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The attainment of a well-crystallized photo-absorbing layer with minimal defects is crucial for achieving high photovoltaic performance in polycrystalline solar cells. However, in the case of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), precise control over crystallization and elemental distribution through solution processing remains a challenge. In this study, we propose the use of a multifunctional molecule, α-amino-γ-butyrolactone (ABL), as a modulator to simultaneously enhance crystallization and passivate defects, thereby improving film quality and deactivating nonradiative recombination centers in the perovskite absorber. The Lewis base groups present in ABL facilitate nucleation, leading to enhanced crystallinity, while also retarding crystallization. Additionally, ABL effectively passivates Pb2+ dangling bonds, which are major deep-level defects in perovskite films. This passivation process reduces recombination losses, promotes carrier transfer and extraction, and further improves efficiency. Consequently, the PSCs incorporating the ABL additive exhibit an increase in conversion efficiency from 18.30% to 20.36%, along with improved long-term environmental stability. We believe that this research will contribute to the design of additive molecular structures and the engineering of components in perovskite precursor colloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organolead halide hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a shining star in the renewable devices field due to the sharp growth of power conversion efficiency; however, interfacial recombination and carrier‐extraction losses at heterointerfaces between the perovskite active layer and the carrier transport layers remain the two main obstacles to further improve the power conversion efficiency. Here, novel field‐effect passivation has been successfully induced to effectively suppress the interfacial recombination and improve interfacial charge transfer by incorporating interfacial polarization via inserting a high work function interlayer between perovskite and holes transport layer. The charge dynamics within the device and the mechanism of the field‐effect passivation are elucidated in detail. The unique interfacial dipoles reinforce the built‐in field and prevent the photogenerated charges from recombining, resulting in power conversion efficiency up to 21.7% with negligible hysteresis. Furthermore, the hydrophobic interlayer also suppresses the perovskite decomposition by preventing the moisture penetration, thereby improving the humidity stability of the PSCs (>91% of the initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 30 d in 65 ± 5% humidity). Finally, several promising research perspectives based on field‐effect passivation are also suggested for further conversion efficiency improvements and photovoltaic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing light trapping, converting photons with least losses into electric charges, and efficiently extracting photo-generated charges to the external load are the challenge for all photovoltaic technologies. For crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic devices, all these factors depend heavily on the morphological characteristics of the silicon substrates. Here we have elucidated the role of saw-damage etching (SDE) in promoting the morphological characteristics of the micro-pyramidal textured silicon wafer, in particular exploring its effects on enhancing light trapping ability and improving the hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)/c-Si hetero-interface properties. By analyzing the etching kinetics model of the texturing process, we propose that the SDE process could act a role of placing nucleation sites for the subsequent texturing process. An appropriate SDE process could achieve large and discrete pyramids (∼8 μm) coverage for the silicon surface. By applying the optimized SDE process on fabricating of silicon heterojunction solar cells, an efficiency of 19.9% could be achieved. This results indicate that adjusting the nucleation sites for the texturing process could effectively control the morphological properties of the final formed substrates, which also trigger new approaches of tuning silicon morphology and structuring for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining high conductivity indium tin oxide (ITO) films simultaneously with a “soft-deposited” (low temperature, low ions bombardment) and cost-efficient deposition process are critical aspect for versatile photo-electronic devices application. Usually, the low-cost “soft-deposited” process could be achieved via evaporation technique, but with scarifying the conductivity of the films. Here, we show a CO 2 and H 2 two-step plasma (TSP) post-treatment applied to ITO films prepared by reactive thermal evaporation (RTE), allows to meet the special trade-off between the deposition techniques and the electrical properties. Upon treatment, an increase in electron concentration and electron mobility is observed, which subsequently resulting a low sheet resistivity. The mobility reaches high values of 80.9 cm 2 /Vs for the TSP treated ∼100 nm thickness samples. From a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and opto-electronic measurements, it demonstrated that: during the TSP process, the first-step CO 2 plasma treatment could promote the crystallinity of the RTE ITO films. While the electron traps density at grain boundaries of polycrystalline RTE ITO films could be passivated by hydrogen atom during the second-step H 2 plasma treatment. These results inspired that the TSP treatment process has significant application prospects owing to the outstanding electrical properties enhancement for “soft-deposited” RTE ITO films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on monthly runoff data of Yachi River of Guizhou from April 2014 to May 2015, and monthly rainfall data of Guiyang, Xichang, Wenjiang and Chongqing weather stations from January 2007 to November 2015, the influence of temporal-spatial component of regional rainfall on monthly runoff of Yachi River was analyzed by using REOF, multiple linear regression analysis and harmonic analysis. Temporal-spatial change of monthly rainfall around Yachi River mainly contained four kinds of modes. The first mode was northwest-southeast type, and the second mode was south-north type, and the third mode was east-west mode. Temporal components of the three modes were all quasi equilibrium seasonal and interannual changes. Among them, the first and second modes had stable seasonal change, while seasonal change of the third mode was the most unstable, and drought-flood situation of season variation was easy to happen. Seasonal change form of monthly runoff in Yachi River was obviously different from regional monthly rainfall, and it was mainly affected by underlying surface topography and human activity(reservoir and hydropower station), and could not make a natural response to seasonal change of rainfall in time. The third mode of regional monthly rainfall and cycle fitting amount of had insignificant impact on monthly runoff of Yachi River, while the first mode of regional monthly rainfall and cycle fitting amount showed significantly positive correlation with monthly runoff of Yachi River. The second mode of regional monthly rainfall and cycle fitting amount had significantly negative correlation with monthly runoff of Yachi River, and Yachi River had significant water-storage regulation effect on the mode component. Yachi River did not have water-storage regulation effect on flood component of seasonal variation of regional monthly rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According lo Ihe investigation data of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay, China from 1979 to 1983, the content, sources, horizontal, vertical and seasonal distribution, and transfer laws of PHC in the water of the bay were analyzed on spatial scale, and the processes of pollution sources. land transfer, sedimentation, and water transfer of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay were discussed on temporal scale. These laws and changing processes could provide theoretical foundation for studies on water transfer of PHC and other heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Gradient copper-doped nickel oxide was made as the HSL for Si PV. • The trade-off between interface recombination and built-in