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This paper presents an experimental investigation on a wide range of aluminium alloy stub, intermediate and slender columns containing multiple circular openings. Three series of compression tests including six different cross-section dimensions of columns with different lengths were conducted by applying uniform axial load to the pin-ended specimens, which were fabricated by extrusion of square and rectangular hollow sections (SHS and RHS) using 6061-T6 and 6063-T5 heat-treated aluminium alloys. In test series I, the specimens were fabricated by welding aluminium alloy plates at both ends of the columns for pin-ended compression tests. In test series II, the specimens were further reinforced by carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) at the heat-affected zone resulted from the welding. In test series III, the special aluminium alloy sleeves were designed instead of welding at both ends of the columns to preclude the form of the heat-affected zone. The column strengths, failure modes, load versus axial shortening curves, and strain distributions along the circular openings of test specimens were all obtained from the experimental investigation. In addition, the test strengths of aluminium alloy SHS and RHS columns with or without openings were compared with the design strengths calculated using the design rules given in the current design guidelines. It is shown from the comparison that the first design method proposed by Zhu and Young for aluminium alloy SHS and RHS welded columns is comparatively appropriate for the design of aluminium alloy SHSs and RHSs under axial compression. Whereas, the current design rules for cold-formed steel structural members with openings may be inapplicable to the design of perforated aluminium alloy SHSs and RHSs under axial compression.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase receptor which has been implicated in numerous solid and hematologic cancers. ALK mutations are reported in about 5-7% of neuroblastoma cases but the ALK-positive percentage increases significantly in the relapsed patient population. Crizotinib, the first clinically approved ALK inhibitor for the treatment of ALK-positive lung cancer has had less dramatic responses in neuroblastoma. Here we investigate the efficacy of a second-generation ALK inhibitor, brigatinib, in a neuroblastoma setting. Employing neuroblastoma cell lines, mouse xenograft and Drosophila melanogaster model systems expressing different constitutively active ALK variants, we show clear and efficient inhibition of ALK activity by brigatinib. Similar abrogation of ALK activity was observed in vitro employing a set of different constitutively active ALK variants in biochemical assays. These results suggest that brigatinib is an effective inhibitor of ALK kinase activity in ALK addicted neuroblastoma that should be considered as a potential future therapeutic option for ALK-positive neuroblastoma patients alone or in combination with other treatments.

The concept of an eco-city is the ultimate trend for future cities.Supported by the principles of ecology and sustainable development theory,an eco-city is a sustainable urban area developed and designed to create a regional natural city environment.An eco-city is an artificial ecosystem featuring a clean and desirable environment compatible with continuous economic improvement.An eco-city is beneficial to human health,prosperity,social harmony and progress,and it allows for expanding opportunities and is full of complexity.Urbanization continues to increase along with the development of human society,civilization and the economy.Prosperity also brings ecological and environmental problems to cities,such as climate change,pollution,energy shortages,ecological damage and the disruption and destruction of local communities,all of which seriously threaten the health of urban ecosystems.In general,people have started to look at cities from the perspective of maintaining a balance between ecological integrity and sustainable development.The construction of eco-cities has gradually become a global focus point.Urban ecological systems are complex with natural,economic and social subsystems.The primary functions of urban ecosystems are to provide the human residents with satisfactory and productive lives,and with entertainment and local transportation.The characteristics of urban ecosystems are:(1) they are mainly artificial man-made ecosystems,(2) they are incomplete ecosystems,and(3) there is an obvious flow of human harnessed energy in urban ecosystems.The structure and characteristics of urban ecosystems determine their basic function.Because urban ecosystems are similar to natural ecosystems,urban ecosystems have the functions of production,energy flow,material cycling,and information transmission.Because urban production includes economic and biological production,and economic production includes the city′s main social processes,the basic functions of urban ecosystems are much more complex than those of natural ecosystems.Urban ecosystems achieve their basic functions through energy flow and material cycling.It is easy to see that urban ecosystems are dynamic based on aspects of the structure,function,activities,and the evolution of urban ecosystems.This paper introduces the concept of sustainable development theory and explains how this theory can be used to assess urban ecosystems and explains the concept of urban ecosystem sustainable development.Urban ecosystems are assessed from the viewpoint and concept of sustainable development and an indicator system is established based on this concept.The Set Pair Analysis Method(SPAM) is used to assess the level of sustainable development in urban ecosystems.SPAM can be used to combine multiple sustainable development indices to optimize a finely tuned degree of sustainable development.The application of this method in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province shows that during 2004—2010,the level of sustainable development in this urban ecosystem fluctuated and sometimes obviously declined.The overall trend of change gently rose from 0.5081 in 2004 to 0.5581 in 2005,declined rapidly to 0.4073 in 2006,rose uniformly and slowly to 0.5010 until 2009,and then declined to 0.4706 in 2010.Despite these changes in sustainable development over time in this urban ecosystem,the overall level of sustainable development slowly increased.Also,the assessment results indicate this method can easily reflect changes to the development of sustainable urban ecosystems,and can provide a scientific basis for the construction of an eco-city.