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This Note examines the effects of Title IX's equal treatment framework on female collegiate athletes in the context of the female athlete triad. It describes the shortcomings of Title IX's equal treatment approach and its deleterious effects on the health of female student athletes. It argues for the adoption of the special treatment approach as a remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though progress has been made in recent years, women continue to be underrepresented in sport leadership positions around the globe, particularly at the highest levels. This problem persists despite the known advantages to gender diversity in leadership positions. Multiple approaches from various levels of analysis (macro, meso, and micro) have been used to study this phenomenon; however, there is a strong need for a more comprehensive model that would consider not only multiple levels of analysis, but also time and nonwork considerations. To that end, the authors review the existing literature in the area, and then examine career and life course theories that would extend current conceptualizations of women's experiences in sport leadership positions, and the choices they make in the shaping of their career paths. This model enhances effective career development strategies that help women achieve the positions for which they strive within sport, thereby enriching their own personal development and helping sport organizations achieve the multiple and positive benefits of a more diverse workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including feminist sport studies in the Global South, sport feminism and women-focused sport for development.

Most research on global sports policy either negates or underappreciate perspectives from the Global South. This article incorporates Southern Theory to examine how Northern worldviews profoundly shape gender-specific sports policy. It highlights two dilemmas that emerge, using illustrative case studies. First, it considers questions of gender and regulation, as evidenced in the gender verification regimes of track-and-field. Then, it addresses the limits of gender and empowerment in relation to sport for development and peace initiatives' engagement with the diverse experiences and perspectives in non-Western contexts, considering them in relation to programming for women in Pacific Island countries. The article concludes with a reflection on possible contributions of Southern theory to sport sociological scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombian girls are not encouraged from playing sport due to gendered roles that idealize girls as "delicate" and reserve sport as an activity for boys. Since the early and mid-2000s girls living in two marginalized communities in Colombia have had the unique opportunity to participate in a sport for development and peace organization. Drawing on six months of ethnographic research, this paper explores how these young women are negotiating gender through their complex and limited participation in the organization. We argue these young women display an ambivalent position towards femininity and practice implicit feminism, which challenges gender norms. However, despite their feelings of agency and a creation of a "new" normal within their social bubble, evidence reveals traditional social structures continue to maintain the gender status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ethics of representing girls and young women from the global South in Sport for Development (SfD) organizational campaigns via the case of Skateistan—an international SfD organization with skateboarding and educational programs in Afghanistan, Cambodia, and South Africa. Focusing particularly on Skateistan's representations of skateboarding girls and young women in Afghanistan, we draw upon interviews with staff members as well as digital observations and organizational curriculum materials, to reveal some of the nuanced power relations within such media portrayals. In so doing, we also draw attention to some of the unintended risks of "positive" representations of sporting girls from the global South, and some of the strategies employed by Skateistan to navigate such issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing body of research that has started to carefully consider the increased presence of girls and women in sport-for-development (SFD). The purpose of this study was to contribute to contextual understandings of empowerment by providing a nuanced reading of micro-level interactions that can disrupt traditional gendered relations. Our research explored the emerging outcomes of a SFD program in Papua New Guinea targeted at young women. We hope to foster a greater understanding of women's experiences in constrained sociocultural contexts and make sense of the lived reality of doing sport-based development work. The results of our qualitative work demonstrate the importance of exploring nuanced, relational, and embodied processes occurring in day-to-day situations that can lead to transformative change in localized settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) funding sport for development and peace (SDP) programs are drawn to the promise of such initiatives for young women in global South countries such as Nicaragua to promote their sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) and prevent gender-based violence (GBV). While "international" feminist norms in support of "girl power" tend to be advocated by INGOs, gender norms in Nicaragua emphasize "machismo' that tend to uphold male domination. Based on a case study of international-regional-local NGO relations as they "play out" in Nicaragua, this paper connects international relations studies that explore the conditions through which norm change "happens" with postcolonial feminist participatory action research (PFPAR). To conclude, we discuss how to better understand the tensions of "norms in conflict' in SDP, with a particular focus on the pressures for local NGOs to accommodate—and connect—their contextual circumstances to the