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1. The liver of chickens is a dominant lipid biosynthetic tissue and plays a vital role in fat deposition, particularly in the abdomen. To determine the molecular mechanisms involved in its lipid metabolism, the livers of chickens with high (H) or low (L) abdominal fat content were sampled and sequencing on long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA) and small RNA (microRNA) was performed. 2. In total, 351 expressed protein-coding genes for long non-coding RNA (DEL; 201 upregulated and 150 downregulated), 400 differentially expressed genes (DEG; 223 upregulated and 177 downregulated) and 10 differentially expressed miRNA (DEM; four upregulated and six downregulated) were identified between the two groups. Multiple potential signalling pathways related to lipogenesis and lipid metabolism were identified via pathway enrichment analysis. In addition, 173 lncRNA – miRNA – mRNA interaction regulatory networks were identified, including 30 lncRNA, 27 mRNA and seven miRNA. 3. These networks may help regulate lipid metabolism and fat deposition. Five promising candidate genes and two lncRNA may play important roles in the regulation of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism in chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low T C AlMn transition-edge sensors (TESs) have been developed as sensitive thermometers for the Q-Array, which will use superconducting targets to measure the coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering spectrum in the RICOCHET experiment. The TESs are made of manganese-doped aluminum with a titanium and gold antioxidation layer. A prototype TES thermometer consists of two TESs in parallel, an input gold pad in metallic contact with the TESs and an output gold pad and gold thermal link meanders, which are each designed to control the flow of heat through the TESs. We have fabricated and measured low T C AlMn TES chips with or without thermal flow control structures. We present T C measurements of the TESs after the initial fabrication and further T C tuning by re-heating and summarize the thermal property studies of the prototype TES thermometer by measuring I-V curves and complex impedance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reverse calculation method termed soil and lining physics‐informed neural network (SL‐PINN) is proposed for the estimation of load for tunnel lining in elastic soil based on radial displacement measurements of the tunnel lining. To achieve efficient and accurate calculations, the framework of SL‐PINN is specially designed to consider the respective displacement characteristics of surrounding soil and tunnel lining. A multistep training method based on the meshless characteristics of SL‐PINN is established to promote calculation efficiency. The multistep training method involves increasing the number of collocation points in each calculation step while decreasing the learning rate after scaling of SL‐PINN. The feasibility of SL‐PINN is verified by numerical simulation data and field data. Compared to other inverse calculation methods, SL‐PINN has lower precision requirements for the measurement instrument with the same level of calculation accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Auricular pseudocysts are rare, painless, benign intracartilaginous cysts of the auricle that are not lined by epithelium and have no known aetiology. Method: This was a prospective study conducted in an ENT department from January 2020 to June 2022. In 21 patients, complete aspiration of the pseudocyst with enhanced negative drainage was performed. They were followed for a minimum of six months. Results: All patients completely responded to the negative drainage treatment. No cases of recurrence or obvious deformities were observed. Conclusion: Aspiration with intensified negative drainage was associated with a positive response in patients with auricular pseudocysts. Complete resolution of the swelling can be achieved without any serious complications. Thus, it appears to be a simple and effective method for managing the condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing microbial risks is key to feasible hydrogen storage in geological formations. This work quantitatively analyses the impacts of bio-methanation on hydrogen storage performance. Fine-scale flow simulations, coupled with the bio-methanation reaction, are presented to analyse its impact on the storage performance. Based on the reported rates in literature, methanogenesis may slightly degrade the recovery performance of hydrogen but is considered minor compared with the issue of gas mixing. The impacts of methanogenesis on a time scale of months (330 days) becomes observable in the system configured here, when the methanation rate is above 1746 nano molality per hour. The assumed methanation rate is two times greater than the rate reported from the Olla filed. Validated scaling theory generalises findings for gravity-dominated scenarios. But viscous-dominated flows see complications from property variations due to pressure changes at high rates. This study provides definitions of "target properties" (e.g., acceptable methanogenesis rates) for screening hydrogen storage projects. • A new synthesis incorporating methanogenesis and flow dynamics is developed. • Effects of methanogenesis should be considered if the reaction rate is greater than 1746 nm h−1. • Fluid mixing driven by viscous fingering may amplify the process of methanogenesis. • The methanation process may lead to or accelerate the water breakthrough. • Scaling theory is validated for a gravity-dominated scenario with methanogenesis considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is the most popular tool in gene editing; however, off-target mutagenesis is one of the biggest impediments in its application. In our previous study, we proposed the HH theory, which states that sgRNA/DNA hybrid (hybrid) extrusion-induced enhancement of hydrophobic interactions between the hybrid and REC3/HNH is a key factor in cleavage initiation. Based on the HH theory, we analyzed the interactions between the REC3 domain and hybrid and obtained 8 mutant sites. We designed 8 SpCas9 variants (V1–V8), used digital droplet PCR to assess SpCas9-induced DNA indels in human cells, and developed high-fidelity variants. Thus, the HH theory may be employed to further optimize SpCas9-mediated genome editing systems, and the resultant V3, V6, V7, and V8 SpCas9 variants may be valuable for applications requiring high-precision genome editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study utilized ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence program based on large language models, to explore controversial issues in pediatric inguinal hernia surgery and compare its responses with the guidelines of the European Association of Pediatric Surgeons (EUPSA). Methods: Six contentious issues raised by EUPSA were submitted to ChatGPT 4.0 for analysis, for which two independent responses were generated for each issue. These generated answers were subsequently compared with systematic reviews and guidelines. To ensure content accuracy and reliability, a content analysis was conducted, and expert evaluations were solicited for validation. Content analysis evaluated the consistency or discrepancy between ChatGPT 4.0's responses and the guidelines. An expert scoring method assess the quality, reliability, and applicability of responses. The TF-IDF model tested the stability and consistency of the two responses. Results: The responses generated by ChatGPT 4.0 were mostly consistent with the guidelines. However, some differences and contradictions were noted. The average quality score was 3.33, reliability score was 2.75, and applicability score was 3.46 (out of 5). The average similarity between the two responses was 0.72 (out of 1), Content analysis and expert ratings yielded consistent conclusions, enhancing the credibility of our research. Conclusion: ChatGPT can provide valuable responses to clinical questions, but it has limitations and requires further improvement. It is recommended to combine ChatGPT with other reliable data sources to improve clinical practice and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective oxidation of tetrahydrofuran to γ-butyrolactone is an efficient method to convert biomass derivatives into high-value chemicals. In order to improve the efficacy of conversion of tetrahydrofuran to γ-butyrolactone, this study prepared an Ag–CeO2/α-Al2O3 catalyst via the impregnation method and used a solvent-free approach to convert tetrahydrofuran to γ-butyrolactone. And the conversion rate of 100% of raw material was achieved. The prepared catalyst was characterized by TEM, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption and XPS, in order to better understand the performance of the catalysts. The results demonstrated that Ce3+ and Ce4+ coexist on the surface of the catalyst and verified the existence of metallic Ag (Ag0) in Ag–CeO2/α-Al2O3 catalyst. The reaction mechanism of the formation of γ-butyrolactone by γ-site switch (ring-opening and ring-closing) of tetrahydrofuran was deduced. This is attributed to the synergistic action of Ag and Ce. γ-Site switch effect (ring-opening and ring-closing) is proposed for the first time in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The intramuscular fat (IMF) content in meat products is positively correlated with meat quality, making it an important consumer trait. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play central roles in regulating various biological processes, but little is currently known about the mechanisms by which they regulate IMF deposition in chickens. 2. This study sampled the breast muscles of chickens with high (H) and low (L) IMF content and constructed six small RNA libraries. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to profile the breast muscle transcriptome (lncRNA and mRNA) and to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and mRNAs (DEGs) between the H and L groups. In total, 263 DELs (118 up-regulated and 145 down-regulated lncRNAs) and 443 DEGs (203 up-regulated and 240 down-regulated genes) were identified between the two groups. 3. To analyse the DELs-DEGs interaction network, co-expression analysis was conducted to identify lncRNA-mRNA pairs. In total, 19270 lncRNA/mRNA pairs were identified, including 16 398 significant correlation pairs that presented as positive and 2872 pairs that presented as negative. The lncRNA – mRNA network comprised 263 lncRNA nodes and 440 mRNA nodes. 4. Pathway analysis, using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, indicated pathways associated with fat deposition and lipid metabolism such as the MAPK, PPAR, GnRH, ErbB and calcium signalling pathways, fatty acid elongation and fatty acid metabolism. Overall, the study identified potential candidate lncRNAs, genes and regulatory networks associated with chicken IMF deposition. These findings provide new insights to help clarify the regulatory mechanisms of IMF deposition in chickens which can be used to improve the IMF content in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on the weighted metric, the problem of approximating a general continuous fuzzy number u with derivable u(r) and ū(r) (left and right cut functions of level value r) for r ∈ (0, 1] by using the m − n−step type fuzzy number is studied. Two kinds of approximations (I−nearest approximation and II−nearest approximation which satisfy different conditions) of using m − n−step type fuzzy numbers to approximate general continuous fuzzy numbers are defined, and the relationship between the I−nearest approximation and II−nearest approximation is obtained. Then the methods of the two kinds of approximations are respectively presented by the theorems more specifically. At last, an example is given to show the effectiveness and usability of the methods set up by us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a versatile and robust immersed edge-based smoothed finite element method with the mass conservation algorithm (IESFEM/Mass) to solve partitioned fluid–structure interaction (FSI). A gradient smoothing technique was used to solve the system governing equations, which can improve the calculated capability of the linear triangular elements in two phases. Based on the quadratic sharp interface representation of immersed boundary, an extended fictitious domain constructed by a least squares method approximately corrected the residual flux error. The compatibility for boundary conditions on moving interfaces was satisfied, thus eliminating spurious oscillations. The results from all numerical examples were consistent with those from the existing experiments and published numerical solutions. Furthermore, the present divergence-free vector field had a faster-converged rate in the flow velocity, pressure, and FSI force. Even if in distorted meshes, the proposed algorithm maintained a stable accuracy improvement. The aerodynamics of one- and two-winged flapping motions in insect flight has been investigated through the IESFEM/Mass. It can be seen that the wing–wake interaction mechanism is a vital factor affecting the lift. The applicability of the present method in the biological FSI scenario was also well-demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various physiological functions. