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Background: Few studies have examined the association between 24-hour movement behaviors and health in children in their first 2 years of primary school. This study aimed to examine how 24-hour movement behavior compositions at age 6 were related to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms at ages 6 and 10. Methods: A subsample of 361 children from the HealthNuts cohort study with valid accelerometer data was included in the cross-sectional analysis. Of these, 279 had longitudinal data for social-emotional outcomes and 113 had longitudinal anthropometric data. Children's 24-hour movement behaviors (ie, sleep, sedentary time, light-intensity physical activity, and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity [MVPA]) were assessed over 8 days using accelerometery and activity logs. BMI z score and waist circumference were assessed using standardized protocols, and parents reported on their child's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were estimated using compositional data analysis and compositional isotemporal substitution analysis. Results: Overall, 24-hour movement behaviors were significantly related to internalizing symptoms cross-sectionally and longitudinally and BMI z-score cross-sectionally. Results from compositional isotemporal substitution models indicated that replacing sedentary time or light-intensity physical activity with MVPA was associated with fewer internalizing symptoms at ages 6 and 10. Replacing time spent sedentary and in light-intensity physical activity or MVPA with sleep was associated with lower BMI z score at age 6. Conclusion: Spending more time in MVPA relative to other movement behaviors is associated with fewer internalizing symptoms. In additional, spending more time sleeping is associated with lower BMI z score and waist circumference in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep are interrelated 24-hour movement behaviors that are important for the growth and well-being of children. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between 24-hour movement behaviors and adiposity, and predicted changes in adiposity following compositional time reallocations in 7- to 12.9-year-old Malaysian children from the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys II Malaysia. Methods: A total of 381 children (mean age 9.7 [1.6] y, 57% girls) provided 24-hour wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometry data which captured time spent for sleep, SB, light PA and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). Indicators of adiposity were derived from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis: body-mass-index-for-age, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, percent body fat, and body mass index. The composition of 4-part movement behaviors was expressed as isometric log-ratio coordinates which were entered into regression models. Isotemporal substitution analysis was used to assess changes in adiposity indicators when reallocating time between movement behaviors. Results: Relative to other movement behaviors, time spent on MVPA was significantly associated with waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, percent body fat, and fat mass index. A 15-minute one-to-one reallocation from other movement behaviors to MVPA predicted lower body-mass-index-for-age (−0.03 to −0.11), smaller waist circumference (−0.67 to −1.28 cm), lower waist-to-height ratio (−0.004 to −0.008), percent body fat (−0.87% to −1.47%), and fat mass index (−0.23 to −0.42). Replacing SB and light PA with sleep or MVPA was associated with lower adiposity. Conclusions: The overall composition of movement behavior was significantly associated with the adiposity of Malaysian schoolchildren. Promoting MVPA and sleep and reducing SB and light PA are important for prevention of childhood obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the adherence, changes in weight, and, waist circumference associated with the daily consumption of a culturally preferred food, namely an avocado, among Hispanic/Latina females in the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial (HAT). Methods: HAT was a multisite, randomized controlled trial conducted between 2018 and 2020. Participants in the Avocado-Supplemented Diet Group were provided with and instructed to consume one avocado/day (~2.2 servings) for 6 months; participants in the Habitual Diet Group were instructed to follow their usual diet and limit intake to ≤2 avocados/month. Avocado consumption was assessed using three random 24 h dietary recalls administered by dietitians. This analysis focused on women who self-identified as Hispanic/Latina. Results: Within HAT, 158 females self-identified as Hispanic/Latina (median age: 42 years, IQR: 36-54). Across the dietary recalls, the Avocado-Supplemented Group (n = 80) consumed 1.9-2.1 avocado servings/day; the Habitual Diet Group (n = 78) consumed 0.04-0.09 servings/day (p < 0.001). The weight and waist circumference measurements were similar between groups. Hispanic/Latina females remained adherent to daily avocado consumption for the 6-month study period, without a significant change in their body weight or waist circumference measurements. Conclusions: Integrating a culturally preferred food into a dietary intervention enhanced adherence amongst Latina adults, with no impact significant impact on body composition.

As rates of obesity continue to rise, so does the impact of obesity on cognitive function. Engaging in physical activity is one pathway through which individuals can help maintain cognitive function. This study examined whether any link between exercise and cognitive function was associated with weight characteristics. Data from 6,012 participants in the Health and Retirement Study were used. The association between participation in light or moderate physical activity and better cognitive function was particularly strong for overweight or obese adults and less so for those who were normal weight. Overall, the findings suggested that while being physically active is associated with better cognitive function regardless of weight, the associations were stronger for individuals who were overweight/obese compared with those who were normal weight. Given the results were particularly pronounced for waist circumference (relative to body mass index), further research should be conducted to examine if individuals with greater abdominal adiposity may benefit most from staying active in terms of their cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The purpose of the study was to develop normative ranges and standards for knee and shoulder isokinetic and anthropometric values. These standards can be qualitatively interpreted and allow practitioners to classify isokinetic and anthropometric values more objectively for university-level netball players. Design: Posttest only observational study design. All players were only evaluated once during the in-season to generate normative ranges. Methods: A total of 51 female players