demands of transnational partners and the rising focus of Western donor organizations on "measurable" outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the experience of Turkey's first female auto racing champion Samiye Cahit Morkaya during the early Republican period in the context of efforts to construct Turkey's modern women's identity. Newspapers and magazines published between 1932 and 1935 when Samiye Cahit participated in auto racing, were analyzed. Morkaya came at the top by breaking her own records in all races in which she participated. Starting with the first race she entered in 1932, she was called the first lady driver, and her success was portrayed as elating in the media of the period. Her championship in 1933 following her wins against male opponents resulted in a court case. The records she broke in 1934 were presented in the newspapers of the period as a hallmark of the ambition, courage, talent, and bravery of Turkish women. The accident she experienced in the 1935 races led to the end of her racing career and permanent loss of function in one of her arms. Consequently, while Morkaya represented the Western – modern – image of a woman on the one hand, on the other hand she challenged the traditional image of a Turkish woman with her successes in breaking down gender stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the interaction between sport, eating practices, and body control are studied in four-generation Spanish female athletes, in all of them, three degrees of sport intensity are distinguished, from professional to amateur. A socio-historical approach is used, which allows us to see the process of the social construction of the body, since the post-civil war, when sports activity is experienced by women as a leisure activity and surrounded by food deficiencies, to today, where the performance has modified dietary patterns to achieve sports goals. It will also make visible the way in which dietary practices, body control, and sports norms are integrated into the daily life of women, even without being professional athletes. This work, carried out through qualitative research with in-depth interviews, shows how sports, food and body practices have altered over time, as well as their determinants, which are modified generationally. If in the first generation the material context is the one that determined the practices, during the stage of modernization, the situation is reversed. As the sports dimension takes centre stage and is integrated into the daily practices of women, it is observed how the processes of body construction are modified that are accompanied by changes in sports and eating behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle-aged and elderly people sports participation is favorably connected with their body image. The link of sports participation of Middle-aged and elderly people is based on the nature of the sport and how Middle-aged and elderly people perceive their body size, and they will have a calculating attitude about whether the effect of their participation will be beneficial or negative. As a result, the sports interest has a significant impact on the participation of women in sporting activities. One of the impediments to Middle-aged and elderly people participating in sports is the patriarchal attitude that women should not participate in hard physical activity in front of their male counterpart. This study has analyzed the correlation between sports participation and sports interest. Where, sports participation is used as independent variable and sports interest is used as dependent variable. The data was collected from 60 sports women. This paper has used SEM PLS 3 and AMOS 26 for data analysis. The results indicated that there is a significant association between sports participation and sports interest. The results for Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability were also significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gendered processes in the sport industry often perpetuate male dominance and female inferiority. While these gendered occurrences have been well documented, the outcomes of such processes are underexplored. Under the guidance of objectification theory and the production-reception relationship, the authors investigated the influence of objectification in sports-media outlets' coverage of a female sporting event for a national sample of U.S. consumers (N = 225). In addition, given the lack of coverage directed toward female sporting events, the current study investigated the influence of previous viewership on consumer behaviors for a future women's sporting event. Findings suggest that processes of objectification influence both men's and women's consumer behaviors and that previous viewership influences future consumer-behavior motives. Furthermore, objectified images and language did not adversely affect future consumer behaviors for those who had previously viewed a similar women's sporting event. Sport-media and communications professionals alike can leverage these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2014 marked the 50th Anniversary of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (SISI). I argue that SISI is problematic for the continued struggle of women in sport given the nature and the extent of sexual objectification. The SISI has evolved over the years from a bathing suit fashion spread to a contemporary multimedia colossal. For example, to help celebrate the 50th anniversary, SISI teamed up with Mattel and featured Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Barbie in the February 2014 issue, and a special collector's item Barbie doll was produced and sold exclusively at Target. Sport is a celebration of human variety, yet Sports Illustrated rarely includes female athletes on their covers, and instead pushes a product that celebrates heterosexuality and sexual objectification of females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education & Sport is the property of Facta Universitatis, Series Physical Education & Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education & Sport is the