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The prevalence of e-cigarette use among young people has become a growing concern, prompting the question of who is responsible for the promotion and marketing of these products to the vulnerable demographic: children and adolescents. The man behind the scenes in this scenario often is complicated. As we continue to navigate through the complexities surrounding e-cigarettes and youth consumption, it is essential that policymakers, public health officials, and parents work together to address this issue and prevent further harm to our future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on resilience helps parents promote health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and mitigate stress associated with raising a child with disabilities. Therefore, understanding how resilience works for parents to inform future interventions and services is important. However, the mutual relations among parental stress, family resilience, and parents' HRQOL for families of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have not been investigated in the literature. This study examined the associations among these three variables for these families and would benefit the parents as well as their children. A sample of 1003 parents of children with ASD reporting both parents' HRQOL from a national dataset was included in this study. This dataset surveyed parents who had a child aged 0–17 in the household in the United States. The investigated latent variables were constructed by the items selected from the survey. Results showed that parental HRQOL could be directly affected by parental stress β = − 0.19, p <.001 and family resilience, β = 0.31, p <.001. Parental stress could be directly affected by family resilience, β = − 0.29, p <.001. Parental HRQOL could be indirectly affected by family resilience through parental stress, β = 0.055, SE = 0.013, p <.001, 95% CI = 0.034 to 0.084. In conclusion, family members could rely on and share the burden and responsibility for each other to increase their family resilience, which could assist parents to reduce their parental stress and directly and through the reduction of their parental stress indirectly increase their HRQOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of digitally extended availability in work-from-home arrangements on work-family conflict under the intensity of work demands for parents. The advent of digital communication technologies has facilitated a shift towards a more blurred distinction between work and private life, which is often enabled by the option of working from home. Digitally extended availability, as a condition of being available for work-related requests and answering messages during non-working hours, represents a specific aspect of boundary blurring. Theoretically, it builds on the work/family border theory, which is expanded by the perspective of the flexibility paradox. This approach assumes that flexible working arrangements in contexts of work-centred always-on cultures can potentially exacerbate the reconciliation of work and private life. The results of moderated mediation models on two waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam) indicate that working from home is associated with increased work-family conflict. This association is mediated by a higher degree of digitally extended availability for work communication. Furthermore, higher work demands serve to reinforce this mediation for fathers, but not for mothers. These findings lend support to the flexibility paradox perspective and underscore gender-specific differences in the conflict-enhancement of digitally extended availability in demanding work-from-home arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study examined which parenting behaviors predict the development of infants’ empathic concern for others in distress. We distinguished between three forms of sensitive/responsive parenting: mothers' responsiveness to infant distress, their responsiveness to the infant's nondistress cues, and maternal expression of positive affect and affection in nondistress. Although in prior work these parenting behaviors were frequently combined, or subsumed under a single global construct, such as “sensitive responsiveness”, the three forms of parenting are theoretically distinct. We hypothesized that once all three were examined simultaneously, only responsiveness to distress would emerge as a unique predictor of empathy. A sample of 165 Israeli infants (50% girls) was assessed from 3 to 18 months. Parenting measures were coded from mother–infant interactions at 3 and 6 months, and infants’ empathic concern was assessed using three distressed stimuli at ages 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Path analysis models revealed that, consistent with the hypothesis, only responsiveness to distress uniquely predicted infants' subsequent empathic concern, over and above the other forms of parenting and preexisting empathy levels; conversely, being responsive or affectionate when infants were not distressed did not predict their empathic abilities. The findings underscore the importance of differentiating between theoretically distinct forms of parenting, even when they are correlated. The discussion addresses the role of responsiveness to infants’ distress in the early development of empathic capacity, and highlights avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMethodsResultsConclusions\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONEngaging parents in child-focused interventions is considered important for intervention effectiveness but is rarely investigated in behaviour analysis literature.This qualitative study conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 clinicians working with parents in child-focused behavioural interventions in Aotearoa New Zealand. Interpretive description was the overarching methodology for the study, with thematic analysis utilised to analyse data. The study was guided by the research question; ‘how is parent engagement understood by behavioural clinicians?’Three themes were developed to explain the process of parent engagement from the perspective of clinicians: (a) establishing parent context and needs, (b), developing connection and relationship, (c) facilitating behaviour change. These findings suggest that parent engagement is heavily relational and occurs over time.Aligned with parent engagement literature from other allied health fields, this study highlights the relational and dynamic elements of engagement within a child-focused intervention. Behaviour analysts should focus on interpersonal connections with parents at the start of intervention and may benefit from additional training to achieve this.Behavioural clinicians understand parent engagement as heavily informed by relationship and likely to change over time.Attending carefully to parent expectations, values, learning histories, and preferences at the start of intervention will support fostering of parent engagement in child treatments.Behaviour analysts should prioritise building connection with parents before focusing on levels of parent adherence to developed interventions.Behavioural clinicians understand parent engagement as heavily informed by relationship and likely to change over time.Attending carefully to parent expectations, values, learning histories, and preferences at the start of intervention will support fostering of parent engagement in child treatments.Behaviour analysts should prioritise building connection with parents before focusing on levels of parent adherence to developed interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental involvement in children's education is highly valued and encouraged in many societies. While existing research has mainly focused on the positive effects parental involvement has for children, we argue that engaging in such quality parent–child interactions can also be a resource‐gaining process for parents. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory and the work–home resources model, the current study aims to investigate how and when working parents' involvement in children's education enhances their well‐being at home and engagement at work. Using a two‐wave survey of 206 full‐time employees with at least one school‐aged child, our results indicate that for parents experiencing higher levels of parental burnout, involvement in their children's education enhances their flourishing experience at home and subsequently improves work engagement and creative process engagement at work. Overall, our study contributes to the well‐being and work–family interface literature by highlighting the positive effect of parental involvement, an underexplored construct, on working parents' well‐being both at home and in the workplace. This study also provides practical implications for burned‐out working parents that they can benefit from involving themselves in their children's education to cope with and thrive from family demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an eight-session universal parent training program for working parents using a parallel cluster randomized controlled trial design. The program was facilitated by preschool-based social workers in preschools. Method: Participants included 242 parents of children attending 16 preschools under the Pilot Scheme on Social Work Service for Pre-Primary Institutions, with 150 (seven preschools) randomly allocated to the intervention group and 92 (nine preschools) to the waitlist control group, with no blinding. Participants completed questionnaires on their parenting stress, parenting practices and emotion coaching (primary outcomes), and children's behavior problems (secondary outcomes). The study was registered with the ISRCTN registry (39415). Results: Mixed effects regression analysis (intention-to-treat) with preschool as a random factor indicated a significant decrease in over-reactivity, and an improvement in emotion coaching. Conclusions: The results provided promising research on the effectiveness of a preschool-based parenting program for working parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research points towards an overall intensification of parenting expectations including newer expectations for fathers' involvement in caregiving. At the same time, the ideal worker norm persists, and employers continue to expect men's full and uninterrupted work commitment. This article explores what these competing expectations attached to work and parenting mean for single fathers. To do so, the article draws on 30 in-depth interviews with a sample of working single fathers with primary caregiving responsibility in the United States and differentiates between those with white- and blue-collar jobs. The study finds that both white- and blue-collar single fathers prioritize caregiving and resist the ideal worker norm and, as a result, experience work–family conflict. Resolving this conflict becomes single fathers' individual responsibility, and the resources to resolve it are primarily available to white-collar men in the form of understanding supervisors and access to workplace flexibility. Blue-collar single fathers need to be more creative and resourceful in reconciling their caregiving and breadwinning roles. Inability to resolve work–family conflict can lead to job penalties such as reduced income and/or a job loss, which are found across different job types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the reading comprehension skills of the Grade 6 Pupils during the School Year 2022-2023. It sought to answer the following questions which involved the profile of the student-respondents in terms of age, sex, economic status, educational attainment of parents and their relationship to the parents and the teachers. Also, the reading problems encountered by the Grade 6 learners and their level of reading comprehension skills of the students based on phonetic awareness, phonics, decoding, word identification, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension. Likewise, a significant relationship between the profile of the pupils and their reading comprehension skills was also determined. The program of activities can be adopted by the teachers to improve the reading comprehension skills of Grade 6 pupils served as output of the study. Findings showed that the Grade 6 learners are younger female-dominated learners with middle socio-economic status backgrounds whose parents neither finished secondary level nor degree holder and undergraduate units with either one or both parents are working. Further, learners in the division had supervision with their parents and had regular study habit. The reading problems encountered by the Grade 6 learners are still developing with a focus on basic understanding and making meaning on fluency, vocabulary, background knowledge, comprehension strategies, lack of self-motivation, lack of background knowledge and inability to comprehend the texts were the foremost problem. Likewise, the reading comprehension ability of learners along vocabulary knowledge is developing. Further, the supervision of parents and good study habits influence the reading comprehension of learners. Additionally, these strategies could strengthen the comprehension ability of learners in school and at home. It is recommended in the study that the teachers should provide learners with specific resources or strategies aligned with their demographic background, e.g., culturally relevant texts for students from a specific background. Thus, an intervention of interactive materials shall be developed to address the concerns of Grade 6 learners in reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using newly released detailed data on absence from school, we find a ‘Friday effect’—children are much less likely to attend schools in England on Fridays. We use daily level data across the whole of England and find that this pattern holds for different schools and for different types of absence, including illness‐related authorised and unexplained unauthorised absence. The Friday absence rate is 1.5 percentage points (20%) higher relative to the rest of the week. For authorised absences, the Friday rate is 0.81 percentage points higher than that for Monday to Thursday, while for unauthorised absences it is 0.71 percentage points higher. Furthermore, we document a social gradient in the ‘Friday effect’ for unauthorised absences, where the effect is larger in more deprived areas. This is especially the case for secondary schools. Similarly, in secondary schools the ‘Friday effect’ is 51% larger in areas with the highest rates of persistent absence compared with areas with the lowest persistent absence rates. We explore reasons for the ‘Friday effect’ and do not find evidence that parents working from home explain the higher absence rate on Fridays. We do find that Friday absences are greater in weeks that precede either a bank holiday or half‐term—suggesting that the extension of holidays or trying to avoid holiday traffic might go some way to explain the patterns that we find. We show that eliminating the ‘Friday effect’ could lead to an improvement of 1.15% of a standard deviation in test scores and a 0.14–0.25% increase in later life income. Tackling weekly absence patterns may therefore help to raise attainment and reduce inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphone use during parenting is common, which may lead to distraction (also known as technoference). However, it is likely that some phone activities are less disruptive to parents and children. In this study, we explored smartphone use (via passive sensing across 8 days) within 264 parents of infants, measuring parents' application use on their phone (e.g., messaging, social media, mobile gaming, video chat) and phone use across contexts (e.g., during feeding and at bedtime). We utilized latent profile analysis to identify profiles of users, revealing five user types: Moderate User Social Networkers (37%), followed by Moderate User Gamers (20%), Moderate User Video Chatters (17%), Low Users (15%), and Heavy Users (11%). Parents varied in their use, from Low Users, who used their phone approximately 2.4 h each day, spent only 13% of their child time on their phone, and used their phone for about 18 min at bedtime, to Heavy Users, who spent approximately 8 h a day, about 50% of their child time on their phone, and about 1 h at bedtime. Heavy Users showed higher depressive symptoms and poorer sleep (although not poorer sleep than Moderate User Gamers). Surprisingly, we found no differences between groups in perceptions of parenting stress, responsiveness to their infant, or problematic phone use and distraction. We also explored demographic differences across groups. We call for future work to examine parent phone use more comprehensively and holistically and to view specific phone use activities as simultaneously interconnected with other types of use activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether the number of weekly childcare arrangements for under-school-aged children is associated with parental nonstandard hours (e.g. evenings, nights, or irregular schedules) and the reasons and justifications parents working nonstandard hours give for using informal care arrangements. Using cross-sectional survey data of 359 Finnish parents with children aged 0–6 years, we found that nonstandard work hours, compared with standard daytime hours, were associated with a higher number of weekly care arrangements for children under 5 years old. Qualitative parental interviews (N = 27) further revealed three justifications for using informal care: ‘Leaning on parents’ values and desires’, ‘Disclaiming from actions potentially harming the child’, and ‘Balancing parents’ needs and the moral aspects of using informal childcare’. Our findings highlight that parents of young children tend to rely on multiple childcare arrangements during nonstandard work hours even in a country with a comprehensive institutional early childhood education and care (ECEC) infrastructure and affordable tax-based provision of around-the-clock care (i.e. extended hours ECEC). Furthermore, emotional-based reasons related to ensuring child well-being were emphasised over rational-based ones when parents provided justifications for using informal arrangements during nonstandard hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving timely "permanency" for children after statutory child removal has become a key policy driver internationally. In New South Wales, child protection reforms include prioritising reunification; introducing time frames for resolution of legal proceedings; and outsourcing a substantial proportion of casework to the non‐government sector. In assessing the viability of reunification, courts place responsibility for behaviour change on parents and obscure the role of systems in supporting these changes. Professionals, as actors within a complex system, have an insider perspective on factors that influence reunification. A qualitative study was undertaken to elicit the perspectives of professionals working with parents involved in care proceedings. A total of 29 caseworkers and lawyers took part in focus groups. Complexity theory was used as an interpretive framework, and thematic analysis was completed. Themes about barriers to reunification exposed the unintended consequences of change in a complex adaptive system. Far from making reunification more achievable by streamlining the legal process, changes introduced impediments in the form of role, goal and process confusion and low levels of professional confidence in their capacity to help parents and achieve predictable legal outcomes. These results strengthen calls for a different approach to confront system‐induced barriers. Embedding interagency collaboration, challenging risk narratives about parents and offering them dedicated services are areas that demand urgent attention in order to ensure no child, whose safety and best interests could be met by reunification, remains in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Many youth in the USA have access to a loaded and unlocked firearm in their home. Discussions between adult family members have the potential to positively influence firearm storage. Purpose Work with firearm-owning parents to develop and obtain preliminary data about the efficacy of a family-centered decision support tool about firearm storage. Methods We adapted the Ottawa Personal Decision Guide for Two to the issue of firearm storage, producing the Family Safety Check-In. Subsequently, we evaluated its acceptability and impact on intentions to make a plan with their partner (or other adult sharing parental duties) about safer firearm storage. Participants were parents/guardians of at least one school-aged child, had firearms in their home, and resided in the USA (n = 402). They completed a web-based pre-test survey, were randomized to the Family Safety Check-In or an American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) informational resource about firearm storage for families, and then completed a post-test survey. Results The Family Safety Check-In had higher ratings for acceptability (B = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.58–1.90) and appropriateness (B = 1.46, 95% CI = 0.72–2.19) than the AAP resource. Participants in the Family Safety Check-In condition also had greater intentions to make a plan with their partner about storing firearms more safely (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.26–2.87). Conclusions The Family Safety Check-In is a promising direction for harm reduction that warrants further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether and to what extent the availability of grandparents in the home plays a buffering role in the labor supply of parents of children aged 0–5 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of grandparents as a childcare resource and its association with parents' labor supply have received increasing attention in the literature. Limited childcare options during the pandemic underscore the need to investigate how working parents manage the double burden of family and work and what role grandparents could play. I use monthly data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) from January to May 2019 and 2020. Using a propensity score matching method, parents in three-generational households were matched to those in two-generational households. Then, I employ a difference-in-differences approach with propensity score-matched samples. Results show that parents living with grandparents are more likely to have worked last week and worked longer during the pandemic relative to parents in a two-generational household. The effects of the availability of coresident grandparents are more pronounced among single and low-educated parents than their counterparts. Furthermore, mothers and fathers show heterogeneous responses to the presence of grandparents during the pandemic. In conclusion, results highlight that grandparents played a buffering role in mitigating