 98.20% on all three devices, with real-time or semi–real-time volume estimation feasible on each. In summary, this paper proposes a new approach to estimate the material volume in a construction vehicle's bucket, addressing issues of accuracy and speed of inference and providing specific implementation strategies. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, which has potential applications in automation and productivity assessment in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Servo motors play an important role in automation equipment and have been used in several manufacturing fields. However, the commonly used control methods need their parameters to be set manually, which is rather difficult, and this means that these methods generally cannot adapt to changes in operation conditions. Therefore, in this study, we propose an intelligent control method for a servo motor based on reinforcement learning and that can train an agent to produce a duty cycle according to the servo error between the current state and the target speed or torque. The proposed method can adjust its control strategy online to reduce the servo error caused by a change in operation conditions. We verify its performance on three different servo motors and control tasks. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve smaller servo errors than others in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the influences of core–shell structure and cerium (Ce) content on magnetic properties of Nd-Ce-Fe-B permanent magnets were investigated by the finite difference micromagnetic (FDM) simulation method, and the process of magnetization reversals was systematically discussed. For the (Nd1-xCex)2Fe14B-(Dy2Fe14B) core–shell grains with different core sizes, the coercivity (Hcj) dramatically increases with the shell thickness from 0 to 2 nm and then increases slightly with shell thickness increase to 20 nm; for the grains with the same shell thickness, the Hcj decreases with the increase of core size, and it is due to the increase of demagnetization energy. Moreover, the Hcj remarkably deteriorates as the Ce content increases, which is caused by the lower magnetic crystal anisotropy field (HA). The hysteresis loops of core–shell models exhibit excellent squareness with a shell thickness of 2 nm at different Ce proportions. However, a significant two-step demagnetization feature for the model with the thicker shell sizes and higher Ce content results from the different demagnetization abilities of the shell and core. In addition, in the angular distributions of magnetization, the reversal of the core region is later than that of the outer shell, and the applied field required to inverse increases with the shell thickness. The abnormal two-step demagnetization was caused by the twice abrupt changes that occurred in the Zeeman energy (Eext) and total energy (Etot). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]