filed has been relaxed. • SOP strategy effective suppresses the Gd-NiO x /c-Si interface recombination. • A remarkable 20.3% efficiency was achieved for the proof-of-concept device. A prominent feature of photovoltaic devices is their ability to drive photo-generated charges to pathways of asymmetrical conductivity, guiding them to the corresponding electrodes. Under this guideline, the crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells dominate the photovoltaic (PV) market for decades and several optoelectronic losses and technological limitations are gradually emerging by now. To circumvent these issues, here, we replaced the doped-silicon emitter layer with a gradient copper-doped nickel oxide (Gd-NiO x), and incorporated a silicon oxide passivation (SOP) layer at the Gd-NiO x /c-Si interface, to construct the novel c-Si PV devices. Interestingly, it was observed that the Gd-NiO x hole selective layer can strengthen the built-in field by minimizing the front electrode/hole-selective layer barrier width and the SOP can reduce interface recombination simultaneously, thereby yielding a remarkable 20.3% efficiency for the proof-of-concept device. We believe the design proposed in this may be of interest for applications in PVs and other optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A supramolecular bridging strategy with 2, 5-diaminobenzotrifluorid (DTF) molecular binder as the repeating unit was introduced to form a supramolecular-perovskite composite. The supramolecular binder plays a role of bridging the perovskite crystal grains, passivating the traps states of the perovskite films and producing excellent environmental stability. [Display omitted] • A supramolecular bridging strategy with DTF as repeat unit was proposed. • Bridging effect induced by the S-DTF for perovskite films was revealed. • Moisture-resistant MAPbI 3 solar cells with excellent performance was achieved. • Photovoltaic performance of MAPbI 3 solar cells have been effectively improved. The manipulation of grain boundaries in polycrystalline perovskites is an indispensable consideration for the photovoltaic performance and environmental stability of solar cells, because perovskite films obtained by solution process will inevitably introduce many defects in the grain boundaries. Although additives based on small molecules have proven to be effective defect passivators, their high volatility and diffusibility cannot satisfy the stability requirements of perovskite films. As an upgraded approach, herein, we introduced a supramolecular bridging strategy with 2,5-diaminobenzotrifluorid (DTF) molecular binder as the repeating unit to form a supramolecular-perovskite composite. The supramolecular binder plays a role of bridging the perovskite crystal grains, passivating the traps states of the perovskite films and producing excellent environmental stability, which is superior to the conventional additive engineering. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of the MAPbI 3 solar cell has been significantly increased from 18.8% to 21.0 %. The perovskite solar cells with S-DTF maintaining 93% of their original efficiency for over 30 days (∼70% humidity) in air ambient without encapsulation, exhibiting an excellent long-term stability. This will inspire a wider range of ideas beyond the regular additive engineering for improving the performance of polycrystalline perovskite-based photoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on investigation data on PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay, China during 1979 -1983, the horizontal distribution and pollution sources of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay were analyzed. The results showed that from 1979 to 1983, PHC in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay was mainly from rivers such as Haibo River, Licun River and Loushan River, and PHC content ranged from 0.10 to 1. 10 mg/L. The pollution sources of PHC were serious during 1979 -1981 and then became slight during 1982 -1983. From 1979 -1981 to 1982 -1983, PHC content, horizontal distribution and degree of pollution sources changed, but the input mode of PHC was constant, that is, PHC was brought into Jiaozhou Bay by rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on investigation data on PHC in Jiaozhou Bay, China from 1979 to 1983, the monthly, seasonal and annual variations of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay were studied. The results showed that from 1979 to 1983, Jiaozhou Bay was polluted by PHC seriously and then slightly in spring and summer, while Jiaozhou Bay was polluted by PHC slightly in autumn. During 1979-1983, PHC content in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay decreased year by year, and it was close to the background value gradually. Moreover, the reduction was obvious in spring and summer but very slight in autumn. Therefore, the water quality of Jiaozhou Bay became better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate a new class of silicon texturing approach based on inorganic (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and organic (tetramethylammonium hydroxide, TMAH) alkaline liquor etching processes for photovoltaic applications. The first stage of inorganic alkaline etching textures the silicon surface rapidly with large pyramids and reduces the cost. The subsequent organic alkaline second-etching improves the coverage of small pyramids on the silicon surface and strip off the metallic contaminants produced by the first etching step. In addition, it could smoothen the surface of the pyramids to yield good morphology. In this study, the texturing duration of both etching steps was controlled to optimize the optical and electrical properties as well as the surface morphology and passivation characteristics of the silicon substrates. Compared with traditional inorganic NaOH texturing, this hybrid process yields smoother (111) facets of the pyramids, fewer residual Na + ions on the silicon surface, and a shorter processing period. It also offers the advantage of lower cost compared with the organic texturing method based on the use of only TMAH. We applied this hybrid texturing process to fabricate silicon heterojunction solar cells, which showed a remarkable improvement compared with the cells based on traditional alkaline texturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the investigation data of water area in Jiaozhou Bay in April and August of 1981, Cr content and its surface horizontal distribution in water area of Jiaozhou Bay were studied. Research results showed that Cr content in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay was between 0.18 and 32.32 µg/L, corresponding with national class-one seawater quality standard(50.00 µg/L). The water area of Jiaozhou Bay was not polluted by any Cr. In April, Cr content was higher in northeast water area of Jiaozhou Bay and lower In southern coastal waters. In August, Cr content was lower In whole Jiaozhou Bay. Cr In water area of Jiaozhou Bay was mainly from river, which was between 1.85 and 32.32 µg/L. It showed that Cr content of river transportation was lower, and river was not polluted by Cr, and water quality was all very clean from river to all marine coastal waters and gulf waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the application of earth ecosystem theory, three complementary mechanisms of earth ecosystem and ecological power of North Pacific are elaborated fully. Aided by three ecological sub-systems of earh ecosystem: terrestrial ecosystem, marine ecosystem and atmospheric ecosystem, running track of Si is showed. Under the theoretical guidance of three complementar mechanisms of earh ecosystem, we predict future climate mode of the earh, and climate in 2010 gave confirm. Therefore, the theoretical system of earh ecosystem is conductive to studying global issues, including change processes and tendencies of resource, ecology, environment and disaster. Then, it is beneficial to human healthy surival and sustainable development of the earh ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By applying the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem, the structure and interface of earth ecosystem are fully elaborated , and corresponding model diagrams are established to display its composition and interconversion. The research finds that earth ecosystem includes three sub-ecosystems: terrestrial ecosystem, marine ecosystem and atmospheric ecosystem. The impact sequence of