property of Facta Universitatis, Series Physical Education & Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the impact of social media in developing Arab women's interest in sports. A survey questionnaire based on the uses and gratification theory was distributed to 411 Arab women from different age groups, education levels, and employment statuses. In analyzing the results to explore the participants' motivation in their use of social media for sports, the study indicates that entertainment and information-seeking were the main motivations for women consuming sports on social media. The overall findings also suggest that social media plays a pivotal role in driving Arab females' interests in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current paper aims to present the situation of COVID-19 cases recorded among the teams participating in Liga Florilor MOL and Liga Zimbrilor (the best senior leagues in Romania), the monthly distribution of the number of no-shows due to coronavirus and the analysis of teams' adaptability to the new anti-COVID-19 regulations as regards the number of sanctions received for non-compliance with these rules. The novel coronavirus affected all teams participating in Liga Florilor MOL and Liga Zimbrilor. In total, 365 people including players and staff were infected with SARS CoV-2 during this season. Eight teams were in the situation of not being able to participate in handball tournaments, and 24 games were decided at the green table due to COVID-19, meaning 5.86% of the total number of games scheduled for the best men's and women's leagues in the 2020-2021 season. The Romanian Handball Federation organized 207 "bubble system" tournaments for all competitive categories, of which 31 were organized for Liga Florilor MOL (17) and Liga Zimbrilor (14). Throughout the season, the teams successfully adapted to the new rules against the spread of the SARS CoV-2 virus. The sanctions imposed for non-compliance with these rules, excepting the games ended 10:0, were extremely low in numbers. A single pecuniary penalty was applied, which was doubled by an exclusion from that tournament. In addition, a single warning was given to a team that violated the ban on using the locker room inside the sports hall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses sports issues, particularly on the need to ensure meaningful competition and the value of human dignity in the context of transgender athletes. Other topics include the World Anti-Doping Code and its impact on the use of hormone therapy in said athletes, the factors used to assess the eligibility of said athletes under International Olympic Committee rules, and the conflict between women's sports and transgender rights.

The topic of women's and girls' rights, access and inclusion in sport and physical activity has become a mainstay of sporting and non-sporting organisational discourse. Notwithstanding, there is little published on why, how and who enabled these topics to become politicised to this extent. For example, academic texts state key moments for the advancement of women and sport, such as conferences and resolutions, but rarely provide further detail. By explaining how transnational women and sport advocacy groups lobbied the United Nations (UN) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) into actions for women and sport in the mid-1990s, this article adds to knowledge about how advocacy groups in international sport succeeded in working together to collectively effect change despite demonstrating contention amongst one another. Data from archival analysis of papers and correspondence of key agents involved in these processes were complemented with semi-structured interviews with some of the same individuals decades later. Using terms and concepts from social movement studies, the article shows how the International Working Group on Women and Sport (IWG) and WomenSport International (WSI) developed in relation to each other and the political environment in which they were playing a key role in shaping. Their relationship was not straightforward, due in part to the formations and structure of each group, but their purposive efforts with other agents contributed to a collective endeavour that achieved milestones for the political legitimacy of women and sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Different age stages will have different emphases in the selection of sports art fitness public service products. Therefore, this paper studies the design of sports art fitness public service products in light of the psychological characteristics of different ages. Methods: 150 middle-aged women with line dancing were selected as the research object, and 150 ordinary people who did not participate in physical exercise were used as the control group to design sports art fitness public service products according to the age of the exercisers. Results: The average score of spa (Social physical anxiety) is the highest for women under 30 years old, followed by women between 31-44 years old, and the lowest for women over 45 years old. Women with medium amount of exercise correspond to the highest spa, and women with large amount of exercise correspond to the lowest spa. The women who keep fit for half a year have the highest spa, followed by those who keep fit for 1-3 years, and finally those who keep fit for more than 3 years. Conclusion: This paper analyzes the psychological characteristics of different age stages and the factors affecting each stage, with a view to improve the utilization of sports art and fitness public service products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of basketball in France, which was exported from the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; particular attention is paid to coverage in French sports magazines such as "L'Auto-Vélo" from 1900 to the 1930s. The author examines how the French press tended to portray the sport using words that evoked notions of femininity regardless of whether it was played by males or females. The study analyses articles in various publications using a statistical approach.

