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Currently, COVID-19 is still striking after 4 years of prevalence, with millions of cases and thousands of fatalities being recorded every month. The virus can impact other major organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), cardiovascular, central nervous system, renal, and hepatobiliary systems. The resulting organ dysfunction from SARS-CoV-2 may be attributed to one or a combination of mechanisms, such as direct viral toxicity, disruptions in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), thrombosis, immune dysregulation, and ischemic injury due to vasculitis. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines effectively reduce the severity of the disease, hospitalizations, and mortality. As of October 2024, 13.58 billion vaccine doses have been administered, with an average of 6959 daily doses. Also, the boosters are given after the primary immunization in a homologous and heterologous manner. The vaccines imposed severe potential health side effects such as clotting or obstruction of blood vessels termed arterial or venous thrombosis, autoimmune damage of nerve cells (Guillain-Barré syndrome; GBS), intense activation of coagulation system (vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia), acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), myocarditis, pericarditis, and glomerular disease. Overall, it is essential to highlight that the significant benefits of COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh the low risk of conditions. mRNA-based vaccine technology has emerged as a rapidly deployable vaccine candidate and a viable alternative to existing vaccines. It has a very low probability of adverse health effects, confirmed by data represented by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), Yellow card approved under CDC, WHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The WHO sets evidence-based guidelines for infant feeding. Adhering to the WHO guidelines ensures that infants receive the proper nutrition and thus is associated with healthy growth and development. Aim: To describe breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices (CFPs) for infants and young children and identify determinants of appropriate feeding practices. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed via structured interviews with mothers living in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province who had children aged 6–24 months. To evaluate their adherence to the recommended WHO practices, a scoring method was applied (0–9). Results: 395 mothers were interviewed. The rate of breastfeeding within the first hour, and exclusively breastfeeding for six months was both 25%. Multivariate analysis showed that exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months was less likely in middle-income mothers were less likely to exclusively breastfeed for six months than high-income mothers (OR = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18–0.57; p < 0.001). Mothers without domestic help were also less likely to exclusively breastfeed (OR = 3.0; p < 0.001), as were those not living with their husbands (OR = 2.1; p = 0.007). Multiparous mothers and those with higher education were more likely to breastfeed than high school graduates (OR = 2.3, p = 0.02; OR = 4.4, p = 0.015, respectively). Timely breastfeeding initiation within the first hour was more common in term infants than preterm infants (OR = 5.3; p = 0.033), and infants born through normal delivery were four times more likely to initiate breastfeeding early (OR = 4.0; p < 0.001). For CFPs, 42% of participants introduced solid food at six months. 55% of mothers reported poor CFPs, primarily due to inappropriate timing of solid food introduction, choking hazards, and delayed introduction of family meals. Good CFPs were positively associated with higher maternal education, increased income, and living with a husband. Conclusion: Partial compliance with WHO CFP standards need improvement. Interventions should raise awareness of factors leading to poor compliance and support early breastfeeding initiation and continuation. Low-income and less educated families appear to be most in need of support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors for severe maternal outcomes (SMO) of women with suspected or confirmed infections using the data from the WHO global maternal sepsis study (GLOSS). Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the GLOSS cohort study, which involved pregnant or recently pregnant women with suspected or confirmed infection around 713 health facilities in 52 low‐ and middle‐income countries, and high‐income countries. A nested case–control study was conducted within the GLOSS cohort. Cases included infection‐related maternal deaths or near misses, while controls represented non‐SMO. Logistic mixed models, adjusting for country variations, were employed. Using univariate analysis, we calculated crude odds ratios (crude OR) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Variables were identified with less than 16% missing data, and P values less than 0.20 were used to perform the multivariate logistic model multilevel. Results: A total of 2558 women were included in the analysis. As for the cases, 134 patients were found in the pregnant in labor or not in labor group and 246 patients in the postpartum or postabortion group. Pregnant women with prior childbirths faced a 64% increased risk of SMO. Ante‐ or intrapartum hemorrhage increased risk by 4.45 times, while trauma during pregnancy increased it by 4.81 times. Pre‐existing medical conditions elevated risk five‐fold, while hospital‐acquired infections increased it by 53%. Secondary infections raised risk six‐fold. Postpartum/postabortion women with prior childbirths had a 45% elevated risk, and pre‐existing medical conditions raised it by 2.84 times. Hospital‐acquired infections increased risk by 93%. Postpartum hemorrhage increased risk approximately five‐fold, while abortion‐related bleeding doubled it. Previous cesarean, abortion, and stillbirth also elevated risk. Conclusions: Key risk factors for SMO include prior childbirths, hemorrhage, trauma, pre‐existing conditions, and hospital‐acquired or secondary infections. Implementing effective alert systems and targeted interventions is essential to mitigate these risks and improve maternal health outcomes, especially in resource‐limited settings. SYNOPSIS: Accurate detection of risk factors for SMO in infected pregnant women can enhance early warning systems and improve maternal health outcomes in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ramsar sites across the world are vulnerable to pollution and degradation despite their special status and conservation measures. This study was conducted on the Ghodaghodi Lake of Nepal – a Ramsar Site to assess the seasonal variation of water quality and to detect pollution, if any. Water samples were collected in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods from different parts of the lake. Of the various water quality parameters, temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO levels were measured in-situ, while concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Clˉ, SO42˗, NO3ˉ, HCO3ˉ, NH4+, and PO43− ions was analysed in laboratory. Water of the lake is found to be slightly alkaline with mean pH 7.88 and 8.22, in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. In terms of abundance, the major ions follow the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ for cations and HCO3ˉ > Clˉ > NO3− > SO42˗ > PO43− for anions. Mean concentrations of Ca2+ are 17.87 and 19.58 mg/L, and of HCO3ˉ are 42.14 and 186.2 mg/L, respectively in the two seasons. Statistical tests such as correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) and the Piper, Gibbs, and Mixing plots were used further to understand the nature, origin, and geochemical evolution of the lake water. Carbonate-rock weathering is found to be the chief controller of the lake-water chemistry, while anthropogenic activities emerged as the main reason for organic pollution in the lake as is reflected in the low (< 5.0) dissolved oxygen (DO) level. However, comparison with