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lncRNAs in melanogenesis remain unclear. To determine the molecular mechanisms involved in skin melanogenesis, the present study depicted the expression profiles of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in black- (B group) and white- (W group) skinned chickens using RNA sequencing. 2. In total, 373 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs; 203 up-regulated and 170 down-regulated) and 253 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 152 up-regulated and 101 down-regulated) were identified between the B and W groups. A total of eight known melanogenesis-related genes were identified (KIT, TYRP1, DCT (TYRP2), SLC45A2, OCA2, EDNRB2, TRPM1 and RAB38). 3. Functional annotation of the co-expressed DEGs and DELs was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The co-expressed DEGs were mainly involved in melanogenesis and the co-expressed genes of 117 and 108 DELs were significantly enriched in the melanogenesis and tyrosine metabolism pathways, respectively. 4. The DEL-DEG interaction network revealed that three lncRNAs (XR_003072387.1, XR_003075112.1, and XR_003077033.1) and DCT genes may have key roles in regulating melanogenesis in chicken skin. This data provides the groundwork for studying the lncRNA regulatory mechanisms of skin melanogenesis and suggested a new perspective on the modulation of melanogenesis in chicken skin based on a lncRNA-mRNA causal regulatory network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global temperatures warm and the frequency of extreme precipitation increases, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) growth and yield are highly vulnerable to flooding and persistent heavy rainfall. The present study was designed to investigate the duration-dependent changes in the growth status and physiological characteristics of sugar beet seedlings in response to waterlogged stress. Sugar beet seedlings were subjected to waterlogging for 5, and 10 days during the seeding stage. The present study showed that waterlogging inhibited the growth and development of sugar beet seedlings. After 5 and 10 days of the waterlogging, fresh weight of the whole plant was 42.6 and 50.5% lower than the controls, respectively. Waterlogging increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes, and decreased soluble protein (SP), proline (Pro), photosynthetic pigment content and soil redox potential (Eh). During the first 5 days of the waterlogging, relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content remained unchanged. Notably, primary root growth of sugar beet seedlings was inhibited and degraded under waterlogged stress but waterlogging induced seedlings to produce a large number of adventitious roots (AR). We conclude that sugar beet seedlings survive under waterlogged stress using physiological regulation, and morphological acclimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the Araki-Lieb-Thirring inequality tr(A1/2BA1/2)rp ≤ tr(Ar/2BrAr/2)p for p ≥ 0, r ≥ 1 (tr(A1/2BA1/2)rp ≥ tr(Ar/2BrAr/2)p for p ≥ 0, 0 ≤ r ≤ 1) for Hermitian positive semidefinite matrices and the Golden-Thompson inequality tr(exp (A + B)) ≤ tr(exp (A)exp (B)) for Hermitian matrices, in this paper, we extend these inequalities to the setting of Euclidean Jordan algebras in the form t r (P b 1 / 2 (a)) r p ≤ t r (P b r / 2 (a r)) p for p ≥ 0, r ≥ 1 ( t r (P b 1 / 2 (a)) r p ≥ t r (P b r / 2 (a r)) p for p ≥ 0, 0 ≤ r ≤ 1) for a, b ≥ 0 and tr(exp (a + b)) ≤ tr(exp (a)°exp (b)) for all a and b, where Px and x° y denote, respectively, the quadratic representation and Jordan product of x and y in Euclidean Jordan algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two coordination polymers, {[L1Zn(adc)]2⋅5H2O}n (1), {[L1Cd(adc)]2⋅2.75H2O}n (2) (L1 = bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone, H2adc = adamantane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized under solvothermal conditions. They were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In compound 1 (or 2), metal ions are linked by L1 and adamantane-1,3-dicarboxylate ligands with the formation of chains of two kinds in the [1 0] and [110] directions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radial correlation length (Lr) is one of the essential quantities to measure in order to more fully characterize and understand turbulence and anomalous transport in magnetic fusion plasmas. The analysis method for calculating Lr of electron temperature (Te) turbulence from correlation electron cyclotron emission (correlation ECE or CECE) radiometer measurements has not been fully developed partly due to the fact that the turbulent electron temperature fluctuations are generally imbedded in much larger amplitude thermal noise, which leads to a greatly reduced cross correlation coefficient (ϱ) between two spatially separated ECE signals. This work finds that this ϱ reduction factor due to thermal noise is a function of the local relative temperature fluctuation power and CECE system bandwidths of intermediate and video frequencies, independent of radial separations. This indicates that under the approximation of constant relative temperature fluctuation power for a small radial range of local CECE measurements, the original shape of ϱ as a function of radial separation without thermal noise is preserved in the CECE data with thermal noise present. For Te turbulence with a Gaussian radial wavenumber spectrum, a fit function using the product of Gaussian and sinusoidal functions is derived for calculating Lr. This analysis method has been numerically tested using simulated ECE radiometer data over a range of parameters. Using this method, the experimental temperature turbulence correlation length Lr in a DIII-D L-mode plasma is found to be ∼10 times the local ion gyroradius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct detection of nuclear scatterings of sub-GeV dark matter (DM) particles favors low-Z nuclei. Hydrogen nucleus, which has a single proton, provides the best kinematic match. The characteristic nuclear recoil energy is boosted by a factor of a few tens from those for larger nuclei used in traditional Weakly Interacting Massive Particles searches. Furthermore, hydrogen is optimal for detecting spin-dependent nuclear scatterings of sub-GeV DM, where large parameter space still remains unconstrained yet. In this paper, we first introduce several hydrogen-rich targets, which emit two classes of signals under kinetic excitations. One class of the signals is infrared photons, which are from fundamental vibrational and rotational modes of molecules and at several characteristic wavelengths. Another