the adverse impact of the pandemic on parental labor supply. This study sheds light on the importance of grandparental care specifically and informal care and home-based care in general. It also provides policy implications for strengthening the childcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose – This study aims to explore whether the working parents' perception about the necessity of childcare centres for their work efficiency is associated with their anxieties and concerns related to their dual responsibilities, i.e. providing proper parental childcare and maintaining work efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 100 employed parents, from the Jashore region of Bangladesh, was surveyed, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings – It was revealed that there is a strong association between the perceived negative impact on job performance, childcare, child development, work efficiency and perceived need for a childcare centre. Research limitations/implications – The limitation of this study is that it was confined to Jashore University of Science and Technology. The results may differ from those of the study conducted outside this study area and the methodology used here. Practical implications – This study has significant practical implications for employers, childcare service providers and policy makers, especially in Bangladesh. The employers will be able to understand the demand for childcare services centres among the employed parents in respective organizations. It will draw attention of employers of knowledge intensive industries and grants commission to the issue of conflict of work and childcare-related responsibilities of employed parents. This will also make employers conscious about the dilemma that is undergone by employed parents motivating them to take actions for minimizing such conflicts to ensure better job performance of working parents. Social implications – Based on this study, childcare providers and other policy makers will be able to ascertain the potential size of the childcare market and determine the requirement for investment in childcare-related human resources development. As the work and childcare responsibilities compete for limited time of working parents, either childcare or job performance suffers. This causes concerns, anxieties or remorse, which again hampers the job performance further. Therefore, this study may motivate the university authority around the world, specifically those in Bangladesh, to provide childcare facilities for its faculties, students and other employees. Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature on growing demand for centre-based childcare services in an emerging economy context. It provides evidence of high demand for on- and off-site childcare centres to enhance work efficiency of working parents.

Bacolod City College recognizes the importance of mental health for its diverse student body, addressing academic pressures, financial concerns, and social challenges. By identifying priorities, the guidance center can implement proactive measures for effective stress management. The study used a quantitative descriptive design to gather data on the mental health priorities of Bacolod City College students, incorporating factors like age, sex, and living conditions, aligning with the Department of Science and Technology's Mental Health Research Agenda. LGBTQ+ issues were viewed as low priority in this school while suicide/self-harm issues and family issues were seen as a high priority. The Business Administration-Entrepreneurship department also views Abuse and Trauma and HIV and STDs as high-priority mental health issues. The quality of life for older students with mental health issues is generally good, regardless of demographic variables such as sex, living conditions, and parental employment. Mental health issues are well understood by male students, high-income students, and employed parents, with age and sex showing significant differences within-group. The Guidance Center of Bacolod City College should continue to support students with unique mental health concerns, focusing on improving their quality of life and family environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do the actions of higher education leadership impact the trust employees feel in their organization? Using a theoretical framework that suggests that trust is shared, learned, and conditional, we investigate the way the actions of senior leaders and direct supervisors both helped and harmed employees’ trust in their organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on interviews with 25 working parents in student affairs, we found that many felt abandoned by their senior leaders as institutions focused their actions on supporting students, often at the expense of employee health and well-being. Although some individual supervisors were noted for being supportive, their actions often were counter to the dominant culture, leading to overall feelings of disillusionment and distrust. This study’s findings extend far beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, illustrating how institutional behavior can influence employee morale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the city of Clichy-sous-Bois introduced a cross-disciplinary collaboration with local actors, parents and professionals, with the aim of implementing an early prevention and parenting project (PPEP’S). But what does it mean to support parenthood and work with parents in a disadvantaged neighbourhood in 21st century France? It is this question, with its anthropological, social and political implications, that we would like to address in this article. Here we take up the voices of professionals working in popular neighborhoods (Chêne Pointu and Chêne Étoile) in Clichy-sous-Bois, both of which are marked by poverty and social and health insecurity. This situation complexifies the task of the professionals, particularly in terms of the posture to have when faced with a reality which, although structurally known by the various institutions and other public actors, nevertheless retains its share of uncertainties, misunderstandings and even incomprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timing of parental unemployment can impact children's educational transitions. Previous research has mostly examined transitions to higher education, proxying timing in relation to children's age and often focusing on selective populations. We study unemployment's intergenerational effects at multiple stages of the educational career, and define timing relative to important crossroads within and across school years for a broader population of children. Further, we build on suggestive patterns in prior studies and test if and how parental unemployment's effects vary depending on the availability, level, and combination of private insurance (parental wealth) and public insurance (unemployment benefits). We rely on Dutch administrative data on cohorts of students born between 1992 and 1998 and observed around the time of the Great Recession. With a negative-control design, we find that paternal unemployment in 6th grade decreases children's chances of enrolling in the general and academic secondary-school tracks, but only in families with lower wealth. Effects are moderate and partly flow from lower performance in a high-stakes test in 6th grade. These effects are reduced when households receive larger unemployment benefit amounts, particularly above median values. In addition, paternal unemployment in 6th grade has long-term negative effects on postsecondary enrolment for children with lower relative wealth. Differently, we do not find evidence of timing