volunteered. Participants were evaluated on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60° per second to obtain knee-extensor and knee-flexor values as well as shoulder-flexor and shoulder-extensor values. A total of 16 anthropometric variables were collected including stature, body mass, 8 skinfolds, and 6 circumferences. Between-group differences were calculated to determine whether playing level was a differentiating factor in data. Results: Normative standards were developed for isokinetic parameters associated with the knee and shoulder joints as well as skinfolds and circumference measures. No statistically significant between-group differences were evident (χKruskal-Wallis²[2] = 3.96, P = .140). Conclusion: These standards can be used by coaches and practitioners to set attainable goals for individual players or those from secondary leagues, classify individual and team-based performances, and facilitate decision-making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition with increasing global prevalence and is associated with cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of obesity in the Tehran cohort study (TeCS) population. METHODS: We used the data collected by systematic random sampling during the recruitment phase of TeCS. The data comprised 4215 households from all districts of the Tehran metropolis, from which 8296 adults aged ≥ 35 years participated between May 2016 and February 2019. Sociodemographic data, medical history, laboratory tests, and anthropometric measurements were gathered from the participants. Participants with missing data were excluded from the final analysis. Finally, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 23, and distribution maps were created by Stata 14.2. RESULTS: A total of 8211 participants (53.9% women) with an average age of 53.7 ± 12.6 years were studied. The age-weighted prevalence of overweight and obese among women was (37.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 34.5, 40.6] and 35.5% [95% CI: 32.6 -38.6]) compared to men (47% [95% CI: 43.6, 50.3] and 22.9% [95% CI: 20.1 -25.8]). The prevalence of substantially increased risk of metabolic complications (SIRMC) based on waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was 49.2% (95% CI: 46.3 -52.2) and 75.5% (95% CI: 72.7 -78.1) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of obesity in Tehran (29.3%) was much higher than in previous reports, particularly among older people, women, and socioeconomically underdeveloped districts. After age 55, more than 80% of women had SIRMC compared to 30% of men. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01365-4.

Food insecurity is highly prevalent and linked to poorer diet and worse metabolic outcomes. Food insecurity can be stressful, and could elicit chronic psychological and physiological stress. In this study, we tested whether stress could be used to identify those at highest risk for worse diet and metabolic measures from food insecurity. Specifically, we hypothesized that cortisol (a physiological marker of stress) and perceived psychological stress would amplify the link between food insecurity and hyperpalatable food intake as well as metabolic measures. In a sample of 624 Black and White women aged 36-43 who participated in the NHLBI Growth and Health Study's midlife assessment, we assessed associations between food insecurity with hyperpalatable food intake (high fat + high sodium foods; high fat + high sugar foods; and high carbohydrate + high sodium foods), and metabolic measures (fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and waist circumference). We found that food insecurity was associated with higher levels of perceived stress (R2 = 0.09), and greater intake of high fat + high sugar (hyperpalatable) foods (R2 = 0.03). In those with higher cumulative cortisol (as indexed by hair cortisol), food insecurity was associated with higher levels of fasting glucose. Neither cortisol nor perceived stress moderated any other relationships, and neither variable functioned as a mediator in sensitivity analyses. Given these largely null findings, further research is needed to understand the role stress plays in the chronic health burdens of food insecurity.

Background: Mongolian people have traditionally had poor vegetable intake habits, which is a cause of increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Monitoring vegetable intake through the dietary biomarkers such as skin carotenoid level, and urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio (represents intake status of salt and vegetable), has been recently suggested to be useful to improve dietary habits. Vegetable juices are an easy way to consume vegetable-derived ingredients. This study aimed to examine the following two points in adults with an overweight or obese body mass index (BMI) in Ulaanbaatar; (1) relationships between these dietary biomarkers and metabolic syndrome components, and (2) effects of an intervention combining regular monitoring of these dietary biomarkers and provision of vegetable juices on values of the dietary biomarkers and metabolic syndrome components. Methods: Ninety-four Mongolian adults with BMI ≥ 25 living in Ulaanbaatar were analyzed. (1) Relationships between baseline values of dietary biomarkers and metabolic syndrome components were analyzed by simple correlation and multiple regression analyses. (2) Participants were randomly allocated to control, monitoring, and monitoring + vegetable juice groups. During the 8-week intervention, the monitoring and monitoring + vegetable juice groups were monitored their dietary biomarkers and blood pressure every two weeks, and the monitoring + vegetable juice group was additionally provided with vegetable juice every day. Changes in dietary biomarkers and metabolic syndrome components before and after intervention were compared among the three groups. Results: (1) The skin carotenoid levels were negatively correlated with blood triglyceride levels, whereas the urinary Na/K ratio was positively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (2) Through the intervention, the monitoring + vegetable juice group showed significant increase in skin carotenoid level (+ 1.72), decrease in urinary Na/K ratio (− 0.80 mol/mol), and decrease in waist circumference (− 2.63 cm) compared to the control group (+ 0.28, + 0.45, and + 0.22, respectively). Conclusions: The combination of the monitoring dietary biomarkers and providing vegetable juice was suggested to be effective in improving dietary habits and metabolic syndrome components including waist circumference in Mongolian adults with an overweight or obese BMI. Trial registration: UMIN-CTR Clinical Trial UMIN000051715 on July 26, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder with university students being particularly vulnerable. The study aimed to investigate the association between binge eating and Internet addiction (IA), body shape (BS) concerns, and body mass index (BMI) among university students. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 448 university students (221 males and 227 females) aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited. A multicomponent questionnaire included socio-demographic information, and validated scales such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Binge-Eating Disorder Screener-7 (BEDS-7), Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Anthropometric measurements [weight, height, and waist circumference (WC)] were recorded, and BMI was calculated. Results: The findings reported that approximately 31% of the participants were at risk of BED, 24.3% had moderate/severe IA, 27.8% were moderate/marked concerned about their BS, and 41.1% were overweight/obese. The risk of BED was significantly associated with IA (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.34–0.93; p < 0.005), BS concerns (OR = 1.39, 95%CI:0.90–2.16; p < 0.001), BMI (OR = 1.74, 95%CI:1.16–2.60; p < 0.005), and WC (OR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.16–2.75; p < 0.006). Regression analysis showed that the risk of BED had a highly significant positive association with WC, BSQ, and IA with the WC identified as the strongest predictor for risk of BED (β = 0.23, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study underscores the need for targeted national initiatives and awareness programs that promote balanced food consumption, healthy internet use, and increased physical activity among young adults of both sexes. By fostering these healthy habits, such interventions can reduce the risk of binge eating disorder and support overall mental and physical well-being in this population. Plain English Summary: Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a common eating problem, especially among university students. This study looked at how BED risk is related to Internet addiction (IA), body shape concerns (BS), and body mass index (BMI) among students. The study involved 448 students aged 18 to 25. They filled out questionnaires and had their weight, height, and waist size measured. The findings highlight the high prevalence of risk of BED among university students and its strong associations with IA, BS concerns, WC, and BMI. The study suggests that there's a need for programs to help students both men and women eat healthily, stay active, and practice healthy internet use with support from experts like psychologists, counselors, and nutritionists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the ageing population and evolving lifestyles occurring in China, middle-aged and elderly populations have become high-risk groups for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence characteristics of CVD in these populations and develop a prediction model by using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Methods: We used follow-up data from the CHARLS to analyse CVD incidence in the Chinese middle-aged and elderly population over a time span of 9 years. Five machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed for risk prediction. Data preprocessing included missing value imputation via random forest. Feature selection was performed using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso CV) method with cross-validation prior to model training. The application of the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) to address class imbalance. Model performance was evaluated via analyses including the area under the ROC curve (AUC), precision, recall, F1 score, and SHAP plots for interpretability. Results: In accordance with the exclusion criteria, 12,580, 12,061, 11,545, and 11,619 participants were enrolled in four follow-up rounds. The cumulative incidence (CI) of CVD at 2, 4, 7, and 9 years was 2.846%, 8.971%, 17.869% and 20.518%,, respectively. Significant differences in CVD incidence were observed across gender, age, ethnicity, and region, with higher rates observed in females and in the northeast region. Ultimately, 8,080 participants and 24 features were analysed for CVD risk prediction. Five ML models were built based on these features. Although the LGB model achieves an AUC of 0.818, indicating strong overall performance, its F1 score and recall rate are relatively low, at 0.509 and 43.1%, respectively. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analyses revealed the importance of key features, such as night sleep duration, TG levels, and waist circumference, in predicting outcomes, and highlighted the nonlinear relationships between these features and CVD risk. Conclusions: Gender, age, ethnicity, and region are significant factors influencing CVD incidence. Although the LGB model demonstrates good overall performance, its low F1 score and recall rate reveal limitations in identifying high-risk cardiovascular disease patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity has been arousing a critical public health issue, and posting threats to senior population. We aimed to explore gender differences in associations between general/central obesity (body mass index/waist circumference) and hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia based on electronic health records of 3.5 million Chinese senior population over 65 years. Methods: 3571189 electronic health records of Chinese senior population were collected from platform of Zhejiang provincial Basic Public Health Services Project. Sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral lifestyle, physical data, and biochemical indices were included in the research. Multivariate logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were used to explore associations between obesity and diseases. Results: 7.7% (5.3% for male, 9.7% for female) senior population were having general obesity, and 31.8% (25.2% for male, 37.4% for female) of them had central obesity. 48.0% (46.0% for male, 49.7% for female), 14.0% (12.3% for male, 15.5% for female), and 58.9% (51.6% for male, 65.2% for female) senior population were having hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, respectively. 37.9% (29.5% for male, 45.1% for female) and 33.7% (28.1% for male, 38.5% for female) senior population were having abnormal TC and TG, respectively. General obesity and central obesity strongly and negatively associated with hypertension [OR = 2.61 (95%CI: 2.58–2.63), and 2.20 (95%CI: 2.18–2.21)], diabetes [OR = 1.33 (95%CI: 1.31–1.35), and 1.56 (95%CI: 1.54–1.57)], and dyslipidemia [OR = 1.66 (95%CI: 1.64–1.68), and 1.84 (95%CI: 1.83–1.85)] based on existing obesity standards. Male population with BMI higher than 28.7 kg/m2, 30.1 kg/m2, 22.7 kg/m2, and with WC higher than 99.0 cm, 95.9 cm, 82.1 cm, while female population with BMI higher than 26.9 kg/m2, 23.3 kg/m2, 18.1 kg/m2, and with WC higher than 92.1 cm, 83.1 cm, 65.7 cm, the ORs were over 1.0 for having hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, respectively. Conclusions: Senior population were more likely to have central obesity over general obesity, and nearly half of them were having hypertension and dyslipidemia. Obesity negatively and strongly associated with chronic diseases in senior population, yet