sub-ecosystems on earth ecosystem is atmospheric ecosystem > marine ecosystem > terrestrial ecosystem. Based on the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem and the application of earth ecosystem structure and interface, we give new explanations to Taoism and Taiji with the eight diagrams, which contributes to theoretical research of natural science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron doped nanocrystalline silicon/amorphous silicon hybrid thin films were deposited by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) to improve the performance of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. Electrical and optical properties as well as structural and passivation characteristics of these thin films were systematically researched as a function of TMB gas mixture ratio. A high dark conductivity of 6.5 × 10 −4 S/cm and minority carrier lifetime ( τ s ) of 1740 μs on Czochralski (Cz) Si wafers were obtained with the hybrid p-type Si films. We applied this optimized film as an emitter layer on SHJ solar cells based on Cz silicon wafers; a significant improvement in the solar cell wavelength response at 400 nm and output performance have been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel alkylated amorphous perovskitoid (a-PVKD) photoabsorber was in-situ synthesized by coordination-driven reconstruction process, enabling a moisture-resistant PSCs with high photovoltaic performance. The formation mechanism and the interaction between the chemical agents, interface reconstruction, and the performance of the device have been systematically revealed. [Display omitted] • Novel amorphous perovskitoid with alkylated surface was in-situ constructed. • Surface reconstruction model of the amorphous perovskitoid/crystalline perovskite was revealed. • Moisture-resistant MAPbI 3 solar cells with excellent performance was achieved. • The toxicity issue of PSCs caused by Pb2+ leakage was effectively suppressed. Organic-inorganic hailed perovskites have emerged as thrilling materials for photovoltaic devices owing to their specific combination of the easy-processed, superb charge mobility and strong light absorption. However, it is still challenging to simultaneously obtain efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of the defect-induced ions migration and the inherent low moisture tolerance. Herein, we report a perovskite photoabsorber with a novel alkylated amorphous perovskitoid/crystalline perovskite (a-PVKD/c-PVK) structure fabricated through a facile coordination-driven self-assembling process. We systematically elucidated the dissolution-reconstruction mechanisms of this a-PVKD/c-PVK structure and figured out the chemical interaction between the a-PVKD and the c-PVK. This judicious a-PVKD/c-PVK structure significantly hinders the moisture invasion, blocks the ion migration, and suppresses the nonradiative recombination, enabling to obtain a high efficiency over 21.5 % for MAPbI 3 solar cells. The unencapsulated a-PVKD/c-PVK cell maintains more than 94 % of the initial efficiency after aging for 30 days (∼55% humidity), exhibiting a high long-term stability. Our work not only provides an effective way to synthesize novel perovskitoid materials, but also indicates the significant potential of a-PVKD/c-PVK architecture in PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth is the place of human existence and life. Without the earth, there is no human, no nature either. To study human existence, the earth of human living is firstly studied. By the study of many natural phenomena on the earth, we firstly put forward the theory of earth ecosystem, expound its definition, structure, aim, function, content and significance, and illustrate the characteristics of earth ecosystem. So we found the theory of earth ecosystem, and unveil the variable processes and the operation mechanisms of earth ecosystem. We put forward the earth ecosystem and its theoretic system, which are different from the previous "earth system science" and "Gaia hypothesis". We consider that among each part of the environment, between environment and organism, there are organic, close and coalescent relationships, so that the earth ecosystem is able to have a sustainable development. Even if there is no life, the earth ecosystem also can control and regulate the earth changes, and possesses the stable state. Therefore, the foundation of the earth ecosystem theory is conducive to the studies of the global problems: the change processes and trends of resources, ecologies, environments, disasters, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Unique bandgap alignment enhances charge transfer at the hetero-interface. • Non-wettability surface promotes the crystallization of the perovskite films. • PSCs achieve a V oc of 1.16 V and the PCE of 20.98%. • The stability of the PSCs based on m-TiO 2 /a-WO x ETL has been improved. Recently, the rapid improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with surprising and efficient PSCs is considered to be the most promising alternative to the next generation photovoltaic. In PSCs, the interfacial charge transfers between perovskite and electron transporting layers (ETLs) play an important role in enhancing the PCE , hysteresis, and stability. Here, an amorphous WO x (a-WO x) interlayer is interposed between the perovskite layer and mesoporous TiO 2 (m-TiO 2) layer to boost the hetero-interface charge transport. The room-temperature processed a-WO x has a wide bandgap and high electron mobility, which is capable of efficiently transporting photo-generated electrons, thereby reducing interfacial charge accumulation in the PSCs. Besides, we first found that the m-TiO 2 /a-WO x hybrid ETLs have better non-wettability, which subsequently improves the crystallization of the perovskite films by promoting the grain boundary mobility. Consequently, under optimized MAPbI 3 solar cells having m-TiO 2 /a-WO x hybrid ETLs exhibits the highest V oc of 1.16 V and the PCE of 20.98%. Stability tests indicate that the PCE value based on the m-TiO 2 /a-WO x device remains more than 91% after exposure to 45% humidity for 30 days in the dark at room temperature, much higher than the m-TiO 2 based cell, which retains about 70% of the initial PCE value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For flexible perovskite solar cells, achieving high power conversion efficiency by using a room-temperature technology to fabricate a compact electron transport layer is one of the best options. Here, we develop an annealing-free, dopant-free, and amorphous tungsten oxide as electron transport layer by vacuum evaporation for flexible perovskite solar cells. The compact amorphous tungsten oxide electron transport layer with different thicknesses (0–50 nm) was directly deposited on flexible PEN/ITO substrate. A model of the improvement mechanism is proposed to understand how the thickness tailoring simultaneously enhances the crystallization and relaxes the trade-off between interface recombination and charge transfer. By optimizing the amorphous tungsten oxide thickness, the high homogeneous, uniform, and dense electron transport layer with a thickness of 30 nm is found to not only decrease the pinhole of the perovskite layer, but also enhance charge transport with reducing resistance. Furthermore, the mechanical bending stability revealed that, the fabricated perovskite solar cells show stable power conversion efficiency up to more than 1000 bending cycles. The room-temperature processed fabrication enables the amorphous tungsten oxide to become a potential electron transport layer candidate for the large-scale flexible perovskite solar cells, which becomes compatible with practical roll-to-roll solar cells manufacturing. Image 1 • Room-temperature and large-area a-WO x ETL has been developed for flexible PSCs. • The trade-off between charge recombination and transfer is relaxed. • Flexible PSCs based on a-WO x exhibits an excellent mechanical bending stability. • Large area a-WO x ETL achieve high efficiency for flexible perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystallization growth occupies a crucially important role in terms of impacting the film microstructure and device characteristics of the kesterite Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) solar cell. Previous studies frequently observed that the selenized CZTSSe film consists of a multiple-layer structure with a large-grained top layer and a fine-grained bottom layer. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed for adjusting spin-coated layers and conducting two-step selenization to promote the fine-grain layers growth of Bi-doped CZTSSe (CZTBiSSe) films for high-performance solar cells. This study systematically investigates the effects of spin-coated layers and the selenization process on growth kinetics of the CZTBiSSe films. By comparison, the optimal spin-coated layer can be identified as "7 + 3", the CZTBiSSe film has a bilayer large grain structure from up to down, which reduces the grain boundaries, thus reducing the charge recombination loss, and is more conducive to charge carrier transfer. Finally, a CZTBiSSe solar cell with the highest efficiency of 7.27 % was obtained, which increased by 36 % more than one prepared using traditional methods (5.34 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breakthrough of organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on mesostructured composites is regarded as a viable member of next generation photovoltaics. In high efficiency PSCs, it is crucial to finely optimize the charge dynamics and optical properties matching between the perovskites and electron transporting materials to relax the trade‐off between the optical and electrical requirements. Here, a simple antipolar route with H2O as the additive is proposed to prepare hierarchical electron transporting layers to boost the efficiency of dopant‐free PSCs. The photovoltaic performance of the PSCs is enhanced owing to increased light‐scattering, improved Ostwald ripening, and photo‐generated electron extraction. Optimization of the H2O addition enables a valid power conversion efficiency of 19.9% (reverse scan: 20.02%) to be achieved. The device can retain more than 90% of its initial performance after storage in air more than 30 days. These results are inspiring in that they present that a mesoporous transporting layer could be easily re‐constructed to hierarchical architecture by the antipolar method to further improve the performance of PSCs. A simple antipolar route is proposed to prepare hierarchical electron transporting layers for boosting the efficiency of dopant‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The photovoltaic performance of PSCs is enhanced owing to the enhanced light‐scattering, the improved Ostwald ripening process, and the promoted photo‐generated electron extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐cost and efficient interfacial layer construction with the required charge selectivity and compatibility is necessary for nanostructured solar cells, and the proper integration of the interfacial layer with the light‐trapping system is required to improve the power conversion efficiency of the cell. Herein, low‐cost Si nanowires‐based solar cells with tunneling heterojunctions are developed by the deposition of MoOx and spin‐coating of Cs2CO3 as the carrier‐selective layers. The power conversion efficiency of 16.9% for a device of 4 cm2 in area is achieved by Si nanowires solar cells by the self‐assembly of ultra‐thin SiOx as the surface tunneling passivation layer. Self‐assembly is realized with an ultraviolet O3 treatment process at room temperature. Quasi‐steady‐state photoconductance, microwave‐detected photoconductance decay, and constant current–voltage measurements are used to characterize the passivation quality and tunneling transportation properties of the ultra‐thin SiOx layers. Interfacial charge recombination is suppressed and effective carrier tunneling properties are developed by the growth of ≈1.5 nm thick SiOx layers on the surfaces of the Si nanowires. This proposed Si nanowires solar cell architecture featuring tunneling heterojunctions achieves high performance and may be suitable for fabricating industrialized Si nanowires‐based photovoltaic devices through a cost‐effective, simple, and low‐temperature process. A very low‐cost and low‐temperature photovoltaic cell based on dopant‐free contact (transition metal oxide/n‐SiNWs/alkali metal salt) and Si nanowires arrays show a power conversion efficiency of 16.9%. Insights into the interaction between the self‐assembling interface passivation, interface polarities, and the performance of the device is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A perovskite nucleation/growth compatible model via manipulating the intermediate complex induced by n -hexylamine (NHA) modulator is developed for efficient and ambient-air-stable PSCs. Comprehensive insights into the relevance between the precursor colloid, intermediate phase, and the crystallization of the perovskite have been elucidated in detail. [Display omitted] • Intermediate phase of MAPbI 3 was modulated by NHA for efficient and stable PSCs. • Nucleation/growth competition was finely relaxed by engineering the intermediate phase. • The device framework is reinforced due to the improved crystallization and hydrophobicity. • The PCE of the MAPbI 3 device increased to 21.91% with excellent stability. The smooth and dense light-absorbing layer is an essential factor in polycrystalline solar cells to achieve high photovoltaic performance, while it remains challenging in perovskite solar cells because of the difficulty balancing the speed of crystal nucleation and growth in a solution way. Here, we explored a perovskite nucleation/growth compatible model via manipulating the intermediate complex induced by n -hexylamine (NHA) molecule, guiding us to adjustments perovskite nucleation and growth process. We found that the NHA can act as a gearbox-like molecule to sequentially reduce the perovskite nucleation barrier, promote the nucleation velocity, and retard the perovskite growth simultaneously to obtain uniform perovskite films; correspondingly, this modulation also yields the buried interface with fewer voids and low defects density. In addition, the hydrophobic NHA with long alkyl chain improves the moisture tolerance of the perovskite. The treated solar cell power conversion efficiency was 21.91 %. Importantly, in ∼ 70 % humidity at 25 °C for 30 days, the efficiency of the device declined less than 5 %, exhibiting a good stability performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We firstly put forward the definitions and principles of ecosystem segmentation and composition, and elaborate five kinds of characteristics of ecosystem segmentation and composition. Results show that ecosystem segmentation and composition are actually its space segmentation and composition, and time change decides change and succession of any ecosystems. Via temporal-spatial change of ecosystem and segmentation and composition, change and succession trend of ecosystem and future development are determined, which lays foundation for analyzing structure and composition of earth ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic device requires light-absorbing materials that are highly efficient, low cost, lightweight, and stable during operation. Here we demonstrate the use of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) top cell and a crystal silicon heterojunction (HIT) bottom cell to form a double-junction solar cell with a high open circuit voltage ( V OC ), which is potentially functioned in the solar-to-hydrogen generation process and the replacement of chemical battery. Our photovoltaic device shows a high overall V OC of 1.561 V and a short current density of over 14 mA/cm 2 , which outperforms all other reported pure silicon-based double-junction solar cells. The newly developed a-Si:H/HIT double-junction solar cells hold the promise for some potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of functional absorbers with excellent film-forming quality and carrier extraction/transfer efficiency is of great significance to achieve high-efficiency and stable n–i–p planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we propose a simple in situ growth technique to construct high-quality absorbers by introducing a commercial two-dimensional (2D) tungsten sulfide nanosheet (WS2 NS) modifier during the growth of a perovskite. The synergistic effects of WS2 on perovskite crystallization kinetics, charge extraction/transfer/recombination behaviors, and device photovoltaic outputs were systematically studied. Owing to the strong coordination effect between WS2 NSs and organic cations in a perovskite, WS2 can be used as a growth template in the crystallization process of the perovskite, thus effectively passivating grain boundaries and surface/interface trap states, and synchronously