the WHO guidelines and the Water Quality Index (WQI) values (0–25) certify that water of the lake is absolutely safe for drinking and irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Litany River has encountered severe environmental pollution. This study focused on assessing the pollution level in the upper basin of the Litany River by monitoring seasonal variation of water quality and testing physicochemical parameters and microbial qualities. A total of 72 freshwater samples were taken from six sites for 1 year during the four seasons. The microbiological parameters included total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli counts. The physicochemical parameters comprised pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate, sodium, potassium, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. The microbiological quality of samples was evaluated by comparing the fecal pollution indicators loads to the SEQ-EAUX2003 standard for irrigation, and the physicochemical analyses were assessed according to Lebanese Standards Institution (LIBNOR) NL161: 2016 and the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Water Quality. The results revealed that most physicochemical parameters are not within the permitted limit of LIBNOR and WHO, especially in sites S2, S3, and S6 during the dry seasons. The pH ranged between 6 and 8.16. The total dissolved solids reached 1948 mg/L. The nitrate, sodium, and potassium ranged between 0 and 253 mg/L. The total nitrogen and total phosphorous reached 103 and 5.16 mg/L, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand reached 2210 mg/L, and the biochemical oxygen demand reached 732 mg/L. Concerning the microbiological analysis, fecal pollution was detected in all sites during all seasons, with detectable higher values during the dry seasons, and all samples were considered to be non-conforming, with significant spatiotemporal variation of most parameters. Our results highlight the need to take measures to prevent the high level of pollution. This could be achieved by monthly water quality monitoring of the upper basin and introducing appropriate guidelines to detect pathogens and toxic chemicals that affect the entire ecosystem and lead to severe public health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One Health is a health intervention approach that seeks to reinforce the health impacts of cross-cutting interactions between humans, animals, and the environment. It acknowledges the interconnectedness of human health, animal well-being, plant health, and the environment. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, with the increased number of emerging zoonotic diseases catalyzed by factors such as climate change, a renewed One Health approach emerged in global health dialog and strategies. During this period, new definition of One Health was adopted by the One Health High Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP). The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the quadripartite and the secretariat of the OHHLEP. The meeting of the WHO assembly- the World health assembly (WHA) is a key platform for global stakeholders to discuss global health issues related to One Health. The aim of this report was to assess the integration of the new understanding of One Health in global health policy discussions and dialogs, reflecting initiatives and strategies for One Health from various countries around the world. Methods: We conducted a comparative study to track the frequency of member states, World Health Organization (WHO) staff, and nonstate actors addressing the One Health approach while addressing agenda items throughout the 72nd and 75th World Health Assemblies (WHA) held in 2019 and 2022 respectively (the last pre-COVID-19 and first post-COVID-19 World Health Assemblies), followed by a quantitative analysis of information, taking into account entity mentioning, specification, agenda item, details, and type of intervention. Additionally, we conducted a mini-literature review to offer a brief yet insightful summary of key references relevant to our work. Results: In 2019, the majority of the statements were made by Member States (90%), with just three statements from Non-State Actors and one from WHO staff on One Health in 2022. Member states still dominated with 78.4%, but we saw a 9% increase in statements by WHO staff. Notably, from 2019 to 2022, the number of WHA statements mentioning One Health status increased 1.6-fold, from 31 to 51. In 2022, statements for One Health appeared in diverse agenda points, such as governance and human resources for health and infectious and vector-borne diseases. Conclusion: The emergence of COVID-19, a zoonotic disease, stressed the importance of One Health for human health and might be a reason for the increase in interest in calls for One Health education and research as a way to prevent new zoonotic pandemics and environmental sustainability. One Health education and research initiatives are vital in preparing the healthcare workforce to respond to infectious diseases, as evidenced by the increased interest following COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of international organizations on the national legislative process in the European Union, focusing on the adaptation of EU legislation to global legal standards. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing role of international law in the context of globalization, when countries are forced to coordinate their actions to ensure stability, security, support for human rights and sustainable development. International organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Council of Europe, are considered to have a significant influence on the formation of EU legal norms, ensuring the harmonization of national legislation of the Member States and complete legal certainty throughout the territory of the Union. The paper highlights the main forms of influence of international organizations on lawmaking in the EU, in particular through the adoption of recommendations, directives, conventional international agreements, as well as through the implementation of decisions of international courts, such as the European Court of Human Rights. Particular attention is paid to the areas of human rights, economic regulation, environmental protection and security, international standards have become the basis for the development of European norms. The analytical approach allows us to assess how international organizations not only adapt EU legislative acts to global requirements, but also ensure the effectiveness of internal order, market security of citizens, social justice and protection of human rights. The article also considers the prospects for further integration of international standards into the EU legal system, in particular in the context of new global challenges, such as cyber threats, pandemics, migration crises and climate change. The conclusions of the study indicate the importance of EU cooperation with international organizations both for increasing the level of legal protection of citizens and for strengthening the role of the EU as a global legal actor. Based on the analysis, the article emphasizes the interaction of international law and regional regulations as a factor in increasing the stability and development of the EU legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The safety of biologics, other than TNF-α inhibitors, during pregnancy has not been sufficiently established. To assess the risk of pregnancy-related adverse outcomes of biologics used for psoriasis, compared to TNF-α inhibitors, we utilized the WHO global pharmacovigilance database (1968–2024). Methods: We utilized the World Health Organization’s global pharmacovigilance database from 1968 to 2024. From over 140 million reports from more than 170 countries, we extracted 6,518 reports of pregnancy-related adverse outcomes associated with the biologics of interest. These biologics included TNF-α inhibitors (e.g., etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol), IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor (e.g., ustekinumab), IL-17 inhibitors (e.g., secukinumab, brodalumab, ixekizumab, bimekizumab), and IL-23 inhibitors (e.g., guselkumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab). Each biologic was compared to TNF-α inhibitors and certolizumab pegol in two separate disproportionality analyses. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) was calculated for maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes, categorized into seven major groups. Multivariable and sensitivity analyses were conducted to validate the primary results. Results: The disproportionality analysis showed that, compared to TNF-α inhibitors, most biologics had a lower frequency of pregnancy-related adverse outcomes, with the exception of brodalumab. Specifically, ROR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were as follows: ustekinumab (ROR, 0.27; 95% CI: 0.21–0.35), secukinumab (0.17; 0.13–0.22), brodalumab (0.20; 0.02–2.21), ixekizumab (0.05; 0.03–0.08), bimekizumab (0.10; 0.01–0.71), guselkumab (0.09; 0.05–0.15), tildrakizumab (0.02; 0.00–0.14), and risankizumab (0.38; 0.25–0.58). However, risankizumab was reported with a higher frequency of abortion and stillbirth (1.87; 1.32–2.63). These findings were consistent when compared to certolizumab pegol, as well as in multivariable and sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, when comparing other TNF-α inhibitors to certolizumab pegol, infliximab showed a lower frequency of pregnancy-related adverse outcomes (ROR, 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55–0.92), etanercept showed a comparable frequency (1.00; 0.77–1.31), and adalimumab showed a higher frequency (1.42; 1.11–1.81). Conclusions: Biologics used for psoriasis, with the exception of brodalumab, exhibit a lower frequency of pregnancy-related adverse outcomes compared to TNF-α inhibitors and certolizumab pegol, suggesting their potential to be safe options during pregnancy. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate the safety of these biologics during pregnancy, accounting for confounding factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested an association between vaccines and autoimmune diseases, but they were limited by their narrow focus and timeframe. Methods: This study conducted the first large-scale international analysis to investigate the impact of various vaccines on autoimmune liver diseases. Utilizing WHO’s VigiBase data from 1968 to 2024, and the study identified 1,083 (0.012%) cases of vaccine-associated hepatic autoimmune disorders out of 8,562,584 reported vaccine adverse events. Results: The vaccines with the highest risk of hepatic autoimmune disorders were the hepatitis B vaccine (reporting odds ratio [ROR], 3.52; 95% CI, 2.50–4.95), COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (ROR, 2.95; 95% CI, 2.73–3.18), and papillomavirus vaccines (ROR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.45–3.13). Additionally, when vaccine-associated hepatic autoimmune disorders occurred, hepatobiliary adverse events were frequently observed to occur concurrently. Conclusions: This study suggests that vaccines may induce hepatic autoimmune disorders and highlights the need for enhanced monitoring before and after vaccination. Additionally, it proposes implementing pre-vaccination screening protocols and postvaccination monitoring to address this concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Identification of people living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) via readily available laboratory records could be a key strategy for macro‐elimination, aligning with the WHO elimination goal. Therefore, the ELIMINATE(ELIMINation of HCV in AusTria East) project aimed to systematically re‐link people with a 'last‐positive' HCV‐RNA PCR record to care. Methods: In 10 major liver centres in Eastern Austria, a systematic readout of 'last‐positive' HCV‐RNA PCR test records obtained between 2008 and 2020 were conducted and linked to available patient contact data. Between 2020 and 2023, individuals were contacted first by phone, then by letter, to inform them about the availability of effective direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) treatment and invite them for pre‐treatment evaluation. Results: The overall cohort of last‐positive HCV+ individuals included 5695 subjects (62.5% males, mean age 57.3 ± 17.3 years); of note, 1931 (34%) of them had died and 759 (13%) individuals had no valid contact information. Of the remaining 3005 individuals, 1171 (40.0%) had already achieved sustained virological response (SVR) at the time of re‐call. We successfully reached 617 (20.5%), of whom 417 (67.6%) attended their pre‐treatment visit, and 397 (64.3%) commenced DAA‐therapy. HCV cure has been confirmed in 326 individuals, corresponding to an SVR rate of 82.1%. Conclusion: The ELIMINATE project identified 5695 people living with HCV who were 'lost to care' despite documented HCV viraemia. While invalid contact data were an evident barrier to HCV elimination, premature deaths among the cohort underscored the severity of untreated HCV. The implementation of a systematic HCV‐RNA PCR recorded‐based re‐call workflow represents an effective strategy supporting the WHO goal of HCV elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TP53 mutations in patients with AML and MDS frequently portend a poor prognosis, related to both p53 allele status and blast count. In 2022, the ICC and WHO released updated guidelines for classifying p53-mutated AML/MDS. The characteristics of p53 mutations, their associated co-mutations, and their effects on overall survival (OS) are not known in the context of these new guidelines. A retrospective chart review was undertaken for all patients with AML or MDS and at least one TP53 mutation detected on next generation sequencing (NGS) at Yale New Haven Hospital from 2015 to 2023. All patients (N = 210) met criteria for one of the 5 diagnostic classes based on WHO and ICC guidelines. Kaplan-Meier curves with associated log-rank testing and Cox proportional hazards model quantified the effects of clinical and molecular data on survival. Multi-hit pathogenic mutations were related to poorer OS in MDS but not AML using either the WHO (p =.02) or the ICC (p =.01) diagnostic criteria. The most significant predictors of OS in the sample overall were platelet count < 50 K (HR: 2.01, 95% CI [1.47, 2.75], p <.001) and TP53 VAF ≤ 40% (HR: 0.68, 95% CI[0.50, 0.91], p =.01). Blast count ranges, complex karyotype, and p53 mutation type or location, showed no association with OS. In our cohort defined by the 2022 ICC and WHO criteria, VAF and thrombocytopenia, rather than blast count or p53 mutation features, significantly predicted OS. These results speak to each criteria's ability to identify cases of similarly aggressive disease biology and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme protects red blood cells against oxidative damage. Individuals with G6PD-impairing polymorphisms are at risk of hemolytic anemia from oxidative stressors. Prevention of G6PD deficiency-related hemolytic anemia is achievable by identifying affected individuals through G6PD genetic testing. However, accurately predicting the clinical consequence of G6PD variants is limited by over 800 G6PD variants which remain of uncertain significance (VUS). There also remains inconsistency in which deficiency-causing variants are included in genetic testing arrays: many institutions only test c.202G > A, though dozens of other variants can cause G6PD deficiency. Here, we improve G6PD genotype interpretations using the All of Us Research Program data and a yeast functional assay. We confirm that G6PD coding variants are the main contributor to decreased G6PD activity and that 13% of individuals in the All of Us data with deficiency-causing variants would be missed by only genotyping for c.202G > A. We expand clinical interpretation for G6PD VUS, reporting that c.595A > G ("Dagua" or "Açores") and the novel variant c.430C > G reduce activity sufficiently to lead to G6PD deficiency. We also provide evidence that 5 missense VUS are unlikely to lead to G6PD deficiency, and we applied the new World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to recommend classifying 2 synonymous variants as WHO Class C. In total, we provide new or updated clinical interpretations for 9 G6PD