general obesity exerted more impact on hypertension, whereas central obesity exerted more impact on diabetes and dyslipidemia. Female population with obesity were in higher risk than male having hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. We recommended senior population control BMI lower than 28.7 kg/m2 and 23.3 kg/m2, as well as WC lower than 95.9 cm and 83.1 cm for male and female, respectively. Optimal BMI and WC in senior population may be around the overweight or mild obesity range. There were risks for having dyslipidemia or abnormal lipid-related indices even in senior population without obesity. TC and TG were major indicators of discovering disease and preventing senior population from dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine physiological and cardiometabolic effects of 12 weeks of walking football (played 2 × 20 min) in physically inactive older adults. Thirty-three volunteers completed the study (men n = 11, women n = 22) were enrolled with a mean age of 74.0 ± 5.7 years. Baseline tests included blood pressure, waist circumference, body composition, blood samples, balance, estimated VO2max, mobility, grip strength and vertical jump height. Grip strength was significantly higher at the posttest (32.7 ± 7.8 kg vs. 30.7 ± 7.7 kg (p < .005)), and the walking/turning speed was faster making the time to complete the Timed Up and Go test significant shorter at the posttest (6.07 ± 1.0 s vs. 6.87 ± 1.0 s (p < .001)). Waist circumference was lower at the posttest (91.8 ± 13.3 cm vs. 93.9 ± 13.9 cm (p < .001)). HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher at posttest (2.19 ± 1.36 mmol/L vs. 1.98 ± 0.89 mmol/L (p < .005)). HbA1c significantly decreased posttest (39 ± 1.2 mmol/mol vs. 38 ± 5.8 mmol/mol (p < .028)). Walking football for older adults is associated with positive changes in cardiometabolic and physiological variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the associations between substituting sedentary time (ST) with physical activity and sleep with obesity parameters in adults from eight Latin American countries. The sample consisted of 2173 adults aged 18–65 years. Physical activity, ST and sleep were objectively measured using accelerometers. The parameters of obesity were defined using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Regression analyses were conducted for isotemporal analysis of the association between substituting 30 min/day of ST with light physical activity (LPA), moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sleep in relation to BMI and WC. Substituting light physical activity with higher intensity was also analyzed. Substituting 30 min/day of ST with MVPA was significantly associated with lower odds of a higher BMI (OR: 0.993, 95%CI 0.990–0.998) and WC (OR: 0.998, 95%CI 0.998–0.999). Conversely, substituting ST with LPA did not show a significant impact on obesity parameters. However, the substitution of 30 min/day of LPA with MVPA was also associated with lower odds of a higher BMI (OR: 0.993, 95%CI 0.989–0.997). The results highlight the importance of replacing ST and increasing the intensity of physical activity as an effective strategy for preventing and managing obesity in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity, through mechanisms such as insulin resistance and systemic low-grade inflammation, can damage the central nervous system and impair cognitive function. Weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) is a novel measure of obesity that may offer more precise assessments of muscle and fat mass. This study aims to investigate the association between WWI and cognitive function in older Chinese men. Methods: Data from the 2011–2018 China Longitudinal Health and Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were used in this study. WWI and cognitive function were examined in both linear and non-linear situations using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, multivariate Cox regression models, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. Results: This study included 1,392 older Chinese men aged 65 years and over for whom complete data were available. After controlling for all potential confounding variables, our analysis showed a statistically significant positive association between WWI and cognitive decline. Specifically, for every 1 cm/√kg increase in WWI, the risk of cognitive impairment increased by 17% (HR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02–1.35). Using 11.52 cm/√kg as the cutoff point for WWI, we found that High WWI was associated with a 44% increased risk of cognitive impairment compared with Low WWI (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.07–1.96). RCS regression analysis confirmed a linear positive correlation between WWI and cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Higher WWI is linked to worse cognitive performance in older Chinese men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To provide an updated synthesis on effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) on weight, BMI, and waist circumference incorporating newer randomized controlled trials (RCTs), particularly in individuals with overweight or obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) for RCTs published from inception to 4 October 2024. The search was limited to RCTs evaluating the use of GLP-1 RAs for mean differences from baseline in weight, BMI, and waist circumference in adults with obesity or overweight with or without diabetes. Two independent reviewers performed the literature search and data extraction, resolving disagreements via consensus or third-reviewer consultation. RESULTS: Forty-seven RCTs were included, with a combined cohort of 23,244 patients. GLP-1 RAs demonstrated a mean weight reduction of 24.57 kg (95% CI 25.35 to 23.78), mean BMI reduction of 22.07 kg/m² (95% CI 22.53 to 21.62), and mean waist circumference reduction of 24.55 cm (95% CI 25.72 to 23.38) compared with placebo. This effect was consistent across diabetes status, GLP-1 RA used, and route of administration. The greatest treatment benefit appeared to favor patients who were younger, female, without diabetes, with higher baseline weight and BMI but lower baseline HbA1c, and treated over a longer duration. Limitations include substantial statistical heterogeneity, in part due to broad inclusion criteria. However, this heterogeneity may improve generalizability by reflecting a wide range of study designs and patient populations. CONCLUSIONS: GLP-1 RAs demonstrated significant weight, BMI, and waist circumference reduction benefits in this meta-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the associations between sleep characteristics, including sleep opportunity, problems and social jetlag, and toddlers' adiposity. It is part of a larger research project involving 344 children (mean ± SD age of 23.6 ± 6.3 months). Children's length/height, weight and waist circumference were measured at childcare centers. Body Mass Index (BMI), weight-for-length/height, and waist-to-length/height were