effects for spells of paternal unemployment occurring around high-school graduation, nor when examining the timing of maternal unemployment. These findings can inform remedial interventions aimed at mitigating the negative effects of disruptive events on children's education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mixed-methods study explored the centrality and meanings of men's and women's parental and work-related identities by comparing semi-traditional, equal-sharing, and role-reversed couples. Quantitative analysis involved 2,813 British parents (1,380 men, 1,433 women) who were primary caregivers, primary breadwinners, or equal sharers with at least one child aged 11 or under. Qualitative analysis drew on 60 in-depth interviews with 10 couples from each of the three groups. Results indicated that the centrality of parental and work identities varied by role rather than gender, as both male and female caregivers reported less central work identities and more central parental identities compared to breadwinners and equal-sharers. Equal-sharers and role-reversers were characterized by women's central work identity and men's low centrality of work identity. In these couples, a 'half and half' parenting ideology underlined the construction of mothering and fathering as equivalent interchangeable identities, each forming only one half of a child's parenting. Intertwining their maternal identity with an equivalent construction of their partners' identity allowed women to reconcile a good mother ideal with central work identities, by redefining mothering as a responsibility for only half of the caregiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research has been done on parents' coordination of their work arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic. Synchronized work arrangements (e.g., both parents work from home) could enable working parents to maximize their togetherness, whereas desynchronized working arrangements could enable them to address some pandemic-induced challenges, such as an increased need for child care and distance education. We draw upon the Familydemic Harmonized Dataset a cross-county study offering data on work and family outcomes collected in Canada, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, and the US. Using a sample of dual-earner heterosexual parents, this study examines whether working parents harmonized their transitions between home-based work and the workplace during the COVID-19 pandemic and explores factors that potentially contributed to this coordination process. The findings reveal that working couples' transitions to home-based work from the workplace were synchronized. Parents with similar educational attainment were more likely to experience such coordination than couples with different levels of education. Cohabiting couples in married/registered unions were more likely to transition to home-based work simultaneously than non-registered cohabiting couples. The duration of synchronized home-based work episodes decreased with the number of children, and the length of synchronized workplace attendance increased with the age of the children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, adults between the ages of 20 and 35 are living with their parent or parents for extended periods of time. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as "boomerang child coresidence," poses a range of benefits and challenges for families. The authors of this article consulted an expert about boomerang child coresidence to identify ethical dilemmas family counselors may encounter as they work with families experiencing boomerang child coresidence. In this article, the authors wrote a fictional case study incorporating intersectional issues related to a family with a boomerang family member and then asked an expert to respond to questions about the case study. The respondent to this case study highlights key ethical, cultural, and systemic considerations, and provides recommendations for couples and family counselors to apply the International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors Code of Ethics in their work with parents of boomerang children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of custodial grandparents has increased in South Asia and elsewhere, partly due to the growing trend of parents migrating for work, but often because of the untimely demise of one or both parents, illness, alcoholism and related issues affecting the birth parents. Adopting a phenomenological lens, this article explores the lived experiences and perceived needs of 10 custodial grandmothers from the Attappadi indigenous belt in Kerala to discuss how they cope with multiple challenges. Data gathering through indigenous storytelling methods and an interpretive phenomenological analysis points to new forms of feminisation of caregiving through custodial grandparenting, which require further research. Within the complex socio-economic and health contexts of the selected sample, our fieldwork explores the implications of the absence of the middle generation, which creates a network of intersecting disadvantages. We argue that the resulting calls for better support networks to assist these indigenous custodial grandmothers need to be addressed effectively at the levels of policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing multiple roles is considered a major challenge that mature working student parents face when they embrace the educational pursuit of enrolling in higher education. Limited research exists on mature working student parents that identify the strategies that concur for a successful journey through their educational paths. The aim of this study is to explore the experiences of mature working student parents balancing studies, work, and family. We conducted 11 semi-structured interviews with mature students enrolled in first- and second-cycle degrees in a higher education institution in Portugal. Thematic analysis was used, and findings demonstrated that working student parents develop diverse strategies to combine work, family, and studies and these strategies are shaped by the needs they have in each role and interconnect with the activation of social support. Recommendations for researchers and institutions to support the educational pursuits of mature working student parents to best suit their needs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on autistic women's experience of parenthood is lacking. In this paper, two studies are presented. Study 1 comprised a small-scale qualitative study with autistic mothers (n = 9) in which their experiences of motherhood were explored using thematic analysis. The findings showed that participants identified a range of strengths, including connection with their children, high knowledge about childhood, a reflective style of parenting, good coping strategies, identifying with their autism diagnosis, and not caring what others thought. They also identified difficulties, including sensory challenges, coping with uncertainty and change, having to socialise, managing exhaustion, and not being taken seriously by professionals involved with their children. Guided by the findings of Study 1, and in collaboration with an advisory panel of autistic mothers, an online survey using mixed methods was completed by education and social professionals (n = 277) to investigate their understanding of, and attitudes towards, autism in women and mothers. Results showed high awareness and positive attitudes towards autism, but low levels of self-efficacy in working with autistic adults. Qualitative content analysis of open-ended questions shed light on challenges and rewards of working with autistic parents. The