In Australian culture, males dominate sports such as football, cricket and Australian Rules Football. Girls and women in such sports are frequently required to negotiate persistent gender constructs and stereotypes. Despite this, in recent years there has been an increase in girls' participation in sports that are constructed as masculine. The present study investigated adolescent girls' experiences (N = 34, aged 13–17 years) in three sports that are traditionally constructed as masculine in Australia; football, cricket, and Australian Rules Football. Through a sociological gendered lens, results from narrative inquiry indicated that adolescent girls are required to navigate gender constructs and sexuality stereotypes. Numerous inequities between girls and boys exist and are challenging to negotiate. The present findings suggest that social connectedness, mentors and same-sex role models assist girls to navigate their sport involvement. These findings provide a sound basis for future research to explore practical solutions to keep girls engaged in such sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic Survival and Social Support in Sports activities is a multifaceted area of research interest. Active participation of women in sports activities has a significant contribution to the growth and success of the sports industry. This article seeks to discuss the impact of sports activities on sportswomen's economic survival and social life. This is done using questionnaire themed around issues such lack of availability of time, limitations of knowledge, family-related and financial difficulties, and nature of activities, all of which can potentially impact the social life of sportswomen. The study shows that economic survival is a significant part of sport's activities as well as the social life of sportswomen. Economic survival supports the social life of sportswomen. The current article highlights the findings from big data analysis pertaining to the social life of sportswomen. The paper uses Big Data Analysis to examine the social life of sportswomen. However, BDA is a complex process resulting from data sources' diverse and unstructured nature. Big Data Analysis (BDA) is critical in the sports field, as it covers the data at the macro-level (such as the national sports industry, teams, and individuals). It was analyzed using the AMOS 23v and SPSS 26v after being collected from female sports players belonging to a geographically diverse region. The study found that there is a significant association between sports activities, economic survival, and the social life of sportswomen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extent to which gender equity--related items were perceived to be provided for equally in women's club and intramural sports programs when compared with men's programs was sought. Subjects consisted of 1000 National Intramural Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA) members/professionals; 58.8% were male and 41.2% female. A five-point Likert-scale questionnaire ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree was used to acquire data. Of the 21 total items on the questionnaire, 10 were relevant to club and intramural sports programs, 10 to club sports programs and one to intramural sports programs. Chi square values were computed to determine if statistically significant differences existed between males and females for club sports and also for intramural sports. Findings revealed that each of the 10 shared gender equity--related items for women's intramural sports programs were being provided for equally at higher perceived rates of agreement when compared with women's club sports programs (the overall difference being 11.7%). The differences (unfavorable for women's club sports programs) were highest for off-campus publicity (14.9%) and on-campus publicity (14.8%). For all items, less than 70% of the professionals perceived women's club sports programs as being provided for equally when compared with men's and approximately three-fourths believed the same for women's intramural programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to consider some of the philosophical problems on gender in sport in terms of practical philosophy by examining previous studies on sports and gender in Japan. The previous studies of the Journal of Sport and Gender Studies, an institutional journal of the Japan Society for Sport and Gender Studies (JSGS), and were reviewed to explain the characteristics and the limits of previous sports-gender studies in Japan to establish the parameters for a philosophical discussion of sport-gender studies. A philosophical examination of the issues of affirmative actions, which is the least discussed topic among those listed in ‘JSGS’, is presented. By revealing fundamental problems in research on sports and gender in Japan, this study may potentially contribute to the resolution of multiple issues surrounding women in sports in Japan. Also, by exposing general and omnipresent problems, the study transcends the limited framework of sports in Japan, and can point to those common and overarching gender issues that need to be resolved around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We argue that new meta-theoretically based applications of non-traditional perspectives of knowledge in science, and sport science, that highlights the question of ‘being woman’, and our understanding of woman as a social and biological being through sport, can enrich the general understanding of gender, identity, body and sport by developing and deepening a critical humanistic sport science perspective through athletes’ artistic reflections of their own athletic female body. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper argues that the sport of ski jumping possesses the untapped potential to empower women. It also recommends ways in which this potential should be realised. The untapped potential of ski jumping lies in the notion that, under two independent conditions, women are able to jump as far as men. The first condition is that women start from a higher gate than men. The second is that women and men start from the same gate, but compete on a ski flying hill. In order to realise the untapped potential, it is recommendable to take two steps to transform the practice of ski jumping. The first step is to introduce a mixed-pair competition for the 2014–2015 season. The second step is to introduce a sex-integrated individual competition for the 2016–2017 season. The sex-integrated competition can be either compensated or non-compensated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) broadcasts Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) fights in over 149 countries to nearly a billion households worldwide. In 2013, the UFC signed the first ever female fighter Ronda ‘Rowdy’ Rousey. In this essay, I argue that women’s participation in the UFC challenges traditional stereotypes of female physical passivity and Iris Marion Young’s claims about feminine spatiality. However, at the same time, UFC culture emphasizes traditional sexist views of femininity and submissiveness. In order to analyze how gender is constructed in the UFC, theories on women’s lived body experiences through participation in MMA are explored. Brian Pronger’s homosocial and homophobia framework is also applied to the phallocentric discourse that is part of the UFC. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

David Fairchild explains that sport is an evocative symbolic system that demonstrates the apparently ‘natural’ division of humans into two separate and dichotomous genders, and also demonstrates the apparently ‘genetically based’ hierarchy between the genders in terms of sporting results. Additionally, this hierarchy of performance translates into a hierarchy of authority, such that men occupy the most powerful positions in coaching, administration and the sports media. The initial section of this paper will follow on from Fairchild to suggest some changes that are necessary before women will gain semantic authority over their participation in sport. The paper will then suggest that the expansion of the discursive space in sport to include alternate standpoints produced by women [and other marginalised groups] can follow tactics employed by feminist standpoint theorists to expand discursive space in other fields. The final section of the paper will look at how a feminist politics in discursive sport will need to challenge what William Morgan has suggested is the recently acquired dominant position of ‘interpretative broad internalism’ in sport philosophy as one of the foundational underpinnings of internalism explains sport as a perfect practice. This underpinning has been used in substantive practice to undermine the knowledges of women athletes and commentators. This final section will look at some examples of translating private authorship into political authority for women in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With recent controversies surrounding the eligibility of athletes with disorders of sex development (DSD) and hyperandrogenism, as well as continued discussion of the conditions transgender athletes must meet to compete in high-performance sport, a wide array of scholars representing a diverse range of disciplines have weighed in on both the appropriateness of classifying athletes into the female and male categories and the best practices of doing so. In response to cases of high-profile athletes’ sex (and gender) being called into question, the International Olympic Committee, the International Association of Athletics Federations, and the National Collegiate Athletics Association, among others, published or updated policies addressing who is eligible to compete in the women’s sport category and under what conditions. This paper addresses the areas in which philosophical reasoning and ethical analysis can contribute to reopened debates about the surveillance of the women’s category in sport. Emphasis is placed on determining where the onus of responsibility should fall for ensuring the new policies are followed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1897 Milan's La Scala Theatre mounted a massive narrative ballet entitled simply Sport. It was a celebration in dance and spectacle of such activities as mountain climbing, horseracing, skating, gymnastics, hunting, and cycling. The 'gran ballo' featured some 300 dancers, an orchestra of 100 augmented by a brass band of 30, mimes, live horses and other assorted supernumeraries. The ballet was partly inspired by the 1896 Olympic Games which raised Italian interest in sport as well as encouraging a strong sense of internationalism. Sport consisted of six scenes, each taking place in a different region of the world, from Canada to Europe. Sport was an example of an 'up-to-date' ballet which tackled modern fads and issues; it also starred dancers who wore modern dress rather than tutus and tights. Its revolutionary plot acclaimed both feminism and women's participation in games. The grand finale consisted of a march of hundreds of real athletes and a spectacular 'Apotheosis of Sport.