is acoustic phonons and optical phonons that decay into acoustic phonons. We then discuss the technical status and future researches of low- T c transition-edge sensor (TES) detectors, which measure the infrared photons and acoustic phonons with desirable sensitivities. Utilization of hydrogen-rich targets and ultra-sensitive low- T c TES detectors for light DM detection requires both theoretical modeling and experimental prototyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the experimental demonstration of plasmon–plasmon scattering at room temperature in the inversion layer of a patterned metal–oxide–semiconductor structure. This fundamental result paves the way for the development of plasmon–plasmon scattering logic, a revolutionary digital logic concept based on the generation, propagation, and manipulation of plasmons in an electron fluid, which was previously theoretically projected to exhibit femtojoule power dissipations and femtosecond switching speeds, while not demanding expensive nanometer-scale silicon (Si) technology fabrication processes for its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many diffraction and imaging techniques have been developed and used to measure the strains in epitaxial films with different degrees of accuracy. In this tutorial, we will focus on measurements of strains in epitaxial films using electron diffraction techniques. These include reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), azimuthal reflection high-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction techniques. These diffraction techniques are surface sensitive and are suitable for in situ measurements of strains in ultrathin epitaxial films quantitatively. In particular, RHEED and LEED are simple to operate and readily available in many laboratories. We discuss the instrument limit of strain measurement in each technique. A nominal definition of the resolving power of an instrument to resolve a strain state is given as the percentage of intrinsic instrumental broadening in the reciprocal unit with respect to the first reciprocal Brillouin zone (2π/lattice constant) of a sample. It is shown that the resolving power of these diffraction techniques ranges from 2% to 0.2%. Experimental strategies without modifying the instrument and to achieve a strain detection capability beyond the definition of the nominal resolving power of these techniques are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two coordination polymers, {[Co2(L1)2(adc)2]·5H2O}n (1) and {[Ni(L1)2(Hadc)2]}n (2) (L1 = bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone, H2adc = adamantane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. In 1, Co1 is five-coordinated by three oxygen atoms of two adc2– and two nitrogen atoms from two L1 ligands. The neighboring [Co(adc)]2 dimers are linked through four L1 ligands to form a 1D ladder structure. In 2, Ni1 is six-coordinated by two oxygen atoms from two Hadc– ligands, four nitrogen atoms from four distinct L1 ligands to give a slight distorted octahedral geometry. The [Ni(Hadc)2] units are bridged by L1 ligands to form 1D looped chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central objective of this study is to improve the understanding of flow behaviour during hydrogen (H 2) storage in subsurface porous media, with a cushion gas of carbon dioxide (CO 2). In this study, we investigate the interactions between various factors driving the flow behaviour, including the underlying permeability heterogeneity, viscous instability, and the balance between the viscous and gravity forces. In particular, we study the impact of CO 2 solubility in water on the level of H 2 purity. This effect is demonstrated for the first time in the context of H 2 storage. We have performed a range of 2D vertical cross-sectional simulations at the decametre scale with a very fine cell size (0.1 m) to capture the flow behaviour in detail. This is done since it is at this scale that much of the mixing between injected and native fluids occurs in physical porous media. It is found that CO 2 solubility may have different (positive and negative) impacts on the H 2 recovery performance (i.e., on the purity of the produced H 2), depending on the flow regimes in the system. In the viscous dominated regime, the less viscous H 2 may infiltrate and bypass the cushion gas of CO 2 during the period of H 2 injection. This leads to a quick and dramatic reduction in the H 2 purity when back producing H 2 due to the co-production of the previously bypassed CO 2. Interestingly, the impurity levels in the H 2 are much less severe in the case when CO 2 solubility in water is considered. This is because the bypassed CO 2 will redissolve into the water surrounding the bypassed zones, which greatly retards the movement of CO 2 towards the producer. In the gravity dominated scenario, H 2 accumulates at the top of the model and displaces the underlying cushion gas in an almost piston-like fashion. Approximately 58% of H 2 can be recovered at a purity level above 98% (combustion requirements by ISO) in this gravity-dominated case. However, when CO 2 solubility is considered, the H 2 recovery performance is slightly degraded. This is because the dissolved CO 2 is also gradually vaporised during H 2 injection, which leads to an expansion of mixing zone of CO 2 and H 2. This in turn reduces the period of high H 2 purity level (>98%) during back-production. • An extra 30% volume of CO 2 is required when considering CO 2 solubility. • Back produced H 2 purity depends strongly on the hydrodynamics of H 2 and CO 2. • "Filter" effects due to CO 2 solubility are identified for the first time. • CO 2 –H 2 mixing zone is expanded due to CO 2 solubility in gravity-stable regimes. • Best H 2 recovery performance occurs in the gravity-dominated scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito et Imai) Singer (Matsutake) is considered a special delicacy and valued as a credible source of nutrients including considerable amounts of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. T. matsutake is also recognized as functional food for its bioactive compounds offer substantial beneficial impacts on human health. One of those potent bioactive substances are polysaccharides, i.e., homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides. Various recently developed novel techniques for the extraction of bioactive T. matsutake polysaccharides (TMP) have been reported since these compounds possess multiple effective functions such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-microorganism, anti-fatigue, and anti-skin aging effects in the field of functional food, medicine, and cosmetics. More importantly, the