variants. We anticipate these results will improve the accuracy, and prompt increased use, of G6PD genetic tests through a more complete clinical interpretation of G6PD variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, 53 feline tissue samples from an intracranial tumor called a meningioma were examined for the presence of two specific markers. The Ki-67 index, an indicator of tissue proliferation, and osteopontin, an indicator for proliferation, were evaluated after a standard histopathological grading according to WHO guidelines. High expression of both markers was found, which may explain the high recurrence rate in feline meningiomas. The high recurrence rate of feline meningioma despite the generally benign histomorphology warrants additional markers of clinical aggressiveness. The Ki-67 index is commonly used as prognostic marker for meningioma recurrence in people. Osteopontin (OPN) is a protein involved in tumor progression and may be a potential malignancy marker. To date, osteopontin expression has not been investigated in feline meningioma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of Ki-67 and osteopontin immunostaining of feline meningioma and to find possible associations with WHO (World Health Organization) grades and subtypes. Fifty-three feline meningioma samples were graded according to the human WHO classification and underwent immunohistochemical examination for Ki-67 and OPN. Fifty samples were classified as WHO grade I and three as WHO grade II. The mean Ki-67 ratio was 9.19 ± 9.47. Osteopontin expression was correspondingly high with a mean OPN IHC score of 150.17 (0–242.8), and a median Allred score of 7 (0–8). There was no significant correlation with Ki-67 index, osteopontin expression, WHO grades, or subtypes. The overall high expressions of osteopontin and Ki-67 may help explain the tendency for recurrence of feline meningioma. The human WHO grading system may not be sufficient to accurately estimate the clinical behavior of meningioma in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: Ovarian tumors are the most prevalent neoplasms worldwide, affecting women of all ages. According to Globocan's 2022 projections, by 2050, the number of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer worldwide will increase by over 55% to 503,448. The number of women dying from ovarian cancer is projected to increase to 350,956 each year, an increase of almost 70% from 2022. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the various histopathological spectra of ovarian tumors according to the latest 2020 WHO classification and to assess the age distribution, frequency of incidence, and laterality of different subtypes of ovarian tumors. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 190 cases of histopathologically proven ovarian tumors reported by the pathology department from March 2020 to March 2024 at the Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Results: A total of 190 cases were studied, 154 (81.1%) were benign, 8 (4.2%) were borderline, and 28 (14.7%) cases were malignant. Surface epithelial tumors (SETs) were the most common (n = 139, 73.2%), followed by germ cell tumors (GCTs) (n = 38, 20%). Serous cystadenomas (n = 63, 33%) were the most common benign tumors, whereas the most common malignant tumors were serous carcinomas (n=11, 5.7%). Most ovarian tumors (n = 45, 23.68%) occurred in the 31–40-year-old age group. Conclusion: The present study showed various histopathological patterns of ovarian tumors. This study indicated a slight increase in the prevalence of malignant ovarian tumors in the middle-aged group and and a relative increase in the percentage of SETs over GCTs in recent years in our tertiary care center in Jharkhand, India. With limited resources in our institute, histopathological examination remains the mainstay for the early diagnosis of these tumors and their timlely and appropriate management. Categories: Pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public health workforce is a key component of public health system. To articulate the scope of public health workforce, we reviewed the relevant World Health Organization (WHO) guidance and peer-reviewed journal articles on this subject. Specifically, we assessed and compared the relevant publications produced by WHO Headquarters and Regional Offices along with other literature on this issue. Our focus was on the "occupation, workplace setting, and employer of public health workforce ". It is noteworthy that WHO has adopted a conceptual framework with an inclusive scope of the public health workforce, while setting out a 5-year vision to strengthen capacity across all WHO Member States for a multidisciplinary workforce to deliver the essential public health functions, including emergency preparedness and response. The importance of public health workforce in global and national responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is recognized. We also observed that there were diverse understandings of the scope of public health workforce worldwide, including macro-, meso - and micro-level perspectives. In the post-COVID-19 era, we suggest that policy-makers and practitioners at the national, regional and global level adopt a coordinated approach to expand and strengthen the national workforce as guided by the WHO towards the health-related targets of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals such as health security and Universal Health Coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Equity in COVID-19 vaccine uptake is the heart of managing the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 disease. However, the evidence of inequality in COVID-19 vaccination in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the trends of socioeconomic and geographic inequality of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Ethiopia. Method This study used the Global COVID-19 trends and impact survey as part of the WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit software 2021 version. The trends of socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake between surveys were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A 95% CI was calculated along with measures of inequality in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and statistical significance was declared if the 95% CI of absolute and relative measures of inequalities does not include 0 and 1 respectively. Result The COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the 45–65 age group significantly increased from 40.04%, 95% CI (32.49, 48.1) to 72.7%, 95%CI (63.7, 80.2) in 05/2021 to 03/2022 respectively. The absolute inequality of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among male vs female respondents was 3.6%, 95% CI (3.9, 11.2) in 08/2021 which was obtained by subtraction of the respecting proportion of vaccines uptakes 32.9% for males minus 29.28% for females and there was a significant more prevalence of vaccine uptake in males than in females. The absolute inequality in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health workers vs non-health workers was 28.5%, 95% CI (17.8, 37.2), 03/2022 and there was a significantly higher prevalence of vaccine uptake in health workers than non-health workers in each survey. The relative measures of inequality in the ratios of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among urban vs rural was 0.85, 95%CI (0.7, 0.994) in 08/2021 which was obtained by dividing the respecting proportion of vaccine uptakes of urban by rural residents. Conclusion The study showed that the proportion of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Ethiopia significantly increased from 2021 to 2022 with distinct inequality. The study indicated there is significant absolute and relative inequality in COVID-19 vaccine uptake between health workers and non-health workers, male and female, and urban and rural residents in Ethiopia. Therefore, the effort should be geared towards reducing health workers vs non-health workers, urban vs rural, and gender inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake through health literacy and recommend geographic and equity-oriented policies, to ensure effective pandemic management of COVID-19.

