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Summary: Pathological hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau (pTau) and neuroinflammation, driven by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), are the major hallmarks of tauopathies. Here, we show that pTau primes and activates IL-1β. First, RNA-sequence analysis suggests paired-helical filaments (PHFs) from human tauopathy brain primes nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), chemokine, and IL-1β signaling clusters in human primary microglia. Treating microglia with pTau-containing neuronal media, exosomes, or PHFs causes IL-1β activation, which is NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 dependent. Suppression of pTau or ASC reduces tau pathology and inflammasome activation in rTg4510 and hTau mice, respectively. Although the deletion of MyD88 prevents both IL-1β expression and activation in the hTau mouse model of tauopathy, ASC deficiency in myeloid cells reduces pTau-induced IL-1β activation and improves cognitive function in hTau mice. Finally, pTau burden co-exists with elevated IL-1β and ASC in autopsy brains of human tauopathies. Together, our results suggest pTau activates IL-1β via MyD88- and NLRP3-ASC-dependent pathways in myeloid cells, including microglia.

Objetivo: Determinar los resultados clínicos y angiográficos en pacientes con aneurismas intracraneales múltiples tratados endovascularmente en una única sesión. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años con aneurismas múltiples (>2), rotos o no rotos, tratados con terapia endovascular en una única sesión entre 2019 y 2021. Se recolectaron los datos clínicos y angiográficos. Se determinó la tasa de oclusión inmediata y del seguimiento. La escala de Rankin modificado se usó para valorar el resultado clínico. Resultados: Se trataron 25 pacientes, de los cuales 14 se presentaron con hemorragia subaracnoidea. Se diagnosticaron un total de 78 aneurismas, de los cuales 59 aneurismas fueron tratados. La localización más frecuente fue el segmento oftálmico. La altura máxima promedio fue de 5.2mm, lo cual tuvo diferencia estadística significativa con el estado de ruptura (p ≤ 0.02). El principal tipo de tratamiento endovascular fue la técnica de remodeling en el 39% de casos. El Raymond Roy inmediato fue I en el 60% y IIIa en el 35% de casos. La tasa de complicaciones fue del 24% y de mortalidad fue del 8%. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endovascular en una única sesión es una opción efectiva y segura en casos de aneurismas intracraneales múltiples en nuestra institución con tasa de oclusión y complicaciones aceptable.

Precipitating hydrophobic injecting liquid (PHIL) is a novel embolic agent used in the endovascular treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and arteriovenous fistulas. Complications can occur during embolization with migration of the liquid embolic material to normal vasculature. In these cases, use of a stent retriever is an option for removal of the plug. Herein, we present the case of a patient who presented with a right occipital hemorrhage due to a ruptured occipital AVM fed by the calcarine and parieto-occipital arteries with venous drainage to the straight sinus. Embolization via the anterior circulation through the right posterior communicating artery was attempted but PHIL migrated to right internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery due to kinking and rupture of the microcatheter. The patient developed mild left hemiparesis. When this complication occurred, no stent retriever was available at our institution and 1 day later, the Solitaire AB stent was used to remove the plug of PHIL successfully, with good reperfusion of the proximal and distal vessels. The patient improved after the procedure and was discharged home without deficit. Mechanical stent retrievers can be used in cases of migration of liquid embolic agents to normal vasculature with good clinical and radiological results.

Intracranial aneurysms in pediatric population are rare and differ in several features with their adult counterpart. Clipping and endovascular therapy have both demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes with reconstructive and deconstructive techniques. We present the case of a 5-month-old infant who was admitted to the emergency with interhemispheric and sylvian subarachnoid hemorrhage. CT angiography and three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography revealed a ruptured left pericallosal aneurysm with morphological features of a dissecting aneurysm. Coiling and N-butyl-cyanoacrylate administration were employed to occlude the aneurysm without complications. Endovascular therapy is an effective and safe option in cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in pediatric patients with favorable clinical and radiological outcomes.

Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is currently, the first-line treatment for retinoblastomas with successful cure rates. In difficult access or unsuccessful catheterization of the ophthalmic artery (OA), the middle meningeal artery is a second alternative followed by the Japanese technique using balloon. Nevertheless, when a well-developed posterior communicating artery is present, a retrograde approach to the OA through this vessel can be performed to deliver the chemotherapeutic drugs. We present a case of an unsuccessful catheterization of the OA through the internal carotid artery due to a challenging configuration of the OA/carotid siphon angle and describe an alternative form of navigation and catheterization through the posterior circulation. To our knowledge, this is the third report of a successful retrograde catheterization of the OA for IAC and constitutes an alternative route to deliver chemotherapy.