determination of polysaccharide structure is also helpful to evaluate the pharmacological potential of polysaccharides. This review aims to integrate the information regarding the extraction, structure, and bioactivity of TMP, which will possibly be employed to elucidate the correlation between its structural features and biological functions at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron-scale magnetic peaks (ESMPs) with spatial sizes less than one local ion gyroradius have been recently revealed to exist in the terrestrial magnetosheath and solar wind at 1 au. Whether they widely exist in the astrophysical plasma is unclear. Here, we investigate the magnetic peaks with a period of 0.1â€"100 s upstream of Mercury’s bow shock by using the magnetic field data from the MESSENGER spacecraft. Based on the distribution of their durations, these magnetic peaks can be divided into two groups: one with durations less than 0.6 s and the other with durations larger than 0.6 s. The durations in each group obey a log-normal distribution. The magnetic peaks with durations less than 0.6 s are inferred to be electron scale, suggesting that ESMPs exist in the solar wind at Mercury’s orbit. The median duration of these ESMPs is ∼0.3 s. The ESMPs have a larger occurrence rate near the bow shock and prefer to occur when the ambient interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) can be connected to the bow shock, which suggests that the foreshock could be one source region of these ESMPs. Their occurrence rate also tends to be larger when the IMF strength is weaker. Our observations also suggest that some ESMPs originate from the upstream solar wind. The properties of the ESMPs found here could help to shed light on their generation mechanisms and their roles in the astrophysical plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic properties and anomalous Hall effect of the Mn4N (002) film mixed with the (111) phase were investigated. The lessened magnetization of hysteresis loops at a low field and the peak at about 50 K of the temperature-dependent magnetization curves display that magnetocrystalline anisotropies play a significant role in the magnetic properties of the film. Moreover, the centres of the anomalous Hall loops are shifted to the left for positive currents and show the opposite shift for negative currents, which may indicate the presence of current-induced effective fields. It is proposed that the (111) phase in the film could not only supply the magnetization m derivation from the c aixs but also afford asymmetric interfaces to induce effective fields. The effective perpendicular field arises from the perpendicular components of the effective fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, using the transfer-matrix method, the optical transport process is investigated, with graphene inserted into multilayer dielectric structures, theoretically and numerically in the THz regime. When the incident frequency is lower than the graphene Fermi energy, the optical intra-band transitions provide the main contribution to the graphene surface current. The absorptance can be enhanced to about 50% with only one graphene/dielectric layer in air. When increasing the number of dielectric layers coated with graphene, the absorption increases. Periodic absorption peaks are observed in multilayer structures. The positions of the absorption peaks as a function of the frequency and the incident angle are in accordance with the positions of the abrupt change in the reflection coefficient phase and of the imaginary solution of the Bloch wavevector in expanding periodic structures using Bloch theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slip avalanches, similar to discrete earthquake events, of Zr-, Co-, and Ce-based metallic glasses during nanoscratching were investigated. Differing from the conventional continuum approach, mean-field theory, which is an inherently-discrete model, was applied to analytically compute intermittent slip avalanches. Mean-field theory was first connected with the potential energy barrier and concentration of free volume in order to study the stick-slip behavior. The results suggest that the motion behavior of free volume affects the critical slip avalanche size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many electrically assisted processes have been reported to induce changes in microstructure and metal plasticity. To understand the physics-based mechanisms behind these interesting phenomena, however, requires an understanding of the interaction between the electric current and heterogeneous microstructure. In this work, multiscale modeling of the electric current flow in a nanocrystalline material is reported. The cellular automata method was used to track the nanoscale grain boundaries in the matrix. Maxwell's electromagnetic equations were solved to obtain the electrical potential distribution at the macro scale. Kirchhoff's circuit equation was solved to obtain the electric current flow at the micro/nano scale. The electric current distribution at two representative locations was investigated. A significant electric current concentration was observed near the grain boundaries, particularly near the triple junctions. This higher localized electric current leads to localized resistive heating near the grain boundaries. The electric current distribution could be used to obtain critical information such as localized resistive heating rate and extra system free energy, which are critical for explaining many interesting phenomena, including microstructure evolution and plasticity enhancement in many electrically assisted processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An accurate algorithm is presented for transcranial magneto-acoustic-electrical stimulation. • Unstructured mesh used in mesh discretization facilitates the pre-processing. • Our algorithm possesses higher calculation accuracy and faster convergence rate. • The developed model can achieve superior computational efficiency. • The proposed method is insensitive to mesh distortion. In this paper, a numerical method for simulating transcranial magneto-acoustic-electrical stimulation (TMAES) is presented. The smoothed finite element method (SFEM) is applied to calculate the magnetic field and the Rayleigh integral (RI) is used for solving the ultrasonic field. Three-node triangular and four-node tetrahedral elements are set as the background cells for constructing the smoothing domains (SDs). A gradient smoothing technique (GST) is applied over each SD to obtain the magnetic flux density. The discretized system equations are obtained by using the generalized smoothed Galerkin weakform. To