Background: The WHO tobacco control team established the Access Initiative for Quitting Tobacco (AIQT) in July 2020. The AIQT team developed a virtual assistant “Florence” to provide digital counseling services to people willing to quit tobacco. Aim: To assess tobacco users’ experience of using WHO digital health assistant “Florence” and to track their behavior changes. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care Teaching Hospital in Delhi-NCR, India from November 2021 to March 2022. A total of 102 English-speaking tobacco users were enrolled through snowballing and online requests to use Florence (https://www.who.int/campaigns/Florence), once at baseline, and pursue as often as they wish during the next three months. A predesigned WHO questionnaire (Florence Introductory Questionnaire and Florence User Follow-up Questionnaire) was used to assess participants’ experiences of using Florence and track changes in tobacco use behavior at follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed through SPSS-22 using appropriate frequency distribution parameters and nonparametric tests to assess acceptance and efficacy of Florence. Results: Most participants at baseline, over 3-5 minutes, felt that Florence could not understand their speech (48%), and needed improvement in advice and information on quitting and tobacco use (52%) but felt comfortable interacting with Florence (42.2%). However, participants who re-visited Florence during the next 3 months (12/102) agreed that Florence helped them make a quit plan and used the recommended toll-free quit (9/12). Overall, there was a significant increase in proportion of participants who did not consume tobacco in the last 07 days after using Florence (09 versus 25 of 102, P < 0.01) and made quit plans (07 versus 15 of 102, P < 0.01) compared to baseline. Conclusion: Considering the ease, accessibility, and amount of time spent with this virtual assistant, Florence appears a positive step forward in tobacco cessation.

Abstract Egypt's recent malaria-free certification by the World Health Organization (WHO) marks a significant achievement in public health, underscoring the effectiveness of sustained national efforts in disease eradication. This milestone, achieved after nearly a century of strategic intervention, highlights the importance of integrated public health programmes and cross-sector collaboration. Egypt's journey involved early initiatives to reduce human–mosquito contact, the establishment of malaria control stations, and comprehensive outbreak management strategies. This country's success serves as an exemplar for other African nations, emphasizing the need for adaptable, community-focused approaches to disease control. Despite challenges such as drug-resistant malaria strains and pesticide-resistant mosquitoes, Egypt's experience demonstrates the potential for successful malaria elimination through coordinated efforts and innovative solutions. This accomplishment contributes to regional health improvements, and provides valuable insights into global malaria eradication strategies.

Abstract The issue of adolescent secondhand smoke (SHS) is globally significant, given that it serves as a preventable risk factor for disease prevalence and mortality rates among youth. This study evaluates trends in adolescent SHS across 27 countries from 2003 to 2021, aiming to identify global variations and sex-specific differences, providing insights for future policy recommendations. The data for this study were collected from the Global School-based Student Health Survey conducted by the World Health Organization, 2003–2021. The term SHS in this context denoted how many days people smoked in their presence for at least one day within the past 7 days. Linear regression models were employed to examine the trends of SHS exposure by country. In the present analysis based on 175,370 adolescents (male, 46.69%) aged between 13 and 15 years from 27 countries across the five continents, SHS decreased in 14 countries but exhibited an increasing trend in 3 countries (Benin [β, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.50–3.91]; Maldives [β, 0.93; 0.21–1.65]; Myanmar [β, 0.62; 0.29–0.95]). Significant increasing trends in females were observed in the Maldives (β, 1.18; 0.25–2.11) and Thailand (β, 0.36; 0.04–0.69) while males showed increasing trends in Kuwait (β, 1.90; 0.79-3.00) and Vanuatu (β, 1.95; 0.35–3.54). Our analysis of adolescents from 27 countries indicates that the majority of nations exhibited decreasing trends in SHS. This suggests that global efforts to prevent SHS are achievable through individual initiatives and international monitoring. However, the presence of increasing trends in certain countries underscores the need for stronger regulations and policies to address this issue.

Background: In Kenya, health is a devolved function that county governments run. Tuberculosis is managed at the county level in coordination with the National Leprosy Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Program (NLTP), which has a mission of End TB Strategy to achieve a 95% decline in deaths due to tuberculosis compared with the 2015 baseline and reach an equivalent 90% reduction in tuberculosis incidence rate. Methods: This was a retrospective study that included patients who tested positive for drug-resistant tuberculosis from 2014 to 2019. Data was sourced from NLTP Electronic Medical Records. After abstraction, the data was entered into Excel and analyzed through STATA software version 13. Results: Of the 2674 enrolled patients in total, there were more males affected with DRTB at 64 % compared to the female patients. The public facilities carried the immense burden of diagnosis and treatment of the patient, having a cumulative number of 83 %, while the prison sector had the lowest number. For the resistance pattern, the new, relapse, and failure of first-line drugs accounted for most drug-resistant cases at 80 %, with only 65 % of the total cases having been done a gene-expert test at the point of screening. Conclusion: Kenya's devolved health system needs more coordinated support from the national government to the county health units for TB surveillance. Regional centralized laboratories for diagnosis and monitoring of TB would reduce the time it takes for samples to come to Nairobi for testing, which takes time before patents are initiated on treatment.