improving the film-forming quality, surface/interface contact, and photogenerated charge extraction/transfer efficiency of the perovskite. Moreover, WS2 located at the grain boundaries and surface/interface provides the "fast paths" for photogenerated electron–hole pairs by virtue of its high charge mobility, which greatly inhibits the accumulation/recombination of charge carriers and effectively improves the photovoltaic performance and hysteresis behavior of planar PSCs. Additionally, WS2 NSs induce the substitutional doping of formamidinium cations, which has a positive contribution to broadening the spectral response range. The results show that the efficiency of the WS2-modified PSC is significantly better than that of the conventional planar device. The non-encapsulated functionalized devices also exhibit good stability due to the multifunctional effects of a WS2-modified perovskite, resulting in great advantages for the development of highly efficient flexible-, semitransparent-, and tandem-photovoltaic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quick and repeatable fabrication of compact CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 film was achieved by the anti-solvent method which consists of the one-step deposition to the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 film and quickly exposition to the anti-solvent of diethyl ether. The morphology, crystalline quality and properties of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 film were found to be extraordinary influenced by the adding amount of diethyl ether. Accordingly, the native relationship between the crystal quality of perovskite films and solar cells was revealed. The CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 film by adding optimized 600 μL diethyl ether delivered the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.76% and average PCE of 18.41% with remarkable reproducibility. These results provide an approach to fabricate the high-quality perovskite film and encourage the researchers to further improve the PCE of perovskite solar cells from the aspect of the fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the investigation data of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay, China during 1980 -1981, the vertical distribution of PHC content in the water of Jiaozhou Bay was analyzed. The results showed that from 1980 to 1981, the vertical distribution of PHC content in the water of Jiaozhou Bay depended on the water transfer process of PHC. During the water transfer process of PHC, PHC was input from pollution sources into the surface water of the bay firstly, and then it settled to the bottom. The horizontal distribution trends of PHC content in the surface and bottom water, the changes of PHC content in the surface and bottom water, and the vertical changes of PHC content showed that the settlement of PHC was fast and was consistent with PHC content. PHC accumulated at the bottom affer continuous settlement of PHC, which revealed the water transfer process of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu2Ni0·05Zn0·95Sn(S,Se)4 (CNZTSSe) films were synthesized on Mo-coated glass substrates by the simple sol–gel means combined with the selenization process, and CNZTSSe-based solar cells were successfully prepared. The effects of selenization temperature on the performance and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cells were systematically studied. The results show that the crystallinity of films increases as the selenization temperature raises based on nickel (Ni) doping. When the selenization temperature reached 540 °C, CNZTSSe films with a large grain size and a smooth surface can be obtained. The Se doping level gradually increased, and Se occupied the S position in the lattice as the selenization temperature was increased so that the optical band gap (Eg) of the CNZTSSe film could be adjusted in the range of 1.14 to 1.06 eV. In addition, the Ni doping can inhibit the deep level defect of SnZn and the defect cluster [2CuZn + SnZn]. It reduces the carrier recombination path. Finally, at the optimal selenization temperature of 540 °C, the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the prepared device reached 344 mV and the PCE reached 5.16%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) show excellent optoelectronic properties, their stability greatly limits their potential applications due to the ionicity. Stable bromine‐rich CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) are achieved by the thermal injection method, which includes adding cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to a cesium oleate precursor solution. The CTAB as a ligand provides strong binding to the NC surface to effectively passivate the surface defects, and most importantly helps to realize the formation of bromine‐rich CsPbBr3 NCs. The obtained bromine‐rich CsPbBr3 NCs show higher photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and enhanced moisture and UV illumination stability. These results provide a simple strategy to synthesize bromine‐rich CsPbBr3 NCs, which can be promising for integrating into the synthesize technique of perovskite optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on investigation data of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay, China from 1979 to 1983, the seasonal variations of PHC content and monthly changes of precipitation in Jiaozhou Bay were analyzed. The results showed that seen from the spatial and temporal distribution, the seasonal variation of PHC content in the surface water of Jiaozhou Bay was based on the flow of the rivers as well as human activity, so PHC content in the rivers depended on the flow of the rivers and human activity, and the peaks and valleys of PHC content appeared in various seasons. The seasonal variation of PHC content in the surface water of Jiaozhou Bay depended on its land transfer process. The land transfer process was composed of use of PHC by mankind, deposition of PHC in soil and on the earth's surface, and transportation of PHC to offshore waters of sea by rivers and surface runoff. PHC content depended on mankind during the process from being used to entering soil and on precipitation during the process of being transported from soil to ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A chain-like D-π-A molecule modification strategy was proposed to optimize PSCs. • The D-π-A properties of Astaxanthin have been confirmed by DFT calculation. • Dual functions of transfer channel for electron cloud and defect passivation in π-bridge are achieved. • A PCE of 24.43% has been achieved in Astaxanthin modified PSCs with improved stability. In donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) molecules, the coordination ability of the acceptor can be enhanced by the directed movement of delocalized electrons (DEs) on the π-bridge. However, the conventional aromatic ring as π-bridge limits the number of DEs due to the structural characteristic, which restrict the coordination ability of the acceptor, and there is still a lack of research on this issue. Herein, we proposed a chain-like conjugated π-bridge design strategy to address this issue. The Astaxanthin with eleven contiguous C − C = C fragments was selected as a chain-like D-π-A additive for perovskite films. Twenty-two DEs in such chain-like bridge can move towards the C = O group by the D-π-A effect within Astaxanthin, which increases the electron cloud density of C = O group so that enhances its coordination capacity with cations. Ultimately, the Astaxanthin-based device achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.43 % and maintained more than 95 % and 91 % of initial PCE for aging 1000 h in dry air (RH < 1 %) and atmosphere (RH = 20 ∼ 30 %), respectively. This work provides a novel strategy to break the restriction of aromatic rings to DEs, which provides theoretical and experimental guidance for further designing chain-like D-π-A additives with strong defect passivation ability to boost photovoltaic performance of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data from the investigation in Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1982, the distribution, transfer and seasonal variation of As in Jiaozhou Bay were analyzed. Research results showed that in Jiaozhou Bay, As content was 0.22 -2.80 µg/L at surface layer in one year and 0.84 - 4.48 µg/L at bottom layer. In one year, there was no As pollution in the whole waters of Jiaozhou Bay, and only low-content