solve the sound pressure, the ultrasonic transducer is discretized into a series of micro-elements. The acoustic pressure in the problem domain is then equal to the superposition of that generated by the individual micro-element. Finally, the current density can be calculated by the magneto-acoustic coupling effect. Numerical examples demonstrate that SFEM can improve accuracy, convergence rate, and efficiency to 10, 1.8, and 4 times those of FEM, respectively. In the calculation of coupled fields, SFEM-RI also improves the accuracy by 2.5 times. Additionally, the presented method possesses the property of insensitivity to mesh distortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumour (BA/CMPT) is a benign peripheral lung tumour composed of bilayered bronchiolar-type epithelium containing a continuous basal cell layer; however, the similarities in imaging and tissue biopsy findings at histopathology between BA/CMPT and malignant tumours, including lung adenocarcinoma, pose significant challenges in accurately diagnosing BA/CMPT preoperatively. This difficulty in differentiation often results in misdiagnosis and unnecessary overtreatment. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of BA/CMPT, encompassing its clinical manifestations, pathological basis, imaging features, and differential diagnosis. By enhancing healthcare professionals' understanding of this disease, we aim to improve the accuracy of preoperative BA/CMPT diagnosis. This improvement is crucial for the development of appropriate therapeutic strategies and the overall improvement of patient prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study published in the QJM: An International Journal of Medicine examined the impact of the COVID-19 infection experience on the mental health of intensive care unit (ICU) patients' family members. The study found that the COVID-19 infection experience, considered as new traumatic stressors, worsened the mental health status of these family members. However, the study did not include bereaved family members or consider factors such as the ability to physically visit or have nonphysical contact with the patient. The study also lacked baseline and follow-up data, and did not provide information on the type of ICU or comorbidities of family members. Therefore, caution should be exercised when interpreting the findings of this study. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a recent publication on the requirements for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The authors found that only a small number of emergency admissions in these patients require ICU admission, and patients with organ failure due to immune-mediated toxicity may have positive outcomes from ICU admission. However, the article raises some concerns about the exclusion criteria, the underestimation of immune-related toxicities, the interpretation of survival outcomes, and the generalizability of the study findings. The authors suggest interpreting the study's findings cautiously until these issues are clarified. [Extracted from the article]

The matrix enhancement and matrix pencil (MEMP) has been used to reduce the number of array elements in the planar array with a shaped-beam pattern. This work extends the MEMP-based synthesis method to the synthesis of pattern reconfigurable sparse planar arrays in wide-angle scanning and wideband, which exploits a necessary restriction on finding the common element positions and individual element excitations for multiple patterns. Moreover, a unitary transformation is exploited in the multiple composite equivalent Hankel matrix, which converts the complex computations of singular value decomposition (SVD) and eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) courses into real ones and effectively reduces the computation complexity. A new tactic is also restricted on avoiding too small element spacing with the consideration of the size of array antenna element. A set of numerical experiments are provided to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered metal hydroxide salts have attracted considerable attention in various applications due to their superior photoelectric, physical, and chemical properties. Here, a simple in situ growth hydrothermal approach is reported to prepare hierarchical cobalt hydrochloride (Co2(OH)3Cl) microspheres composed of octahedron‐like subunits. Based on the multiple functional triethanolamine and time‐dependent morphology evolution, the formation of the unique sphere structures can be elucidated by a hierarchical self‐assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles. When used as lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes, this Co2(OH)3Cl microsphere shows very large reversible specific capacity (1196 mA h g–1 at 0.2 A g–1), excellent rate capability (720.4 mA h g−1 at 4.0 A g−1), and long‐life stability (802 mA h g–1 with 81.1% retention after 500 cycle tests at 4.0 A g–1). The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the improvement of electrical conductivity and fast ionic diffusion in the electrode by improving the microarchitecture and functionally introducing Cl–. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a well-known optimization algorithm that shows good performance in solving different optimization problems. However, PSO usually suffers from slow convergence. In this article, a reinforcement learning strategy is developed to enhance PSO in convergence by replacing the uniformly distributed random number in the updating function with a random number generated from a selected normal distribution. In the proposed method, the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution are estimated from the current state of each individual through a policy net. The historic behaviour of the swarm group is used to update the policy net and guide the selection of parameters of the normal distribution. The proposed method is integrated into the original PSO and a state-of-the-art PSO, called the self-adaptive dynamic multi-swarm PSO (sDMS-PSO), and tested with numerical functions and engineering problems. The test results show that the convergence rate of PSO methods can be improved with the proposed reinforcement learning strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulating joint is an essential component for pipeline cathodic protection system. During the safety confirmation before the excavation of the station foundation pit, a pipeline company found that the insulating joint was failed due to leakage. In order to determine the causes of leakage, data verification, tests and failure component analysis were carried out. The results show that: (1) the leakage point cannot be detected