Abstract Background Surgical safety remains a critical global health concern, with complications from surgical procedures resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) has been shown to reduce surgical complications and mortality rates. However, its implementation and impact in resource-limited settings like Somalia remain understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the WHO SSC in selected hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia, and assess its impact on surgical safety practices. Methods A pre- and post-intervention study was conducted in 15 randomly selected hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. The intervention involved a comprehensive training program on the WHO SSC for surgical teams. Data on hospital characteristics, surgical details, and adherence to the SSC were collected over two periods: pre-intervention (April 12th to May 4th, 2024) and post-intervention (May 12th to June 3rd, 2024). The primary outcome was the adherence to the SSC, categorized as good (> 60%) or poor (≤ 60%). Descriptive statistics, McNemar’s test, and binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results Adherence to the WHO SSC significantly improved post-intervention, with 98.8% of surgical cases demonstrating good adherence compared to 37% pre-intervention (p

The ”2019 novel coronavirus” known as “ the 2019-nCoV” or simply “COVID-19” has been declared by the World Health organization (WHO), in first quarter of 2020, as a world pandemic and a public health emergency of international concern. Alas, many details related to the COVID-19 have remained unsolved completely. The success of government strategies in fighting the COVID-19 relays mainly on the results from epidemiological or statistical studies. Statistical models play a major role in providing reliable results based on appropriate analyses. Traditional (one-part) models, mixture models and mixed-effects models for counts are used to investigate effects of the WHO-regions and Cumulated COVID-19 cases on the outcome variable COVID-19 new deaths tolls. Overall result reveals there is a strong association between number of new deaths COVID-19 with predictors including the WHO regions and cumulated cases. Besides, models that account for the overdispersion feature have smallest AICs and have reasonable regression model fits.

Academic medicine encompasses education, research and clinical practice, and plays a crucial role in advancing medical science and training physicians. However, the field faces a crisis, with fewer graduates pursuing academic careers.

The Ayurvedic drugs are widely used in Kerala, India, for primary health care and comprise medicinal plant parts. In the present study, trace element concentrations of 16 traditionally used medicinal plants were determined by the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique. The iron (Fe) shows the highest concentration of the order of 7482 ± 101 mg kg−1, while the allowed limit by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/WHO is 20 mg kg−1. Nonessential element lead is detected in all analyzed samples, but its amount is less than the limit set by FAO/WHO 1984. The trace element profile obtained is the fingerprint identity of each plant used in drug formulations. Such baseline data act as the standardization tool for manufacturing compound medicines.

The issue of adolescent secondhand smoke (SHS) is globally significant, given that it serves as a preventable risk factor for disease prevalence and mortality rates among youth. This study evaluates trends in adolescent SHS across 27 countries from 2003 to 2021, aiming to identify global variations and sex-specific differences, providing insights for future policy recommendations. The data for this study were collected from the Global School-based Student Health Survey conducted by the World Health Organization, 2003–2021. The term SHS in this context denoted how many days people smoked in their presence for at least one day within the past 7 days. Linear regression models were employed to examine the trends of SHS exposure by country. In the present analysis based on 175,370 adolescents (male, 46.69%) aged between 13 and 15 years from 27 countries across the five continents, SHS decreased in 14 countries but exhibited an increasing trend in 3 countries (Benin [β, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.50–3.91]; Maldives [β, 0.93; 0.21–1.65]; Myanmar [β, 0.62; 0.29–0.95]). Significant increasing trends in females were observed in the Maldives (β, 1.18; 0.25–2.11) and Thailand (β, 0.36; 0.04–0.69) while males showed increasing trends in Kuwait (β, 1.90; 0.79-3.00) and Vanuatu (β, 1.95; 0.35–3.54). Our analysis of adolescents from 27 countries indicates that the majority of nations exhibited decreasing trends in SHS. This suggests that global efforts to prevent SHS are achievable through individual initiatives and international monitoring. However, the presence of increasing trends in certain countries underscores the need for stronger regulations and policies to address this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) a global pandemic with no therapy/vaccination or universally accepted therapeutic modalities. This resulted in the implementation of containment measures such as lockdowns, which hindered economic activities and, as a result, hampered global demand, consumption, and product transportation. The global crude oil supply chain was one of the most affected. As a result, this study was done to examine the effects of COVID‐19 on global crude oil markets and its consequences in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), using Kenya and Tanzania as case studies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA)‐based content analysis approaches were utilized to analyze data from multiple sources, and the COVID‐19‐induced oil price crisis was compared to previous global crude oil gluts from 1970 to 2020. It has been determined that global crude oil prices dropped by 65.96% from around $69.25/barrel in January 2020 to $23.57/barrel in June 2020, with West Texas Intermediate (WTI) reaching −$36.98/barrel in March 2020 (one of the highest in recent times). As a result, petroleum prices in Kenya and Tanzania fell by 30%. This, however, did not result in long‐term energy price stability in the SSA due to a lack of logistical and storage capabilities. More research on energy storage, consumption, analysis, modeling, and preparedness for COVID‐19‐like disasters are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoid neoplasms in childhood are exceedingly rare, presenting with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation and outcomes. Due to numerous clinical and pathological mimics, an integrated evaluation of clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings is critical for a diagnosis. Here, we review the clinical and pathological features, updated classifications, and critical differential diagnoses of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoid neoplasms in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts in thyroid diagnostics are evolving. As cytopathologists, we benefit from understanding the changes taking place in cytopathology practice as well as intersecting areas that may have implications for us. In this review, we discuss recent changes to 1. Classification systems, 2. Ancillary molecular testing modalities, and 3. Key metrics that affect thyroid cytopathology. The recent World Health Organization, Bethesda Thyroid Cytopathology, and American Joint Committee on Cancer classification systems have aspects that are designed to harmonize the clinical, cytopathologic, histomorphologic, and molecular findings for improved communication and patient management. New terminologies such as thyroid follicular