calculated and classified according to percentiles, serving as surrogates of adiposity. Sleep problems were evaluated through questionnaire. Sleep opportunity was reported by parents and defined as the difference between bedtime and wake-up time. Social jetlag was calculated based on sleep midpoints. Parental questionnaires provided sociodemographic characteristics. Total energy intake was determined from a two-day dietary record, and motor development was assessed using the Bayley-III scales. Generalized linear models were used in the analysis. We found that nighttime sleep opportunity on weekdays was inversely associated with BMI percentile (B = −5.57, 95 % CI -9.79 to −1.35), even with covariates included. Additionally, later bedtime on weekend days were associated with lower weight-for-length/height and waist-to-length/height (B = −4.16, 95 % CI -8.01 to −0.30, and B = −10.62, 95 % CI -15.38 to −5.87, respectively), even when adjusted for potential confounders. Later bedtime on weekdays was associated with lower waist-to-length/height (B = −8.85, 95 % CI -14.95 to −2.74). Social jetlag was associated with lower waist-to-length/height (B = −7.19, 95 % CI -13.47 to −0.90). Future research is needed to clarify these associations and to encourage lifestyle-based interventions aimed at optimizing sleep patterns within this age group. • Sleep opportunity on weekdays was inversely associated with BMI percentile. • Later weekend bedtime was directly associated with weight-for-length/height percentile. • Later weekend bedtime linked to lower waist-to-length/height percentile. • Social jetlag was associated with lower waist-to-length/height percentile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rotation characteristics of the composition Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams during the propagation are numerically analyzed. A simple rotation angle measure method based on imaging technology is proposed and demonstrated. First, the global feature points of the composite vortex pattern is extracted by the 8-connected boundary tracking algorithm. Then, the position coordinates of each feature point are calculated by using the weighting method. The rotation angle of each feature point relative to the center point is calculated under the coordinate system. Finally, the relative rotation angles of the composite vortex pattern at different positions relative to the original position are obtained. The results show that the measurement error reaches 10 − 4 for composite beams with different sizes and beam waist, which is comparable to that of the theoretical value. The proposed method can be used to effectively and accurately measure the Gouy phase of the composite LG beams. We expect the proposed method will be benefit of the further research and application of Gouy phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) declines with age, and greater declines increase the risk for adverse health outcomes. Understanding factors that attenuate age-related decreases in CRF can help extend healthy life. We sought to determine the longitudinal associations of aerobic physical activity, muscle-strengthening activity (MSA), and adiposity with CRF. Methods: Study participants were enrolled in the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study and had three or more preventive medical examinations at the Cooper Clinic (Dallas, Texas) during 1987–2019. Aerobic activity and MSA were self-reported, and three measures of adiposity were clinically assessed: body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and waist circumference. CRF, expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs), was estimated by a maximal treadmill test. The longitudinal associations of aerobic activity, MSA, and adiposity with CRF were estimated using multivariable mixed linear regression models. Results: The study included 6105 participants who were followed for a median of 7.1 yr. Most participants were men (83.6%), and their average age at baseline was 47.0 (SD = 8.7) yr. Mean CRF at baseline was 12.2 (SD = 2.3) METs. Increasing aerobic activity (per 500 MET·min·wk−1, β = 0.069, 95% confidence interval = 0.064–0.074 METs) or MSA (per days per week, β = 0.066, 95% confidence interval = 0.058–0.073 METs) was associated with increased CRF over time. Increasing BMI, body fat percentage, or waist circumference were each associated with decreased CRF over time. Conclusions: These data offer longitudinal evidence on how changes in aerobic activity, MSA, and various measures of adiposity (beyond BMI) independently correlate with CRF over time. Healthy lifestyle behaviors that include increasing aerobic and MSA and limiting adiposity may positively influence the retention of fitness with age and improve downstream health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to identify the distinct change trajectories of the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) over time and to investigate their associations with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: This study included 52 394 participants from the prospective project, the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China‐PAR). The CVAI was calculated using measures of age, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Latent mixture modelling was conducted to fit distinct trajectory patterns. The logistic regression model was applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of T2DM with various CVAI trajectory patterns. Results: Four distinct CVAI trajectory patterns were identified: low‐increasing, moderate‐increasing, moderate high‐increasing and high‐increasing. Compared with low‐increasing CVAI, participants with moderate‐increasing (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.49–2.00), moderate high‐increasing (3.48, 3.01–4.03) and high‐increasing CVAI (5.50, 4.67–6.47) had a significantly increased risk of T2DM. Similar trajectory patterns were identified in both men and women. The ORs (95% CI) for moderate‐increasing, moderate high‐increasing and high‐increasing groups were 3.28 (2.56–4.19), 7.85 (6.09–10.13) and 13.21 (9.98–17.49) in women respectively, and 1.20 (0.99–1.45), 2.18 (1.82–2.62) and 3.60 (2.93–4.43) in men respectively, when compared to the low‐increasing CVAI group. Further, significant effect modifications for age, smoking and physical activity (all Pinteraction <0.05) were observed in the relationship between CVAI trajectory patterns and T2DM. Conclusions: Initially high and persistently elevated CVAI is significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM, with a particular focus on women, younger people, nonsmokers and physically inactive individuals. Continuous monitoring of CVAI levels will benefit effective identification, early intervention and management of individuals at high risk of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the effect of different physical activity patterns on obesity. Materials and methods: Data from adults aged 17–79 years were extracted from the Hong Kong Territory‐Wide Physical Fitness Survey conducted in 2011–2012 and 2021–2022. Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) patterns were collected through questionnaires and categorized as inactive (no MVPA ≥10 min), insufficiently active (<150 min MVPA/week), weekend warriors (≥150 min MVPA/week from 1 to 2 days) and regularly active (≥150 min MVPA/week from ≥3 days). The association between these activity patterns with obesity risk and body fat percentage was analysed. Results: This study included 9863 obesity data (including valid waist circumference and body mass index) and 7496 body fat data. Compared with the inactive group, the weekend warriors and regularly active individuals had lower risks of general and abdominal obesity, as well as reduced body fat. Furthermore, individuals who were insufficiently active but engaged in ≥3 days of MVPA showed significantly lower body fat and obesity risk than their inactive counterparts. Conclusion: Engaging in physical activity even once or twice a week can positively impact weight control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study investigated whether the delta-over-baseline of exhaled 13CO2 (Δ13CO2), generated from a 13C glucose breath test (13C-GBT), measured insulin resistance (IR) in people with type 1 diabetes, using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) as a reference method. The secondary objective was to compare the 13C-GBT with the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR). Methods A 40 mU/m2/min HEC and 2 separate 13C-GBTs (euglycemic with insulin bolus and hyperglycemic without bolus) were consecutively performed in 44 adults with type 1 diabetes with varying body compositions. eGDR was calculated based on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), presence of hypertension, and waist circumference. Results The mean glucose disposal rate (M-value) was 5.9 ± 3.1 mg/kg/min and mean euglycemic Δ13CO2 was 6.4 ± 2.1 δ‰, while median eGDR was 5.9 [4.3-9.8] mg/kg/min. The hyperglycemic Δ13CO2 did not correlate with the M-value, while the euglycemic Δ13CO2 and the M-value correlated strongly (r = 0.74, P <.001). The correlation between M-value and eGDR was more moderate (Spearman's rho = 0.63, P <.001). Linear regression showed an association between Δ13CO2 and M-value, adjusted for age, sex, and HbA1c ]adjusted R² = 0.52, B = 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI).80-1.52, P <.001]. The area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve for Δ13CO2 to identify subjects with IR (M-value < 4.9 mg/kg/min) was 0.81 (95% CI.68-.94, P <.001). The optimal cut-off for Δ13CO2 to identify subjects with IR was ≤ 5.8 δ‰. Conclusion Under euglycemic conditions, the 13C-GBT accurately identified individuals with type 1 diabetes and concurrent IR, suggesting its potential as a valuable noninvasive index. Clinical Trial Identifier: NCT04623320 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: The study aimed to explore potential links between long-term digestive issues (specifically diarrhea and constipation) and body roundness index (BRI) in a representative U.S. population sample. Methods: This study adopted a design that is cross sectional, drawing on data from the NHANES, gathered from 2005 to 2010 with health information from a total of 11,235 individuals. Persistent bowel movement patterns were categorized based on the BSFS—Bristol Stool Form Scale, while stool types 1 and 2 were designated as indicators of long-term constipation and types 6 and 7 were identified as markers of persistent diarrhea. To assess the relationship between digestive health and the BRI, this study employed weighted logistic regression analysis. To capture and visualize the nuanced interplay between BRI and gastrointestinal patterns, we utilized advanced nonlinear regression methods, specifically restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses. Additionally, the research compared the efficacy of various physical measurements—including BRI, WC, BMI (body roundness index, waist circumference, and body mass index, respectively)—to determine their respective diagnostic power for chronic diarrhea and constipation through comparative analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: After comprehensive adjustment in the final statistical model (Model 3), the BRI demonstrated the statistically significant associations with diarrhea and persistent constipation. RCS analysis further uncovered statistically significant nonlinear positive associations of BRI and with diarrhea (P = 0.005) and constipation (P = 0.037). Further stratified analyses revealed that the relationship between BRI and persistent diarrhea was particularly evident among individuals with diabetes. In contrast, the association between BRI and constipation was stronger in individuals under 60 years of age. ROC analysis indicated that BRI outperformed conventional anthropometric measures (AUC, area under the curve: 0.601). Specifically, BMI resulted in an AUC of 0.569, while WC produced an AUC of 0.572. However, the AUC value of BRI (0.537) was less effective than BMI (0.551) and WC (0.570) in diagnosing constipation. Conclusions: BRI is strongly associated with changes in the individual's bowel habits, particularly in diagnosing chronic diarrhea. This study highlighted the potential significance of maintaining moderate BRI levels to improve bowel health and prevent diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) has emerged as a predictive factor for a range of metabolic disorders. To date, the predictive value of the WWI in relation to sarcopenia in individuals with diabetics has not been extensively explored. This study aims to investigate the impact of the WWI on the prevalence of sarcopenia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Method: In this study, we enrolled 417 patients with T2DM from the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between Dec. 2023 and Apr. 2024. The relationship between the WWI and the prevalence of sarcopenia in T2DM patients was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression, subgroup analysis, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Among the 417 patients with T2DM, 76 (18.22%) were identified as having sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia across the WWI quartile categories, from the first to the fourth quartile, was 8.65%, 8.57%, 20.19% and 8.65% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that, after adjusting for covariates, a higher WWI was an independent risk factor for sarcopenia in male T2DM patients (OR = 1.836, 95% CI: 1.216–2.772, P = 0.004). This association was not observed in female patients. Subgroup analysis further revealed a stronger correlation between WWI and sarcopenia among male patients with higher HbA1c levels. In males, RCS regression demonstrated a non-linear positive correlation, with an inflection point at a WWI of 10.42 cm/√kg. Finally, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the WWI was 0.612. Conclusions: WWI emerges as a robust and independent risk factor for sarcopenia in male patients with T2DM. WWI may serve as an accessible and cost-effective tool for identify sarcopenia in patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study explores the associations between various sleep durations and metabolic health indices, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol levels, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and waist circumference. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2021 to 2023, were analyzed. MANOVA and Bonferroni-adjusted ANOVAs were conducted to examine the relationships between sleep duration (sleep deprivation (≤5 h), short sleep (5-7 h), recommended sleep (7-9 h), and long sleep (>9 h)) and metabolic health indices. Results: MANOVA revealed significant group differences between sleep duration and metabolic health indices, with Wilks' Lambda (Λ) =.98, F (3, 5095) = 4.26, P <.001. Compared to recommended sleep duration, both sleep deprivation and short sleep were associated with higher DBP (P s <.01) and waist circumference (P s <.001), and lower HDL levels (P s <.05) Long sleep was associated with lower HDL levels (P <.01) and lower total cholesterol (P <.01). Conclusion: The study highlights the detrimental associations of both sleep deprivation and short sleep with metabolic health, such as elevated blood pressure and waist circumference, and lowered HDL cholesterol. Long sleep may also negatively impact metabolic health by reducing HDL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The link between obesity and cardiometabolic risk has been well recognized. We investigated the association between body fat percentage (BF%), as an appropriate indicator of obesity, and prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases using baseline data of Fasa PERSIAN cohort study. Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed on data obtained at the first phase of the Fasa cohort study in Iran (n = 4658: M/F: 2154/2504). Anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and body fat content were measured. Information on demographic and lifestyle factors, and history of cardiometabolic diseases (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and myocardial infarction) was obtained. Results: Cardiometabolic risk factors (body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipids) had an inverse association with BF% tertiles in both sexes. Women had a higher BF% and prevalence of metabolic diseases than men, but men demonstrated stronger associations between BF% and cardiometabolic diseases. In both sexes, the association between BF% and metabolic syndrome and NAFLD was stronger than that between BF% and diabetes and myocardial infarction. Addition of waist circumference to the confounders either weakened (for NAFLD and metabolic syndrome) or faded (for type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction) the relationship of BF% and cardiometabolic diseases. Conclusion: Strategies to decrease body fat may be effective in ameliorating the risk of milder metabolic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, but interventions to decrease abdominal fat (estimated by waist circumference) may be more effective in preventing more serious metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The obesity paradox is common among older adults at risk for various diseases. Although this paradox has also been observed in the association between obesity and osteoporosis, the available evidence remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between obesity and OP risk in an older population. Methods: A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted using data from 177,734 participants in the UK Biobank. The association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat percentage with BMD was examined using Spearman correlation analysis with baseline BMD data. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to investigate the association between obesity and OP risk. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to assess the nonlinear associations of BMI, WC, and fat percentage with OP. Results: Baseline cross-sectional analyses revealed a significant positive association between BMI, WC, and fat percentage with BMD in women, whereas this association was very weak in men. A total of 8,998 OP patients were identified during a median follow-up period of 13.7 years. Cox analyses showed that obesity as defined by BMI, WC, and fat percentage was associated with a 33%, 23%, and 31% reduction in the risk of OP in older women but not in men, respectively. Conjoint analysis showed that lower BMI was associated with increased risk of OP in older adults, whereas the lowest risk was observed in women with higher BMI and higher body fat. RCS revealed an inverse J-shaped nonlinear association between obesity metrics and OP risk in women. Conclusion: Lower BMI is an independent risk factor for OP in older adults, and the obesity paradox for OP risk exists only in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lifestyle scores have emerged as a practical tool to assess the risk of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, most of them are primarily developed for single NCDs. Given the common risk factors for some of the major NCDs, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the potential of existing lifestyle scores in predicting the risk of multiple NCD-related endpoints. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to October 2024. We included observational studies assessing the association between lifestyle scores and the risk of morbidity or mortality of multiple NCDs, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Results: Of 16,138 unique records identified by the search, 56 eligible studies were included in the systematic review, consisting of 48 cohort studies, 5 case-control studies, 2 case-cohort studies, and 1 cross-sectional study from 16 countries. 15 lifestyle scores were identified to estimate the risk of 32 NCDs, with HLIBMI being the most reported score (14/56, 25.0%). Moderate to strong associations were found between the 15 lifestyle scores and the risk of developing and dying from multiple types of cancers, CVDs, and T2D. Healthy lifestyle scores including additional risk factors (i.e., blood pressure, blood glucose, and waist circumference) aside from major risk factors (i.e., Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking, and diet) seemed to have a stronger ability to estimate NCDs risk than scores including only major risk factors. Conclusion: All 15 simple lifestyle scores were shown to estimate the risk of multiple NCDs endpoints, although some scores were originally developed to estimate the risk of single diseases only. Therefore, further research is required to identify which lifestyle score is most effective for assessing the risk of multiple NCD-related endpoints in a head-to-head comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the relationship between self-reported physical activity and the components of premorbid metabolic syndrome in patients treated in primary care according to sex. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on a sample of 2,359 patients without cardiovascular disease or diabetes, included in the cohort of the IBERICAN study. Using ANOVA models and adjusting for age, economic status, employment situation, level of education, adherence to a Mediterranean diet, tobacco use and alcohol consumption, we estimated the association of the variables blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood glucose and waist circumference with the self-reported level of physical activity (sedentary, moderate, high, very high). The analyses were performed stratifying by sex. Results: A total of 854 men and 1,505 women with no identified diseases were included. Women were more sedentary than men (p<0.004; OR = 1,35; IC95% = 1,10–1,65) and presented lower values in all the components of the metabolic syndrome, except for HDL-cholesterol, which was higher (p<0.001). The adjusted ANOVA model shows that diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and waist circumference were significantly lower the higher the level of physical activity in both men and women (p<0.05). Conclusions: Patients served in primary care clinics without diabetes or cardiovascular disease and with high levels of physical activity showed better metabolic syndrome profiles. Given that women are more sedentary, gender approaches are needed in the promotion of physical activity to prevent metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the relationships between academic programs, gender, anthropometric measurements, and the Weight Management Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (WMNKQ) score. Results indicated that 37.7% of male and 15.3% of female students were overweight, with significant gender differences in BMI, waist/height ratio, waist/hip ratio, and waist circumference (all p < .001, except waist circumference p = .024). WMNKQ scores also varied significantly by gender and BMI classification (p < .05). Students in health-related fields scored higher on nutrition knowledge than those in other faculties (p = .000). Findings emphasize the importance of weight management among university students, who may face lifestyle changes affecting healthy eating habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this investigation is to assess the clinical risk linked to the onset of diabetes in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through the utilization of the cardiac metabolic index (CMI), which is derived from triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, height, and waist circumference. Research focusing on the application of CMI for evaluating diabetes risk among NAFLD patients remains scarce, and an exploration of the association between CMI and the emergence of diabetes within this demographic has not been conducted. This investigation aims to illuminate this connection, thereby providing novel insights into the prevention of diabetes progression in individuals with NAFLD. Methods: Data were procured from a cross-sectional study involving 15,435 participants conducted by the Japanese government, resulting in a final cohort of 2,503 adults aged 18 and above who met the eligibility criteria for evaluation. The CMI is determined using the formula: TG (mmol/L) / HDL-C (mmol/L) * WHtR. CMI values were categorized into quartiles (Q1 to Q4) based on their scores, arranged from low to high. The investigation utilized logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis, and subgroup analyses, with adjustments made for continuous models to elucidate the association between CMI and diabetes development among individuals with NAFLD, as well as the non-linear relationship between CMI and this outcome. Results: The investigation comprised 2,503 subjects with an average age of 44.79 ± 8.33 years, of whom 204 were diagnosed with new-onset diabetes (8.15%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that within the CMI quartile groupings, individuals with NAFLD in the uppermost quartile (Q4) exhibited the greatest likelihood of new-onset diabetes relative to those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (odds ratio, OR = 3.239, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.993–5.264, P < 0.001). Additionally, escalating CMI values corresponded to an increasing probability of new-onset diabetes in NAFLD subjects (OR = 1.705, 95% CI: 1.362–2.133, P < 0.001). Restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a non-linear connection between CMI and new-onset diabetes in NAFLD patients (P overall < 0.001, P non-linear = 0.035), with a risk inflection point identified at a CMI of 0.5554. Subgroup analysis revealed no significant interactions between gender, age, physical activity, alcohol consumption, or smoking status and the likelihood of new-onset diabetes in this patient population (P for interaction > 0.05). Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate a notable positive non-linear connection between elevated CMI scores and the probability of new-onset diabetes in individuals afflicted with NAFLD. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, including type 2 diabetes, etc. Assessing the predictive diagnostic power of anthropometric indicators for MetS is crucial for the early identification and prevention of related health issues. This study focuses on the Korean adult population while providing insights that may be applicable to broader global contexts. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the predictive diagnostic capabilities of various anthropometric indicators, including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), muscle mass-to-fat mass ratio (MFR), muscle mass-to-waist ratio (MWR), and body shape index (ABSI), in relation to MetS in Korean adults. Methods: Data from 13,725 participants of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011) were analyzed. The diagnostic power of each indicator was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC) values were compared. Participants were classified into normal (NG) and abnormal (AG) groups based on established cutoff values, and logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the odds of MetS in each group. Results: WHtR showed the highest AUC values (0.792 for men and 0.768 for women), indicating superior diagnostic accuracy compared to the other indicators (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that both the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for MetS were significantly higher in the AG than in the NG across all indicators (p < 0.001). Specifically, the adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) for WHtR in the AG was 6.793 (5.929–7.784) for men and 4.665 (4.151–5.423) for women, representing the highest values among all indicators (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Among the various anthropometric indicators, WHtR is the most reliable and practical for predicting MetS in Korean adults. It is useful for early intervention and prevention in both clinical and public health settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]