by NDT, hydraulic pressure test, and hydraulic pressure + bending test, and the gas leak test in the water container demonstrates two leakage points on the fixing sleeve of the insulating joint; (2) the insulating joint has an unfilled cavity, and the mechanical holes on the fixing sleeve are blocked by bolts, which are inconsistent with the assembly drawing; and (3) the leakage of the insulating joint was caused by the sealing failure during assembly or service, which allowed some gas to gather in the cavity between the flange and the fixing sleeve and then leak through the gap between the mechanical hole and the bolt. Accordingly, it is suggested that (1) manufacturers should strictly follow the process when producing insulating joints, the product structure be consistent with the assembly drawing, the product inspection be done according to requirements, and NDT be done on all welding areas; and (2) the insulating joint be leak-tested in the water container where possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field‐aligned currents often appear at the neutral sheet in the tilted current sheet, however, their origins are still unclear. Here we investigate two flapping motion events using the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission data. Strong current densities mainly contributed by electrons appear near the neutral sheet in the severely titled current sheet in both events. The perpendicular current can be explained by the electron drift motions, among which the diamagnetic drift is the main contributor. We find that electrons can be non‐adiabatic at the neutral sheet, which is able to scatter their pitch angle distribution. The field‐aligned current is associated with non‐adiabatic electrons in the energy range of ∼0.2–3 keV, which curvature parameter κ is in the range of 0.9–3. By contrast, adiabatic electrons have almost no contribution to the field‐aligned current. We suggest that non‐adiabatic electrons are the key factor in generating field‐aligned currents at the neutral sheet. Plain Language Summary: Flapping motions are large‐scale movements of the current sheet in the north‐south direction. They can create magnetic pulsations with a period of 40–150 s via field‐aligned currents connecting to the ionosphere along the magnetic field line. The generation mechanism of the field‐aligned current during the flapping is unclear, although the field‐aligned current often appears at the neutral sheet. Here we investigate two flapping motion events using the data obtained from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. We find that a strong current density contributed by electrons occurs in the tilted current sheet. The perpendicular current is mainly formed by the combination of the electron drift motions. The high‐resolution data obtained from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission enable us to reveal that the electron can become chaotic or non‐adiabatic at the neutral sheet, which can scatter the pitch angle distribution. The field‐aligned currents in both events are associated with the non‐adiabatic electron. We also find that the adiabatic electron has almost no contribution to the field‐aligned current. The electron scattering can divert the perpendicular current to field‐aligned. Thus, our results suggest that the non‐adiabatic electron scattering is one possible generation mechanism of the field‐aligned current during the flapping motion. Key Points: A strong current contributed by electrons occurs in the tilted current sheet during the flapping motionElectrons are non‐adiabatic at the neutral sheet, and their pitch angle distributions undergo scatteringThe field‐aligned current is suggested to be generated by the non‐adiabatic electron at the neutral sheet during the flapping motion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 50-year-old woman presented with a space-occupying lesion in the head of the pancreas and dilation of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. She had no abdominal pain and no significant medical or family history. Imaging tests showed a round lesion in the pancreas with unclear borders and moderate enhancement in the arterial phase. The patient underwent surgery and was diagnosed with pancreatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma. She recovered well after the surgery and had no evidence of tumor recurrence or metastasis during the follow-up period. [Extracted from the article]

Subsurface hydrogen (H 2) storage in geological formations is of growing interest for decarbonization. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding the multiphase flow involved in this process, which can have a significant impact on the recovery performance of H 2. Therefore, a full-compositional modeling study was conducted to analyze potential issues and to understand the fundamental hydrodynamic mechanisms of H 2 storage. We performed a range of 2D vertical simulations at the decametre scale with a very fine cell size (0.1 m) to observe the detailed flow behaviour of H 2 with carbon dioxide (CO 2) as cushion gas in various flow regimes. Issues such as viscous instability, capillary bypassing, gas trapping and gravity segregation are analysed here. To generalize our calculations, we have validated and applied the scaling theory in the context of subsurface H 2 storage. Since this study is focused on the hydrodynamic behaviour, three dimensionless groups, including aspect factor, capillary/viscous ratio and gravity/viscous ratio were identified to correlate recovery performance between various scales in a fixed heterogeneous system. It was found that H 2 could infiltrate the cushion gas in the proximity of the injectors, meaning that CO 2 is not displaced away from the injectors in a piston-like fashion. As a result, the purity of the back produced H 2 is much degraded, particularly in a viscous-dominated scenario. On the other hand, the injected H 2 mostly accumulates at the top forming a highly restricted mixing zone with CO 2 in the gravity-dominated case. The recovery performance is therefore much improved in this case. Although the gas distribution can be significantly altered by capillary forces leading to bypassed zones, the recovery performance of H 2 is hardly influenced. This is because the back-produced H 2 recovery is not dependent on the sweep efficiency of the gas. H 2 can be back produced following the same paths which were formed during injection. • Scaling theory is validated and applied for underground H 2 storage. • H 2 storage in heterogeneous systems may not be suitable for end usage in fuel cells. • H 2 recovery performance is poorer in viscous-dominated flow regimes. • Best recovery