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wrestling is widely regarded as a masculine activity, yet a feminization of the sport over the last decades has given rise to a unique style termed 'female's wrestling'. The Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in France is the main birthplace of female wrestling, not only nationally but in the world. Women wrestlers in this region made their emergence in this traditionally male world, first gaining acceptance as practitioners, and then as competitors on a national and international level. Female wrestling developed and institutionalized in France before it expanded internationally. The first club ever to open a female wrestling section was in Calonne-Ricouart in Pas-de-Calais in 1971, showing a desire for equal access that dates back 50 years. Later, the establishment of the Tourcoing Wrestling Club, in the same region, demonstrates some of the difficulties encountered in developing the sport, yet also the successes in pushing the French Wrestling Federation to consider female's wrestling as an official sport. By 1975, female wrestlers could get a licence, but they could not participate in official competitions until the 1980s, when the international governing body for amateur wrestling, United World Wrestling, finally recognized this new sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted here aims to contribute to the ongoing debate about gender differences in sport spectatorship. While media coverage of sports represents a "gendered experience", recent research has questioned the explanatory value of anatomical sex for understanding differences in sport consumption. Analyses of TV ratings for German national team football presented here are set out to test the idea that women are more likely to constitute an "armchair" or "fair weather" audience. Even though watching national team football is clearly a male domain and the men's team is much more popular, female and male audiences for the men's team respond to the same set of product characteristics, which supports the idea that women follow men in their TV sport consumption. Moreover, results point to gender differences in demand for women's team matches supporting the idea that it matters how gendered sport is. Suggestions for future research and policy are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a multilevel framework to deconstruct the role board members play in advancing gender equity policies in leadership positions in sport governance. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with Triathlon board members of the International Federation and two National Federations. The results show that within the multilevel framework, at the individual (micro) level, male equity champions pave the way for both challenging existing stereotypes at an organisational level (meso) within the boards, and at the sport level (macro) through the introduction and implementation of strategies and policies in the organisations studied, and constitutional changes that encourage women to engage in leadership roles. These strategies and policies display the power of equity champions of change and their willingness and ability to create a gender equitable governance culture. Equity champions of change enable women to feel valued in leadership roles, and further encourage and promote the acceptance of women in the governance of sport organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, women's participation in activities outside of the home, such as in sport, has been discouraged due to several reasons. This article aims to explore the barriers to women in sporting activities by addressing the ratio of their participation in capitals of each province of Pakistan, using the feminist lens. With the help of stratified random sampling, women's colleges in four Pakistani provincial capital cities were surveyed, using a questionnaire specifically designed for this study. M-plus was used to eliminate the questions which had little or no influence on female participation in sport. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA then post hoc test and follow-up results revealed that sub-dimensions of the constraints 'Mass Media' and 'Religious and Cultural' were the most significant factors, with mean up to 2.8 and 2.7, respectively. There are significant differences (p < 0.05) in constraints experienced by female students in big and small cities and in public and private institutions. The results provide preliminary evidence that alerting family members to the benefits of sport and providing facilities for women can enhance their participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to historical systemic subordination, few Black women's histories are preserved in public archives and written records. In Canada, oral traditions' prevalence in Black communities made written documentation rare, affording their histories less legitimacy in academia. Hence, Black women's experiences are largely absent from national grand narratives about sport. By bridging the gap between dominant narratives and Black women's marginal narratives, we may appreciate how their gendered and racialized identities are situated within, and reorganize, the nation's identity. Using the Multicultural History Society of Ontario's archived oral histories, we present a novel sporting account of a group of Black women in Southern Ontario. Collected to preserve minority ethnic/racial groups' life memories in the late twentieth century, the histories centred individuals who were active early in the century. Informants recalled participating in a range of athletic endeavours, and a small number were in coaching and umpire positions, while men and boys played a role as inspiration and gatekeepers. Within that, women's sport