findings are discussed with reference to the double empathy problem (Milton Disability & Society, 27(6), 883–887, 2012) and implications for training of professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anna Freud’s groundbreaking use of child observation gave rise to the ‘double approach’, an innovative methodology that combined direct child observation with psychoanalytic reconstruction. This method of gathering and understanding data resulted in Anna Freud’s developmental theory that encompassed both normative and pathological child development. Anna Freud became convinced of the need to work with the parent and child and of the power of early intervention and prevention. This paper describes the use of the ‘double approach’ during a year-long observation of a therapeutic parent-toddler group, an early intervention and prevention approach that included parents and their toddlers. The observations demonstrate the valuable role of how intervening early in the toddler’s life facilitated her processing of trauma, leading to her developing the capacity to explore and play and to form strong relationships. It underscores the invaluable role of close observations in gaining insights into the child’s behaviour and internal world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment and earnings instability is common, particularly among low-income families, and can interfere with child-care arrangements. Child-care subsidies are designed to support parents' labor force participation and earnings, but the subsidy program's reach is limited, and enrollment may be hindered by changes in parents' employment or income; in turn, changes in child-care subsidy participation may lead to changes in parents' employment status, hours, or earnings. This study uses longitudinal administrative data from 2016 to 2019 on quarterly employment and earnings and child-care subsidy program participation from Virginia to examine associations between household subsidy receipt and parents' earnings and employment outcomes. Parental employment and earnings increased in the quarters following initial subsidy receipt, which then became stable. Among working parents, we find increased job and earnings stability in the quarters of subsidy receipt but increased multiple jobholding. Findings highlight the importance of child-care subsidies for the employment outcomes of low-income families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic directly threatened our health and safety, while contradictory scientific and media reports generated uncertainty. Social information processing theory suggests that employees may have relied on their coworkers, via coworker support, to make sense of the confusion. Because previous research shows that coworker support can counterintuitively increase strain, we investigated the effects of coworker support on strain during the pandemic. Specifically, we collected data from a heterogeneous US sample of 314 working parents in May 2020 to illustrate the path from personal traits (i.e., optimism, generalized self‐efficacy, and internal locus of control) to COVID‐19 anxiety to workplace outcomes (i.e., self‐rated performance, emotional exhaustion, and work–family conflict) in a multiphasic study design. Employees with low levels of these traits reported more COVID‐19 anxiety, and in turn, more decrement to their workplace outcomes. This mediation is moderated by coworker social support, such that the indirect effect is exacerbated by coworker social support. This is consistent with social information processing theory, which states that coworker social support can unintentionally corroborate and amplify employee stress perceptions. We therefore recommend that, when faced with significant adversity, organizations provide communication training oriented toward increasing positive coworker interactions and guiding social information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child care places in Indonesia are very much needed for working parents. The availability of child care places is a form of the state's obligation to fulfill the rights of its citizens. The absence of regulations regarding child care for working parents is one of the problems that can hinder both working parents and children's growth and development. This research uses normative juridical and empirical juridical research methods which use a statutory approach, a conceptual approach and a legal sociology approach. Human Rights are based on universal principles such as dignity, equality, freedom and justice. Human Rights aims to protect and respect the basic rights of every individual without regard to race, religion, sex, color, language, political opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. This is considered a right inherent in humans from birth and cannot be taken away. The same is true with the right to obtain care for children and also the right to obtain work for parents. These two rights are in conflict because there is no means to fulfill the necessary rights for children and parents. To exercise these rights, the state is obliged to provide child care which is the answer to obstacles that arise in the household and work sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to paid time off in the United States is limited compared to most other nations due to lacking federal paid leave policies. Within the labor market access is unequal, with workers with less racial, class, and gender privilege having less access. In the absence of federal policy, most research compares the experiences of those with and without paid time off, building an argument for this important policy. However, research examining the experiences of workers with paid time off who are relatively unlikely to have it is lacking. Applying a critical ecological framework, the current study draws from interviews with 21 single parents working low paying healthcare jobs to extend the literature by examining how they experience workplace paid leave policies. The findings illustrate how the power of a beneficial workplace paid leave policy can be limited by interaction with other workplace policies, policy implementation practices, and the broader social ecology. This interaction transforms this universal policy into a racialized, gendered, and classed policy that can punish low-paid single mothers, who are primarily Black women, for using their earned time for caregiving, thereby contributing to employment instability. The findings of this study add nuance to the available literature and suggests that examining marginalized workers' experiences of workplace policy implementation can reveal mechanisms by which institutional discrimination is maintained in workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Leadership research is grounded in one simple principle: leaders care about followers' attitudes and emotions to achieve outcomes. Yet, how leaders develop these caring skills remains unidentified. The current study addresses parenting as a major, previously unaddressed antecedent of leadership effectiveness that involves experiences of care and emotional support to others (the children) transferred to work. Findings from matched field data of leaders who are parents and their employees confirm this approach and point to a fundamental omission in leadership studies: supportive behaviors that are critical for leaders involve experiences of care inherently developed in parenting roles. Consistent with work–family enrichment principles, leaders' parental experiences improved employee outcomes by facilitating supportive leadership behaviors, conditional on time spent in parenting (with supportive parenting styles but little time to be with children, the positive