As was input into Jiaozhou Bay. By the horizontal distribution in the waters, it was able to determine if the mater was transported from the land into the waters and what the way of the transportation was. In April and October, there was no As source in the bay; the As content came from the river transportation in June and from the surface runoff transportation in July. In the land transfer process, the As content change in waters of Jiaozhou Bay was determined by the rainy season. There was no pollution of As in the soils and waters around the bay, so the As content was very low in the rivers around the bay. In the waters transfer process, in July and October, if there was the As source in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay or not, the bottom area with the highcontent As was formed in the bay center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The research aimed to study HCH persistence in Jiaozhou Bay. [Method] Based on the investigation data in Jiaozhou Bay in April, August, September and October of 1989, we analyzed the source, distribution and migration status of HCH in sea area of Jiaozhou Bay. By using structural model of HCH environmental background value in Jiaozhou Bay, basic background value, input amount of terrestrial runoff and environmental background value of HCH in Jiaozhou Bay were calculated. [Result] Basic background value of HCH in water area of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.0127 µg/L, HCH input amount of terrestrial runoff was during 0 -0.0571 µg/L, HCH content input by ocean current was 0 Mg/L Then, environmental background value of HCH in water area of Jiaozhou Bay was during 0.0127 -0.0698 µg/L. [Conclusion] HCH needed long time migrating from land to sea bottom, and experienced terrestrial migration process, water migration process, settlement process and biological migration cycle process. In these migration processes, HCH was persistent, and always caused threats and harms on organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Sba modified Ti 3 C 2 Tx MXene is synthesized to modify buried interface to achieve high PCE in PSCs. • The MX-Sba formed a double-sided association with SnO 2 and perovskite to passivate both-side defects. • Intramolecular charge transfer within MX-Sba accelerates the interfacial charge transfer of PSCs. • The MX-Sba optimized the SnO 2 /PVK interfacial band arrangement. Buried interface engineering is essential for improving optoelectronic properties and the charge extraction process to achieve high efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we designed and prepared the 4-Sulfamoylbenzoic acid (Sba) functionalized MXene (MX-Sba) nanosheets to modify buried interface of PSCs. Such functionalized strategy enabled the MX-Sba to form a double-sided association with SnO 2 and perovskite to passivate both-side defects due to the coexistence of F groups within MXene and NH 2 and S O groups of Sba. Compared to the MXene, MX-Sba not only further improved the conductivity of SnO 2 layer, but also helped to achieve the desirable interfacial band arrangement. As a result, the MX-Sba based PSCs achieved the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of 23.49 % with improved stability. This work provides an effective strategy for buried interface engineering in PSCs, which is also applicable for other photoelectric devices. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ag-alloyed Cu 1.9 Ag 0.1 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CAZTSSe) films were prepared by selenidation of Cu 1.9 Ag 0.1 ZnSnS 4 (CAZTS) precursor films under various selenidation conditions. The effects of selenidation time and selenidation temperature on the composition, morphology, optical band gap (Eg) and device performance of CAZTSSe films were systematically studied. It is found that the selenidation temperature of 480 °C and selenidation time of 10 min provide a favorable selenidation environment for the growth of the film, which can promote grain growth and form a thick and smooth film. This has been strongly confirmed through relevant tests. In addition, the analysis of performance characterization of the films shows that the Eg of the films can be adjusted via adjusting the selenidation conditions, so as to improve the electrical properties. Finally, the CAZTSSe solar cell with a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.94 % and an open circuit voltage (V oc) of 397 mV was successfully prepared at the selenidation temperature of 480 °C and selenidation time of 10 min. • A new method to improve V oc and PCE of CZTSSe solar cell by Ag doping is put forward. • This is the first report on the effect of post-selenization on CAZTSSe solar cell. • Eg of CAZTSSe can be continuously adjusted by adjusting the selenidation condition. • The effect of selenization condition on PCE is ascribed to change of V OC and FF. • This study shows hopeful character of selenidation condition in increasing the PCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TFP coordinates with Pb defects and forms hydrogen bonds with MA+ and FA+. • The Ag@TFP layer enhances light absorption and produces more hot carriers. • The Ag@TFP layer enhances the V bi and match the energy levels of the PSCs. • A PCE of 23.86% has been achieved in PSCs based on Ag@TFP-TFP synergistic strategy. The development of multi-functional synergetic strategy with defect passivation and optical management is expected to further improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, the small organic molecule of 4-trifluoromethyl pyridine (TFP) and Ag nanoparticle modified by TFP (Ag@TFP) with local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects were introduced into PSCs. After investigating their different intervention ways in PSCs, a novel technique has been proved to own the ability to achieve the best photovoltaic performance of PSCs, i.e. TFP was introduced into the perovskite layer by anti-solvent method, and then a layer of Ag@TFP was deposited on the perovskite layer. The TFP can both coordinate with Pb related defects and form hydrogen bonds with MA+ and FA+ to effectively inhibit ion migration, so that the perovskite films with high crystal quality and improved stability can be obtained. The further deposition of Ag@TFP enhances the light absorption of perovskite via far-field light scattering effects and produces hot electrons for injection, so that the Jsc and Voc can be greatly increased. Meanwhile, an enhanced near-field electromagnetic field of Ag@TFP increases the build-in field of device, and a more matched energy level alignment has been formed, which greatly accelerates the charge transfer from perovskite to HTL. As a result, the highest PCE of 23.86 % has been achieved in the Ag@TFP-TFP based Cs 0.069 FA 0.826 MA 0.105 Pb(I 0.955 Br 0.045) 3 PSCs. This work not only provides an effective approach to improve the photovoltaic performance of PSCs, but also open a new gate to design synergetic strategy with multifunction for prompting the development of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Element doping into the Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) absorber is an effective method to optimize the performance of thin film solar cells. In this study, the Cu 2 In x Zn 1-x Sn(S,Se) 4 (CIZTSSe) precursor film was deposited by magnetron cosputtering technique using indium (In) and quaternary Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) as targets. Meanwhile, the In content was controlled using the direct current (DC) power on In target (P In). A single kesterite CIZTSSe alloy was formed by successfully doping a small number of In3+ into the main lattice of CZTSSe. The partial Zn2+ cations were substituted by In3+ ions, resulting in improving properties of CZTSSe films. Morphological analysis showed that large grain CIZTSSe films could be obtained by doping In. The well-distributed, smooth, and dense film was obtained when the P In was 30 W. The band gap of CIZTSSe could be continuously adjusted from 1.27 to 1.05 eV as P In increased from 0 to 40 W. In addition, the CIZTSSe alloy thin film at P In = 30 W exhibited the best p-type conductivity with Hall mobility of 6.87 cm2V−1s−1, which is a potential material as the absorption layer of high-performance solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Na 0.1 Cu 0.9) 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 thin films with a single kesterite phase were synthesized using a sol-gel spin-coating method