Introduction: Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms has increased compared to microsurgery since the creation of the Guglielmi Detachable Coils (GDC), and is the treatment of choice in several centers worldwide. Our study aimed to analyze the trends over time of number of patients, number of aneurysms, rupture status, location, size and endovascular technique employed in a retrospective cohort of consecutive intracranial aneurysms treated during a 10‐year period. Methods: Data extracted from clinical records, surgical reports, angiographies and CT scans of 765 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular treatment of 845 intracranial aneurysms at our institution between January 2010 and December 2020 was carried out. The Mann‐Kendal test was used to assess time trends. The moving average technique was also employed, using one lagged observation, the current observation and one forward observation in order to create smoother curves. The statistical software Stata v14.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used. Results: We evaluated 765 patients who underwent 845 endovascular treatments of intracranial aneurysms. Women represented 81% of the cohort. Mean age was 53.9 ± 14.6 years. We identified a significant increase in the number of patients (p = 0.016; p for moving average = 0.005) and in the number of aneurysms over time (p = 0.003; p for moving average = 0.003). For ruptured aneurysms, we did not find changes in the trends over time (p = 0.117; p for moving average = 0.1), whereas in the case of unruptured aneurysms, we identified a significant increase in their treatment (p = 0.029; p for moving average = 0.001). Posterior communicating (p = 0.042: p for moving average = 0.002), paraclinoid (p = 0.06; p for moving average = 0.019) and posterior fossa aneurysms (p = 0.813; p for moving average = 0.028) increased their frequency of treatment over time. Anterior communicating (p = 0.235; p for moving average = 0.21), middle cerebral artery (p = 0.431; p for moving average = 0.347) and internal carotid artery aneurysms (p = 1; p for moving average = 0.754) did not show differences over time. We did not identify changes over time in large (p = 0.31; p for moving average = 0.213), as well as width (p = 0.35; p for moving average = 0.876) and neck diameter (p = 1; p for moving average = 0.815). Balloon‐assisted coiling (p = 0.01; p for moving average = 0.003), flow diverters (p = 0.016; p for moving average < 0.001) and stent‐assisted coiling (p = 0.531; p for moving average = 0.014) showed a positive trend over time. Simple coiling (p = 0.75; p for moving average = 0.184) did not show significant variations over time. Conclusions: We identified a positive trend in the endovascular treatment of unruptured aneurysms, as well as posterior communicating artery, paraclinoid and posterior fossa aneurysms. Assisted‐coiling techniques and flow diverters also showed a positive trend over time. These results are in accordance with the increasing trends in endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms worldwide.

El abordaje transradial está ganando territorio en el campo neuroendovascular para procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Menos complicaciones, menor tiempo hospitalario y mayor confort del paciente son características de este abordaje. Sin embargo, la transición del abordaje femoral clásico al abordaje radial es difícil de lograr en instituciones con protocolos establecidos. Presentamos nuestra experiencia inicial utilizando el abordaje transradial para angiografía cerebral diagnóstica realizados exitosamente logrando la cateterización de todos los vasos supra-aórticos.

Vascular lesions of the external carotid artery after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery are rare. Immediate diagnosis must be done and endovascular embolization is the treatment of choice. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman with visual complaints who underwent transsphenoidal surgery of a pituitary adenoma with good clinical and radiological evolution. Five days after surgery nasal tampons were removed and suddenly the patient started to bleed: nasal packing and air way protection were required. Digital subtraction angiography revealed an endonasal arteriovenous fistula with a feeder from the sphenopalatine artery and drainage to sphenopalatine veins. Embolization with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was performed with total obliteration of the arteriovenous fistula. We suggest that endovascular treatment of external carotid artery lesions after transsphenoidal surgery is the best alternative in cases of active bleeding.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el hábito alimenticio de la ictiofauna del río Sauce Grande y analizar la superposición dietaria entre las especies. El estudio se llevó a cabo de enero a diciembre del 2000. Las pescas fueron efectuadas con frecuencia estacional, en tres estaciones de muestreo. Los métodos de captura empleados fueron pesca eléctrica y red de enmalle. En total se capturaron 656 individuos correspondientes a las siguientes especies: Bryconamericus iheringi, Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, Jenynsia multidentata, Cheirodon interruptus, Rhamdia quelen, Corydoras paleatus, Percichthys colhuapiensis, Oligosarcus jenynsii y Odontesthes bonariensis. De estas, P. colhuapiensis y O. bonariensis no pudieron ser incluidas en el estudio debido al bajo número de individuos registrados. La importancia de cada ítem alimentario para cada una de las especies fue estimada mediante la aplicación del índice alimentario (I.A.). Se analizaron 604 estómagos. El índice de vacuidad fue del 3%. Bryconamericus iheringi y J. multidentata fueron las únicas especies que presentaron una dieta omnívora, siendo las restantes calificadas como carnívoras. Bryconamericus iheringi, C. decemmaculatus, J. multidentata presentaron una superposición dietaria mayor al 66%. El ítem dominante fue la efemera Baetis inops. Una superposición dietaria moderada, entre 33 y 66% fue observada entre C. paleatus y B. iheringi, Ch. interruptus, C. decemmaculatus y J. multidentata. Las dos especies restantes con las demás especies presentaron solapamiento bajo con valores inferiores al 32%.