transfer from parenting to work was lower). These findings represent a clear contribution to leadership theory and practice and the many missed associations between leadership and family–work enrichment. They also provide novel insights and questions for advancing management theory with critical practical implications for leaders who are parents, calling for urgent designs of firm practices that are sensitive to parenting and other forms of unpaid care work to unleash leaders' caring potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on the implementation of special education (SE) has consistently documented racial inequities in the law's implementation. We present a new theoretical framework to guide future research. SE law requires parents to act as initiators, developers, and enforcers in the implementation of SE policy. Drawing from law and society research, we demonstrate how the law's design contributes to structural inequalities because it conscripts parents to work as policy agents. Parents may not be adequately resourced for their role, which contributes to inequalities and makes structural changes difficult. We argue that this framework may shift approaches to research within and beyond SE, helping to reorient approaches to understanding parents' roles and the reproduction of inequities within educational policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: is to determine the impact of working week length on satisfaction with work-children balance in a gender context.Methods: the empirical data are based on a structured survey of employed Russians raising children under 14 (N = 1449), the final sample size of 826 respondents. The authors’ online survey technology was used. The success of work-children balance was rated on a 10-point scale. Mean satisfaction with work-children balance as a function of parents' working hours was analysed using Mann-Whitney U-test and z-test.Results: sociological assessments show high overemployment among parents of minor children: 56.5% of working fathers and 33.1% of working mothers work over 40 hours a week. The statistical significance of the average estimates of the differentiation of "time for children" satisfaction between overemployed, underemployed and standardly employed parents by working hours revealed gender specificity. Working fathers show no significant difference in the estimated proportions, although overemployed male respondents are 1.6 times less likely to rate the success of their work-children balance as high. Among women, there is a direct correlation: the longer the working week, the lower the average assessment of the success of work-children balance. Women with two or more children of different ages (0–6; 7–14) are the least satisfied with their work-children balance.Conclusions and Relevance: working hours exceeding the normative standards of the RF Labour Code negatively impact women's parental well-being and impede the multi-child parenting as a national demographic goal. It is important to develop mechanisms to encourage employers to reduce overtime for women raising children under 14.

Background: In the U.S., employees often return to work within 8–12 weeks of giving birth, therefore, it is critical that workplaces provide support for employees combining breastfeeding and work. The Affordable Care Act requires any organization with more than 50 employees to provide a space other than a restroom to express breastmilk and a reasonable amount of time during the workday to do so. States and worksites differ in the implementation of ACA requirements and may or may not provide additional support for employees combining breastfeeding and work. The purpose of this study was to conduct an analysis of the policies and resources available at 26 institutions within a state university system to support breastfeeding when employees return to work after giving birth. Methods: Survey data was collected from Well-being Liaisons in the human resources departments at each institution. In addition, we conducted a document review of policies and online materials at each institution. We used univariate statistics to summarize survey results and an inductive and deductive thematic analysis to analyze institutional resources available on websites and in policies provided by the liaisons. Results: A total of 18 (65.3%) liaisons participated in the study and revealed an overall lack of familiarity with the policies in place and inconsistencies in the resources offered to breastfeeding employees across the university system. Only half of the participating liaisons reported a formal breastfeeding policy was in place on their campus. From the document review, six major themes were identified: placing the burden on employees, describing pregnancy or postpartum as a "disability," having a university-specific policy, inclusion of break times for breastfeeding, supervisor responsibility, and information on lactation policies. Conclusion: The review of each institution's online resources confirmed the survey findings and highlighted the burden placed on employees to discover the available resources and advocate for their needs. This paper provides insight into how institutions support breastfeeding employees and provides implications on strategies to develop policies at universities to improve breastfeeding access for working parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents of a disabled child experience complex situations with varied and sometimes contradictory needs, interests, and emotions, and with ambiguities related to the possibilities for both child and family in the context of contemporary normative ableist thinking. In this review, we propose ethics based on 'flourishing' and 'thisness'; with the goal to encourage people to see encounters with parents and families as emergent experimental spaces in which we remain open and interested in developments rather than in fixed ideas. Working with parents with lived experiences of raising a disabled child, we explore the collaboration processes among families, their support networks, and (medical) professionals. These encounters require an ethical perspective, with emergent listening as central to the process. A story is used to highlight the importance of listening as part of an assemblage, recognizing what is already there and affirming the potential for change. Engaging in ethical encounters with families with a disabled child asks for epistemic humility and the willingness to be unsure. Rather than offering step‐by‐step strategies, we open up for the encounter with the 'incalculable other'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many parents to work from home while children participated in distance learning, providing a unique opportunity to examine what children observed about work-life balance. Parent-child dyads (N = 194) completed online surveys about their perceptions of work-life balance. Examination of mothers and fathers found similar challenges about working at home. Parents reported that work-life balance was problematic while children reported positive work-life balance for their parents due to the time spent together while everyone was at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working parents and caregivers in the United States struggle to balance the dual demands of work and care. Many working caregivers need flexible work arrangements (FWAs)-changes to their hours, schedule, or location-to allow them to balance work and care. But access to flexibility remains out of reach for many workers and is least accessible to the most marginalized. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored this problem, as huge numbers of women dropped out of the workforce to care for family. While no federal or state law requires employers to grant FWAs to caregivers, several states and localities have passed "right to request" laws, which establish steps employers must follow when workers ask for flexibility. Several cities go further to provide caregivers with limited rights to FWAs. One city, San Francisco, responded to the pandemic by granting caregivers robust legal rights to FWAs. This Article offers the first analysis of FWA laws since the start of the pandemic and since passage of the nation's strongest FWA law in San Francisco. This Article uses three case studies to interrogate how FWA statutes across the country protect or fail working caregivers and exposes gaps in protection. Using San Francisco's law as a model, this Article argues that other states and cities should respond to the crisis of care exposed by the pandemic by passing comprehensive flexible workplace laws. This Article offers a roadmap for legislative action, recommending that future FWA laws should go beyond the right to request and grant broad, substantive protections that cover a diverse array of workers. Building on prior scholarship advocating for accommodation of caregivers in the workplace, this Article argues that legislative intervention is needed to ensure access to flexibility irrespective of income, education, race, or gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The management of the daily rhythm of work and childrearing, two central responsibilities of working fathers, has received limited research attention. Drawing from an expanded self‐regulation perspective, this study seeks to understand the within‐person depletion and compensation mechanisms that explain how fathers' daily work experiences spillover to influence their next‐day parenting interactions. We also posit that actual childrearing support by mothers and its unavailability may shape fathers' day‐to‐day caregiving rhythm by injecting resources and/or cuing demands for father parenting involvement. Using daily triadic data (N = 631 within‐person observations) from 96 fathers, mothers and their adolescent children in the United States, we found that the lagged relationship between fathers' negative work events and next‐day father–adolescent conflict was mediated by fathers' psychological distress. In addition, we found that negative work events were associated with increased father–adolescent routine activities the next day via time‐based work–family conflict, but only when mothers worked the next day. We further found that negative work events were associated with decreased father–adolescent interactive activities the next day via psychological distress, but only when mothers provided less routine care than normal the next day. Our study portrays fathers juggling work and parenting as a sequenced balancing act. Importantly, incorporating mothers' daily work status and routine parent–adolescent interactions enriches our understanding of fathers' daily work‐to‐parenting spillover process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Findings: This study proposes and tests hypotheses regarding the factors in public early-childhood education (ECE) policy that may explain local universal pre-kindergarten (UPK) policies. By analyzing district-level longitudinal data from the Wisconsin State Department and United States (U.S.) Census over two decades, the study examines the contextual factors associated with policy adoption. Among the three frames of ECE policy – social welfare, education, and family services – this study finds that the education frame, which emphasizes the goal of public ECE in improving all students' educational outcomes, is the primary motivation for UPK in Wisconsin. The social-welfare frame, which posits that public ECE supports poor families, also appears to be associated with Wisconsin UPK policies. Additionally, the results show that UPK was not introduced to provide more child care for working parents, indicating that the family-service frame does not explain UPK. Practice or Policy: Given the overlapping roles of public ECE policies, this study demonstrates that UPK has primarily been oriented toward educational objectives and provides insights for policymakers in deciding which policy to adopt based on local needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before, during, and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic there is a need to understand parent work in online, distance, and digital education. Findings from previous research highlighted the challenges that parents of children identified with disabilities faced with little acknowledgment of the complexities and contextual nuances within and across studies. The purpose of this critical review was to use posthuman theories to engage in a diffractive reading of previous research and generate new insights. The diffractive reading revealed new understandings about the material construction of parents, called for the re-humanizing of the children who were mostly portrayed as burdens, demonstrated how parents engaged in the disentangling from technologies, and located agencies for affirmative ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although women's labour force participation has increased, women still lag behind in financial independence and men in spending time on parenting. Insight in individuals' explicit conversations with their partner about how to coordinate daily household, childcare and paid work may help to overcome these persistent inequalities. Using a daily diary design, the present study examined to what extent daily conversations with the partner about household, childcare and paid work can boost a more equal, fair task division and relationship quality among Dutch mothers and fathers in a heterosexual relationship (N = 1235 daily reported conversations nested in 157 participants; 66.2% female). Mixed model results showed that (1) on days when participants conversed more with their partner about household tasks, they reported a more egalitarian task division and higher satisfaction with and fairness of the task division, and higher relationship quality (2) this higher daily satisfaction with and perceived fairness of the task division (but not egalitarianism) were, in turn, associated with higher relationship quality and (3) conversations had limited spill‐over effects to the next day, stressing the importance of daily coordination. Together, these findings imply that daily household coordination helps parents to overcome traditional gender roles and align with their desired work/family division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive access to medically assisted reproduction procedures and techniques in Argentina has been assured by National Law No. 26,862 since 2013. This Law does not include surrogacy procedures, and the lack of specific regulation shifts practices to a paralegal setting. In this context, planned parenthood by male couples through surrogacy is performed through actions that convey demands for access rights and active State policies. For these couples, the argument is that surrogacy is the only option to have a child with a genetic bond with at least one of the two parents and recognize both filiatory bonds. This work results from field work in progress with parents from the Province of Buenos Aires running this practice in Argentina. Based on in-depth interviews, we attempted to rebuild personal experiences and analyze the meanings that the narratives construct regarding their parenting, the biological connections in establishing or defining family relationships, and the importance of genetics in constructing and maintaining affiliations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]