spectatorship emerges as a key unexplored dimension of sport involvement. These narratives demonstrate the influence of gender, racial, and class forces on women's sport, while also suggesting that sporting spaces could contribute to socio-cultural expression, resistance, and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion that women in the United States' electronic sports media face greater standards of appearance is not new (Sheffer, M. L., & Schultz, B. (2007) Double standard: Why women have trouble getting jobs in local television sports. Journal of Sports Media, 2(1), 77–101). What has not been explored, however, is the persistence of this double standard through a Foucauldian lens. Using Michel Foucault's (Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality:Vol. 1, an introduction. New York: Vintage Books) power/knowledge paradigm, this Foucauldian discourse analysis uses one-on-one interviews with women sportscasters and textual analysis to grapple with this previously unexplored aspect of one of electronic sports media's longest standing gendered double standards. Using these data, this article argues that post-feminist discourses (Gill, R. (2007) Gender and the media. Cambridge: Polity Press; McRobbie, A. (2004) Post-feminism and popular culture. Feminist Media Studies, 4(3), 255–264) have a mutually informing relationship with three manifestations of the electronic sports media's gendered double standard of appearance: sportscaster hiring and retention, inequitable media consumer evaluations of on-screen appearance, and expectations for sportscaster dress, the latter of which have required many women to wear increasingly revealing clothing, a trend this article refers to as nightclubification. While post-feminist analysis explicates the nuances of the appearance double standard and the electronic sports media's contributions to our culture's constructions of gender relations, Foucauldian discourse analysis demonstrates how the appearance double standard has been taken for granted and how it might inform other obstacles women in the industry must navigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a Swedish Sport for All Programme (SAP) in school. We use a case study to discuss girls' debut in alternative sports programme organized in collaboration between school and the sports movement. The empirical data are derived from repeated focus group interviews with one group of seven 10-year-old girls participating in one SAP. The analyses focus on their subjective experiences and how broader gender structures influence these experiences. Drawing on the results of this study, we argue that certain sports can be interpreted as oppressive activities that produce asymmetric power relationships between different groups of children. Simultaneously, the girls see the idea of sports as joyful activities, without male abuse and oppression or hierarchical gender relationships. Based on the girls' accounts, we claim that both the leaders and the children actively reproduce gender stereotypes in the SAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy of assimilation of Aboriginal people in Australia had its heyday in the 1950s and 1960s. The Australian states, which were primarily responsible for Aboriginal affairs, adopted many different forms of assimilation. In Queensland, assimilation was predominantly carried out through the extensive system of missions and settlements that the state had heavily invested in since the late colonial era. This paper examines the role of extra‐curricular activities, particularly sport, that emerged out of Queensland's Aboriginal institutions in the government‐driven strategies to promote assimilation. The focal point is the women's only sport of Marching Girls and the marching teams that were formed at the government settlement of Cherbourg, north‐west of Brisbane. Using spatial history and document analysis, the Marching Girls are a case study to examine the complexity of assimilation as the policy was filtered through the Queensland government apparatus, to investigate the intersection between sport, gender and assimilation, and to explore how women's participation in extra‐curricular activities provides insights into the assimilation project at local, state and even national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian sports historiography, in privileging Western, reconstructionist approaches to narrating histories of Aboriginal sport, has overlooked Indigenous research methodologies that privilege Aboriginal voices. This paper adopts the Indigenous research methodology of yarning in a collaborative project with former sportswomen from the Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement in Queensland. Yarning, as a culturally respectful way of eliciting memories and valuing expression of Indigenous voices, was used to explore their experiences, memories and meanings of competitive marching, a popular sport for young women in mid‐twentieth century Australia. The yarning sessions revealed insights into sport that are missing from the empirical, archival record, and allowed the exploration of agency and autonomy, acts of resistance, and complex intersections of nostalgia and trauma. This paper offers specific and broader insights on sport in Australian Indigenous communities and on the entanglement of the sporting past with the histories and politics of race and gender in Queensland. In repositioning researcher and researched in Aboriginal sport history, this paper demonstrates the potential of transformative narratives about the experiences of Indigenous Australians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]