nodular disease and low-risk follicular cell-derived thyroid neoplasms are introduced to reflect the subtle biologic nuances involving benign non-neoplastic and low-grade neoplastic conditions. The Bethesda Thyroid Cytopathology System has simplified its terminology, updated risk of malignancy estimates, and expanded the discussions on molecular testing, clinical and imaging assessments, and pediatric cytopathology. There is now a single term for each of the 6 diagnostic categories. The American Joint Committee on Cancer has refined the staging criteria to provide improved stratification of patient prognostication. Molecular testing using next-generation technology now offers large panels of markers that are sensitive for detecting the wide range of thyroid neoplasms. These panels were developed in North America and whether other regions of the world will choose similar tests remain to be seen. Finally, metrics such as molecular-derived risk of malignancy and molecular risk group may be viewed as surrogates of resection information and used to complement diagnostics, management, and quality assurance. • Concepts in thyroid diagnostics are evolving. • Key changes in the WHO, TBSRTC, and AJCC systems harmonize our understanding of histopathology, cytopathology, and staging. • Molecular tests have advanced over the recent years with large next-generation sequencing based panels demonstrating high negative predictive values and sensitivity in detecting low-grade neoplasms. • Molecular information also may provide metrics that enhance our understanding of risk of malignancy, prognostic information, and quality assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific article examines the relevant regulatory framework for the development of legal, ethical and moral regulation in the fight against HIV/AIDS, and provides recommendations for improving medical treatment and control mechanisms. In the research work, a comparative analysis of domestic legal acts with international legal norms as the current legal basis for the fight against the AIDS epidemic is considered, and the directions for the adoption of the legislation and judicial practice of model countries in the field of medical law for the Republic of Azerbaijan are stated. Based on case studies and empirical research, the article provides an assessment of the challenges and opportunities for strengthening legal protection, especially for people living with HIV/AIDS, and legal mechanisms for increasing access to care and treatment. Also, innovative methods and strategies are explored to protect the rights of people suffering from HIV/AIDS, to protect against discrimination and stigmatization through the application of directly mentioned coping strategies, as well as to create more sensitive and effective treatment mechanisms of the health care system. It is proposed to refine the legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan and eliminate the loopholes in the law. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of a strong legal framework for the development of the fight against AIDS and suggests practical steps to bring it to the agenda in today’s world. In the context of the ongoing global struggle against HIV/AIDS, our research emphasized the crucial role of legal regulation in the development of a comprehensive care system for individuals affected by this disease. The article underscored the significance of legal frameworks in ensuring unhindered access to care, treatment, and support for individuals living with HIV/AIDS. By establishing guidelines and standards for healthcare providers, legal regulation enables the delivery of high-quality care while safeguarding the rights of individuals affected by HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, the rule of law plays a vital role in combating stigma and discrimination, which remain significant obstacles to effective efforts to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It is also highlighted various tools and strategies for improving care for individuals living with HIV/ AIDS, including the integration of HIV services into existing healthcare systems, community-based care models, and the promotion of holistic and patient-centered approaches to care. In conclusion, our research demonstrates that legal regulation is a vital component of the global response to HIV/AIDS, as it enables the provision of comprehensive care and support to individuals affected by this disease. Moreover, the implementation of innovative care models and strategies outlined in international legal instruments can further enhance the quality and effectiveness of HIV/AIDS treatment services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgical safety remains a critical global health concern, with complications from surgical procedures resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) has been shown to reduce surgical complications and mortality rates. However, its implementation and impact in resource-limited settings like Somalia remain understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the WHO SSC in selected hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia, and assess its impact on surgical safety practices. Methods: A pre- and post-intervention study was conducted in 15 randomly selected hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. The intervention involved a comprehensive training program on the WHO SSC for surgical teams. Data on hospital characteristics, surgical details, and adherence to the SSC were collected over two periods: pre-intervention (April 12th to May 4th, 2024) and post-intervention (May 12th to June 3rd, 2024). The primary outcome was the adherence to the SSC, categorized as good (> 60%) or poor (≤ 60%). Descriptive statistics, McNemar's test, and binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: Adherence to the WHO SSC significantly improved post-intervention, with 98.8% of surgical cases demonstrating good adherence compared to 37% pre-intervention (p < 0.001). The mean adherence score increased from 51.6% (SD = 29.6) to 94.1% (SD = 8.2). Significant improvements were observed for most individual checklist items, including patient identity confirmation, surgical site marking, anesthesia machine checks, and pulse oximeter use (p < 0.001). Team dynamics and communication also improved significantly post-intervention. Hospital type, size, years of service, funding source, surgical department, surgery type, urgency, and staff numbers were associated with checklist adherence pre-intervention. Conclusion: The implementation of a comprehensive training intervention significantly improved adherence to the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in resource-limited hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. The findings highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of the SSC in enhancing surgical safety practices, team communication, and patient outcomes in challenging healthcare environments. Tailored implementation strategies, ongoing training, and cultural adaptation are crucial for the successful adoption of the SSC in resource-constrained settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (ICD‐11) includes a comprehensive set of behavioural indicators (BIs) within the neurodevelopmental disorders grouping. BIs can be used to assess the severity of disorders of intellectual development in situations in which standardised measures of intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviours are not available or feasible. This international study examines the implementation characteristics of the BIs and compares them to standardised measures for assessing the severity of intellectual impairment and adaptive behaviours in disorders of intellectual development