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Research suggests that psychiatric problems may be common in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. The purpose of the current study was to examine psychiatric diagnoses in a non-clinic referred sample of 130 children ages 6 to 12 years old, with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. A standardized diagnostic interview procedure was employed, comparing children with prenatal alcohol exposure and social skills deficits to children without prenatal alcohol exposure and social skills deficits. Findings suggest that children with prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit significantly more psychopathology, including symptoms of anxiety, disruptive behaviors, and mood disorders, when compared to children without alcohol exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the interaction between maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) history and young parental age on child's ADHD risk., Methods: The study included 321,272 singleton children born between 1995 and 2012 from hospitals within a single integrated health care organization. The children were prospectively followed up through electronic medical record systems from birth until the first date of the following: date of clinical diagnosis of ADHD, last date of continuous health plan membership, death due to any cause, or December 31, 2017. Risks of ADHD associated with a maternal history of ADHD before pregnancy and young parental age were assessed by using Cox regression adjusting for potential confounders., Results: The children were followed up for a median (interquartile range) of 8.9 (6.2, 13.6) years from birth. Among them, 5.1% had ADHD diagnosis, 1.8% had a maternal history of ADHD before the pregnancy, and 4.4% had mothers <20 years and 2.3% had fathers <20 years at date of birth. The hazard ratio (HR) of ADHD in children associated with parental age <20 years varied by maternal history of ADHD (p < 0.005 for both multiplicative and additive interactions). For children without a maternal history of ADHD, the HR associated with at least 1 parent <20 years was 1.14 (95% confidence interval 1.04-1.24). However, for children with a maternal history of ADHD, the HR associated with at least 1 parent <20 years was 1.92 (95% confidence interval 1.31-2.82)., Conclusion: High ADHD risk in offspring associated with young parenthood was predominantly observed among children with a maternal history of ADHD.

Importance: Information about the association of maternal diabetes and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in offspring is limited, with no report on the importance of timing of exposure during gestation., Objective: To assess ASD risk associated with intrauterine exposure to preexisting type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by gestational age at GDM diagnosis., Design, Setting, and Patients: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study including 322 323 singleton children born in 1995-2009 at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) hospitals. Children were tracked from birth until the first of the following: date of clinical diagnosis of ASD, last date of continuous KPSC health plan membership, death due to any cause, or December 31, 2012. Relative risks of ASD were estimated by hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox regression models adjusted for birth year., Exposures: Maternal preexisting type 2 diabetes (n = 6496), GDM diagnosed at 26 weeks' gestation or earlier (n = 7456) or after 26 weeks' gestation (n = 17 579), or no diabetes (n = 290 792) during the index pregnancy., Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical diagnosis of ASD in offspring., Results: During follow-up, 3388 children were diagnosed as having ASD (115 exposed to preexisting type 2 diabetes, 130 exposed to GDM at ≤26 weeks, 180 exposed to GDM at >26 weeks, and 2963 unexposed). Unadjusted annual ASD incidences were 3.26, 3.02, 1.77, and 1.77 per 1000 among children of mothers with preexisting type 2 diabetes, GDM diagnosed at 26 weeks or earlier, GDM diagnosed after 26 weeks, and no diabetes, respectively. The birth year-adjusted HRs were 1.59 (95% CI, 1.29-1.95) for preexisting type 2 diabetes, 1.63 (95% CI, 1.35-1.97) for GDM diagnosed at 26 weeks or earlier, and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.84-1.15) for GDM diagnosed after 26 weeks relative to no exposure. After adjustment for maternal age, parity, education, household income, race/ethnicity, history of comorbidity, and sex of the child, maternal preexisting type 2 diabetes was not significantly associated with risk of ASD in offspring (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.97-1.52), but GDM diagnosed at 26 weeks or earlier remained so (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.15-1.74). Antidiabetic medication exposure was not independently associated with ASD risk. Adjustment for a mother or older sibling with ASD in the full cohort and for maternal smoking, prepregnancy body mass index, and gestational weight gain in the subset with available data (n = 68 512) did not affect the results., Conclusions and Relevance: In this large, multiethnic clinical cohort of singleton children born at 28 to 44 weeks' gestation, exposure to maternal GDM diagnosed by 26 weeks' gestation was associated with risk of ASD in offspring.

Salamanders are generally agreed to represent the primitive tetrapod body plan, as well as a postural analog for early tetrapods. Dissection and description of the muscles of the forelimb, trunk, and hindlimb of the California newt, Taricha torosa, were undertaken to provide baseline data on the locomotor structures in this species. Hypaxial trunk muscles are similar to those of other vertebrates. As in other salamanders, limb muscles show a simple parallel-fibered architecture and often span multiple joints. Several differences in limb musculature were also noted. The extensor iliotibialis muscle possesses a single head in T. torosa, rather than the two heads common in larger salamander species. The ischioflexorius muscle, while divided into proximal and distal sections, is not distinct from the puboischiotibialis in its proximal portion. The femorofibularis is enlarged in this species; it is suggested that the femorofibularis and ischioflexorius muscles may be functionally analogous systems. Forelimb and hindlimb musculature show similar morphological patterns, particularly in distal limb segments, which may provide insight into the primitive arrangement of tetrapod limb muscles.

Various bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) vaccines were tested between 1982 and 1984 in 24 Queensland herds; neutralising antibody responses were monitored and six of the herds were closely observed following natural challenge with ephemeral fever. A vaccine regime of two consecutive vaccinations with attenuated virus combined with the adjuvant Quil A provided excellent protection against BEF for at least 12 months, whereas one vaccination with the Quil A vaccine or two vaccinations with vaccine containing the adjuvant aluminium hydroxide gel did not provide significant protection. Antibody responses were highest for the vaccine incorporating Quil A when it was given as two consecutive injections. There was an apparent relationship between neutralising antibody response and the level of protection.

Horses grazing manily Cenchrus ciliaris and/or Panicum maximum var. trichoglume pastures on over 30 properties in southern central Queensland developed lesions of osteodystrophia fibrosa. Horses on individual properties in coastal Queensland grazing Setaria anceps, Brachiaria mutica or Pennisetum clandestinum also developed the disease. Ill-thrift, lameness, and fibrous swellings of nasal bones, maxillae and mandibles were observed. Calcium and phosphorus levels of pasture were normal but all the above pasture species contained oxalates which were suspected of causing the disease.