accompanied by rapid post-annealing. In this study, we investigated the effect of selenization time on the crystal quality and photoelectric performance of the (Na 0.1 Cu 0.9) 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 films. It was found that the crystallinity and morphology of the films was enhanced, and some of bigger Se substituted for the S site in (Na 0.1 Cu 0.9) 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 with increasing the selenization time. The bandgap of the film can be regulated from 1.04 eV to 0.99 eV by varying the selenization time. In addition, all films showed p-type conductive characteristics, and films with optimal electrical performance could be obtained by optimizing the selenization time. Finally, the (Na 0.1 Cu 0.9) 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 thin film with the best crystal quality and optical-electrical characteristics was obtained at an optimized selenization time of 15 min. A high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.92% was obtained for the (Na 0.1 Cu 0.9) 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 device, which is 42% higher compared to that of the undoped Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • N/p homojunction absorber was developed using black phosphorus nanosheets (BP NSs). • BP NSs passivated perovskite defects while inducing homojunction formation. • BP NSs act as fast paths to balance charge transport at the top and bottom interfaces. Trap-assisted charge recombination and interfacial charge recombination have limited further improvements in the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. We construct a novel two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus nanosheet (BP NS)-modified perovskite model that utilizes an upgraded additive post-processing technique to introduce 2D BP NSs, comprising multiple functional groups and carrying a high charge mobility and high work function, into the absorber during Ostwald ripening. 2D BP NSs, while passivating grain boundaries and surface defects, successfully induced the in-situ formation of an intriguing n/p homojunction structure between the underlying bulk and the top in a monolithic perovskite film, i.e., a graded n/p-PVK-BP absorber. This resulted in the synergistic advantages of expanding the built-in electric field to facilitate the oriented transfer of photogenerated carriers, optimizing the energy level alignment, and minimizing the hole injection barrier at the perovskite/hole transporting layer interface, thereby accelerating the selective extraction/collection of interfacial charges and synchronously reducing nonradiative and interfacial charge recombination losses. The 2D BP NSs anchored at the grain boundaries and surface of p-type perovskite form a "fast path" for hole migration, achieving carrier transport balance at the top and bottom interfaces. The optimized n/p-PVK-BP device achieved an efficiency of 23.22 %, with negligible hysteresis. Owing to the synergistic effects of the various advantages of the graded n/p-PVK-BP homojunction absorber, the unencapsulated device exhibited good long-term storage and operational stability, providing potential for commercial conversion of perovskite-based optoelectronics. This work provides a simple homojunction structure design and performance optimization strategy for the simultaneous reduction of trap-assisted charge recombination and interfacial charge recombination losses and provides new insights for the development of more efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneously modulating the optical and electrical properties of the hole transporting layer (HTL) plays a vital role in the performance of p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a negligible hysteresis inverted planar PSC with 17.30% power conversion efficiency was successfully fabricated by employing a thin and non-stoichiometric dopant-free nickel oxide (DF-NiO x) film as the HTL. The DF-NiO x film was formed by a radio frequency magnetron sputtering method. The Ni3+ content as well as the crystallization of the DF-NiO x thin films were tuned by regulating the post-annealing treatment, leading to enhanced optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. The optimized DF-NiO x films exhibit a high transmittance of more than 90%, appropriate conductivity, uniform surface morphology, and a better energy level match with the perovskite layer. This study not only highlights the importance of optimizing the Ni3+ content and crystallization for the formation of high-performance DF-NiO x HTLs, but also provides an excellent device platform for making large area high-performance PSCs and tandem solar cells. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic-organic perovskites, such as CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = I, Br, Cl), is significant improvements in power conversion efficiencies, demonstrating the enormous potential of perovskite materials. Rapid extraction of photo-generated charge carriers from high-quality perovskite films is essential to achieve efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we devote to improving the charge-extraction ability of the electron transport layers (ETLs) and the crystallization of the perovskite layers by optimizing the ETLs' fabrication process. Insight into the impacts of ETLs architecture on the ETLs/perovskite hetero-interface properties and the quality of perovskite films are originally elucidated. The optimized ETLs increase the open-circuit voltage (V oc) of the MAPbI 3 -based PSCs by up to 100 mV, and the optimal device achieves V oc ∼ 1.13 V. Under the AM 1.5 simulated sunlight illumination, the optimized PSCs achieves an optimum PCE of 19.7% and maintains good stability after a storage time of 30 days with exposed to the ambient air environment. One of the key limitations of current PSCs performance is effectively solved by this simple optimization method and paves the way for further improve the efficiency through interface engineering. Image 1 • Crystallization of MAPbI 3 is improved by structural engineering the mesoporous TiO 2. • Unraveling the role of mesoporous TiO 2 structure for PSCs performance enhancement. • Photogenerated charge extraction has been boosted by the O-m-TiO 2. • MAPbI 3 -based PSCs achieve a high efficiency of 19.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the investigation data of Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1981, current situation and horizontal distribution of Cr content in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth were studied. Results showed that in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay center, Cr content changed from 0. 50 to 3.78 Mg/L In April. In August, Cr content changed from 0.14 to 1.42 ng/L in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth. It showed that Cr content corresponded with national class-one seawater quality standard (50.00 μg/L) at different times and spaces, and Cr content was far less than 5.00 pig/L. Therefore, under the effect of vertical water body, water quality was clean in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay, which was not polluted by Cr. In bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay center In April and bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth In August, Cr transported by the river came to the bottom layer from surface layer by passing through water body In temporal-spatial change process. Under the effects of gravity and water flow, Cr continuously and quickly sank to the sea bottom. It verified the sedimentation process of Cr content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N -glycosylation has been revealed to be tightly associated with cancer metastasis. As a key transferase that catalyzes the formation of β1,4 N -acetylglucosamine (β1,4GlcNAc) branches on the mannose core of N -glycans, N -acetylglucosaminyltransferase IVa (GnT-IVa) has been reported to be involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis by forming N -glycans; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In the current study, we found that GnT-IVa was upregulated in HCC tissues and positively correlated with worse outcomes in HCC patients. We found that GnT-IVa could promote tumor growth in mice; notably, this effect was attenuated after mutating the enzymatic site (D445A) of GnT-IVa, suggesting that GnT-IVa regulated HCC progression by forming β1,4GlcNAc branches. To mechanistically investigate the role of GnT-IVa in