and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The clinical utility of the ICD‐11 and the fidelity of its application in international clinical settings were also assessed. Methods: A total of 116 children and adolescents (5–18 years old) with a suspected or established diagnosis of disorders of intellectual development were included across four sites [Italy (n = 18), Sri Lanka (n = 19) and two sites in India (n = 79)]. A principal component analysis was conducted to evaluate the application of the ICD‐11 guidance for combining severity levels. Results: Assessment using the BIs showed a higher proportion of individuals classified with mild severity, whereas the standardised measures indicated a higher proportion of severe ratings. Additionally, individuals with co‐occurring ASD tended to have more severe impairments compared with those without ASD, as indicated by both BIs and standardised measures. Overall, the BIs were considered clinically useful, although more time and consideration were required when applying the guidelines for individuals with a co‐occurring disorder of intellectual development and ASD. The principal component analysis revealed one principal component representing overall disorders of intellectual development severity levels. Conclusions: The ICD‐11 BIs can be implemented as intended in international clinical settings for a broad range of presentations of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Use of the BIs results in similar severity diagnoses to those made using standardised measures. The BIs are expected to improve the reliability of severity assessments in settings where appropriate standardised measures for intellectual and adaptive behaviours are not available or feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is the main source of water for drinking as well as irrigation purposes for the local people in some villages of Churachandpur district of Manipur, India. Twenty (20) groundwater samples (dug well) were collected from three (3) villages of Churachandpur district during the period of pre-monsoon (2019) and they were examined for some important physico-chemical parameters like temperature (°C), total alkalinity (TA), pH, total hardness (TH), TDS (total dissolved solids), Ca2+ (calcium), K+ (potassium), CO32- (carbonate), Mg2+ (magnesium), Cl- (chloride), Na+ (sodium), SO42- (sulfate) and HCO3- (bicarbonate). Study data revealed that the majority of the studied parameters for different groundwater possessed their values and concentrations within/below their corresponding desirable limits of BIS and WHO. Ca2+ and HCO3- were recorded as the dominant ions among the cations and anions respectively. WQI values confirmed that the majority of the groundwater fall under ‘excellent’ to ‘good water’ category and was fit for drinking purposes. RSC, SAR, and %Na showed that all analysed 20 samples were observed as ‘fit’ for irrigation (agricultural) purposes. Correlation coefficient (r) values proved that TA of the different groundwater was mainly because of dissolved Ca(HCO3)2, NaHCO3, and Mg(HCO3)2 whereas, TH of different groundwater was mainly because of temporary hardness, possessed by the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium, sodium, and magnesium but permanent hardness contribute to a lesser extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advances in analytics, as well as scientific and regulatory knowledge and experience gained from biosimilar development/approvals over the last decade, enabled the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 to revise its guidelines on the evaluation of biosimilars. Among the revisions, there is more reliance on analytical and functional aspects to prove similarity (and likely fewer clinical requirements). WHO international reference standards for biosimilars provide additional confidence to regulators looking for evidence‐ and data‐based regulatory convergence in scientific and technical measures of quality attributes. These standards serve as a benchmark for harmonizing the bioactivity or potency of biosimilars, ensuring their future sustainability. This article discusses the availability and role of WHO international reference standards throughout the product life cycle of biosimilars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many of the infectious diseases can be prevented by effective vaccines. Efficacy of vaccine can be compromised due to improper handling, not storing vaccine in recommended cold chain equipment and faulty transport that could be the possible reasons for break in cold chain. Change in temperature can alter the stability of vaccines. Smallpox-pox has been eradicated from the world and poliomyelitis is going to be eradicated. This proves that vaccination is the only way and best strategy in medical to control infectious diseases. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in urban area of Central India. Vaccine providers were interviewed about various immunization practices. Results: Study population were private practitioners who were doing vaccination in private clinics and private hospital. The response rate was 91%. Conclusion: This study found lacunae in vaccine dose reporting. Cold chain monitoring in private clinics was not effective as per WHO recommended guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates into the adverse impacts of heavy metal concentration on human health, particularly when present in water used in palm oil production in selected industries in Ondo State, Nigeria. Through wet-digestive analysis, the levels of heavy metals including Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), and Cadmium (Cd) were assessed in both water samples and palm oil products. The results revealed concentrations of heavy metals in water samples and control ranging from Copper (0.167 - 0.297 and 0.143 mg/L), Lead (0.047 - 0.100 mg/L), Manganese (0.250 - 0.327 mg/L), and Zinc (0.0417 - 0.547 mg/L), while palm oil concentrations ranged from Cu (0.327 - 0.100 mg/L), Ni (0.045 - 0.010 mg/L), Pb (0.207 - 0.100 mg/L), Mn (0.390 - 0.183 mg/L), and Zn (0.697 - 0.453 mg/L). Comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) standards indicated that Pb concentrations in water exceeded permissible limits, suggesting potential contamination in palm oil samples. Additionally, a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) was observed between Pb levels in water and palm oil samples, indicating the transfer of lead contaminants into the palm oil during production. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring and regulating heavy metal concentrations in water sources used in palm oil production to safeguard public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the World Health Organization Report on ageism and the spread of ageism during the COVID-19 pandemic, varied actions to combat ageism have taken place, worldwide. To examined what older people think about combating ageism, 731 Israelis, ages 60–85, responded to an online survey. Thematic analysis of their responses identified that the two main reasons for combating ageism rely on "moral-social justification" and "financial-employment justification." Respondents suggested various strategies to combat ageism including, "changes in law and adjudication," "inter-generational ties," "educational activities," and "campaigns." Respondents also identified "inner work" as the fifth and most important way to eliminate self-ageism. The results of this qualitative study contribute to the global campaign to combat ageism because of the emphasis on "inner work" of older people as a strategy in and of itself. Moreover, the study demonstrates the importance of including older adults in all stages of the global campaign to reduce and eliminate ageism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]