HCC, we conducted GSEA and GO functional analysis as well as in vitro experiments. The results showed that GnT-IVa could enhance HCC cell migration, invasion and adhesion ability and increase β1,4GlcNAc branch glycans on integrin β1 (ITGB1), a tumor-associated glycoprotein that is closely involved in cell motility by interacting with vimentin. Interruption of β1,4GlcNAc branch glycan modification on ITGB1 could suppress the interaction of ITGB1 with vimentin and inhibit cell motility. These results revealed that GnT-IVa could promote HCC cell motility by affecting the biological functions of ITGB1 through N -glycosylation. In summary, our results revealed that GnT-IVa is highly expressed in HCC and can form β1,4GlcNAc branches on ITGB1, which are essential for interactions with vimentin to promote HCC cell motility. These findings not only proposed a novel mechanism for GnT-IVa in HCC progression but also revealed the significance of N -glycosylation on ITGB1 during the process, which may provide a novel target for future HCC therapy. • GnT-IVa enhances cell motility and correlates with poor outcomes of HCC. • GnT-IVa increases β1,4GlcNAc branches on ITGB1 to promote cell motility of HCC. • β1,4GlcNAc branches on ITGB1 affect interactions with vimentin in HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The novel walnut shape MAPb 0.95 Mn 0.05 I 3-x Cl x film was successfully synthesized by a one-step method followed by chlorobenzene anti-solvent treatment. The bandgap energy and PL intensity of perovskite film can be effectively tuned by Mn and Cl co-doping. The enlarged bandgap energy is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of strengthened Pb-I interaction, Cl incorporation and smaller electronegativity of Mn dopants. The stronger coupling between the Mn d- and Pb p-bands, extended carriers diffusion length and more emitting defect-associated states caused by Mn and Cl co-doping are the main reasons for the enhancing PL intensity of MAPb 0.95 Mn 0.05 I 3-x Cl x walnut shape film. This work not only helps to in-depth understand the correlation between co-doping elements and optical properties of nanostructured perovskite films, but also provides important strategy for future designing the lower-toxic nanostructured perovskite materials with enhanced electrical and optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have synthesized Cu 2 Mg x Zn 1–x Sn(S,Se) 4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) thin films by a facile sol-gel method, and studied the influence of Mg concentration on the crystal structure, surface morphology and photoelectric performance of Cu 2 Mg x Zn 1–x Sn(S,Se) 4 thin films systematically. It was shown that the smaller Zn 2+ in Kesterite phase Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 will be replaced by larger Mg 2+ , forming uniform pure phase Cu 2 Mg x Zn 1–x Sn(S,Se) 4 . The band gap of Cu 2 Mg x Zn 1–x Sn(S,Se) 4 films can be adjusted from 1.12 to 0.88 eV as the x value changes from 0 to 0.6. Furthermore, the Cu 2 Mg x Zn 1–x Sn(S,Se) 4 thin films with large grain size, smooth surface and less grain boundaries was obtained at an optimized condition of x = 0.2. The carrier concentration of Cu 2 Mg x Zn 1–x Sn(S,Se) 4 thin film reaches the maximum 6.47 × 10 18 cm −3 at x = 0.2, which is a potential material to be the absorption layer of high efficiency solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional multi-crystalline Si solar cells present limited spectral response in the near ultraviolet region due to the parasitic absorption caused by passivation layer and heavily doped emitter layer. Converting ultraviolet light into visible light is a promising way to improve the performance of the devices. Herein, CsPbCl 3 : Mn 2+ quantum dots are applied onto the front of the multi-crystalline Si solar cells as the luminescent downconverter to improve light harvesting in the short wavelength region. CsPbCl 3 : Mn 2+ quantum dots with large Stokes shift (>1000 meV) and high quantum yield (62%) effectively convert the normally low responding spectral in the ultraviolet region into usable visible light at ∼600 nm for improving photoelectric conversion efficiency of the devices. Combining with the unique light-trapping architecture of multi-crystalline Si solar cells, external quantum efficiency in the ultraviolet region is evidently improved, leading to an increased conversion efficiency of 6.2%. Meanwhile, solar cells coated with CsPbCl 3 : Mn 2+ quantum dots luminescent downconverter layer also exhibit favorable photostability under AM 1.5G illumination and reproducibility. Based on these characteristics, we deem this light-management strategy could be applied on mass product multi-crystalline Si solar cells, and easily extended to enhance the performance of other solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-safety and low-cost aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have gained much attention for the electrochemical energy storage system. However, ZIBs still face severe challenges in achieving long-cycle performance and excellent rate performance, which are limited by poor material stability and conductivity by cathode materials. Herein, a novel layered hydrated vanadates composite material embedded in highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) scaffolds is prepared by diversified synthesis strategies of micro-nano morphology regulation. With the assistance of different amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the morphologies are transformed from nano polyhedrons to nanoribbons, and a possible formation mechanism is correspondingly proposed. Furthermore, the unique structure and morphology, together with consequent rapid Zn2+ transport dynamics and structural stability are significant to the superior energy storage performance. As expected, the CoVO-150 provides a high reversible specific capacity of 230.3 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1, while it provides remarkable capacity retention of 82.1 % at 20 A g−1 after 2000 cycles. This article provides an effective strategy for the development and optimization of novel cathode materials for a high-performance zinc ion energy storage system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Amino group at ortho -position can activate whole-body passivation ability of M2A4M. • Both amino and methoxy groups are activated via electron transfer from –CH 3 O through benzene ring. • Defects passivation, ion migration inhibition and optimized band alignment enhances PCE to 21.51 %. Passivating defects via organic molecule additives is one of important approaches to achieve high-efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To unveil the influence mechanism of intermolecular charge transfer caused by molecular structure on defect passivation is imperative for activating whole-body passivation ability of molecules. Small isomeric D-π-A molecules of methyl 2-amino-4-methoxybenzoate (M2A4M) and methyl 3-amino-4-methoxybenzoate (M3A4M) with multiple coordination sites provide us a desired research object to unveil how the intermolecular charge transfer caused by amino group position activate the passivation ability of molecule to boost the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. The results show that the ortho amino group within M2A4M is beneficial for part of electrons at –CH 3 O transferring to the methoxy and amino groups through benzene ring to activate their whole-body coordination ability with MA+ or Pb related defects. In detail, a unique bidentate chelating bond between M2A4M and uncoordinated Pb2+ ions in the perovskite can be formed due to a good distance match between functional groups on M2A4M and adjacent octahedral voids on the perovskite caused by ortho amino group, which provides the stronger adsorption capacity to anchor M2A4M on the perovskite to passivate internal defects. Moreover, the formation of hydrogen bond between activated methoxy group in M2A4M and NH 3 + in the perovskite can inhibit the ion migration to improve the stability of PSCs. As a result, the champion MAPbI 3 based PSCs treated with M2A4M achieves the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of 21.51 % with an open circuit voltage of 1.16 V. This work provides a novel concept for designing appropriate molecular structure of additives with whole-body defect passivation ability, which will prompt the further development of perovskite-based photoelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]