performance occurs in gravity-dominated regimes. • Capillary forces greatly affect flow pattern but their impacts on H 2 recovery are not as important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional laws of friction believe that the friction coefficient of two specific solids takes a constant value. However, molecular simulations revealed that the friction coefficient of nanosized asperity depends strongly on contact size and asperity radius. Since contacting surfaces are always rough consisting of asperities varying dramatically in geometric size, a theoretical model is developed to predict the friction behavior of fractal rough surfaces in this work. The result of atomic-scale simulations of sphere-on-flat friction is summarized into a uniform expression. Then, the size dependent feature of friction at nanoscale is incorporated into the analysis of fractal rough surfaces. The obtained results display the dependence of friction coefficient on roughness, material properties, and load. It is revealed that the friction coefficient decreases with increasing contact area or external load. This model gives a theoretical guideline for the prediction of friction coefficient and the design of friction pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two coordination polymers [(L1)Zn(pbtda)]n (1) and [(L1)Cd(H2O)(pbtda)]n (2), (L1 = bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone, H2pbtda = 2-phenylbutanedioic acid) are prepared under solvothermal conditions. They are characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Complex 2 forms a 1D chain, while complex 1 has a 2D structure of the {44·62} topology along the [1 0 –2] direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two 2D cobalt complexes, namely {[(Bipmo)2Co2(Ipa)2](DMF)]·2.25H2O}n (I), {[(Bipmo)-Co(Ipa)]·2H2O}n (II), have been constructed solvothermally using isophthalic acid (H2Ipa), bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone (Bipmo), and cobalt acetate at different temperatures. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses (CIF files CCDC nos. 2078773 (I), 2078774 (II)) reveal that I and II crystallize in the triclinic and monoclinic systems, space groups , and P21/c, respectively. Complex I presents a 2D uninodal network with the point symbol {44·62} along [1 1 –1] direction, while complex II shows two fold interpenetration with the same point symbol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low amorphous forming ability (AFA) and weak thermal stability become the main obstacles in adjusting α-Fe crystallization behaviors and fabricating uniform α-Fe grains with nanosize and high density–inserted amorphous matrix, which effectively improve magnetic properties in Fe-rich amorphous/nanocrystalline alloys, as Fe content is over 85 at.%. In this study, the role of micro-alloyed P has been investigated in novel Fe-rich Fe86B13-xPxCu0.4Hf0.6 alloys; its relationship of appropriate micro-alloyed P and its positive role on controlling crystallization and optimizing magnetic properties have been researched systemically. Minor P less than x = 1.5 is beneficial for optimizing AFA and thermal stability and obtaining the ΔTx value over 140 K; different P also guide the discrepant crystallization behaviors and result in easily precipitating concomitant Hf3P2 phase during α-Fe crystallization. Ultimately, it has been founded that the Fe86B12.5P0.5Cu0.4Hf0.6 ribbons with entire amorphous structure become easier to be controlled for fabricating the uniform α-Fe/amorphous dual-phase structure; its Bs (saturation magnetization tensity) value reaches to the maximum of about 1.91 T as crystallized near Tp1. Meanwhile, the related Hc (coercivity) value can be decreased effectively from 17.1 to 3.1 A/m after an auxiliary annealing process was operated applying the magnetic field of 0.1 T. These novel-type Fe86B13-xPxCu0.4Hf0.6 alloys with uniform α-Fe/amorphous dual-phase structure show an excellent soft magnetic property and exhibit competitive advantages with the high Bs-oriented Si-steels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coordination polymer with the V-shaped ligands, {Cd2(bipmo)2(bdc)2⋅H2O}n (1), (where bipmo is bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone; H2bdc is 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) has been prepared and structural characterized by IR, elemental analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the Cd(II) ion is in a distorted octahedral environment, of which the donor atoms are provided by oxygen atoms of the bdc2– ligands and nitrogen atoms of the bipmo ligands. From a topological point of view, the framework of 1 exhibits two-fold 3D uninodal six-connected interpenetrating framework with the (412 ⋅ 63) pcu topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two complexes with V-shaped ligands, [(L1)2Mn(H2O)4](HSA)2] (1), {[(L1)2Zn(H2O)2](HSA)2}n (2) (L1 = bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone, H2SA = salicylic acid), have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The complexes have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of 1 and 2 are both triclinic with space group P . In 1, adjacent molecules [(L1)2Mn(H2O)4](HSA)2] are linked by weak interactions to form a 3D network. In 2, Zn2+ ions are linked to each other through the L1 ligands to form 1D infinite chains, which are linked by weak interactions to form a 3D network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the conception of centroid of n-dimensional fuzzy number is introduced via regarding its membership function as the density function on its support set, and some properties of it are obtained. Compared with the mean of the multi dimensional fuzzy number, the centroid takes into account the overall relationship between the edge membership functions of the membership function of the multi dimensional fuzzy number. Therefore, it can approximate (characterize) the fuzzy number more objectively and reasonably than using the mean of the multi dimensional fuzzy number. The most important work of this paper is that for two special kinds of multi dimensional fuzzy numbers (fuzzy n-cell numbers and fuzzy n-ellipsoid numbers), we respectively give calculation formulas, which can be used conveniently in application since the formulas are based on a definite integral of the level set functions of the multi dimensional fuzzy number on the unit interval [0,1], rather than the multiple integral of the membership function of the multi dimensional fuzzy number itself on its support set. Then, by using the calculation formulas, we obtain another special property of the centroid for fuzzy n-cell number and fuzzy n-ellipsoid number. Finally, as an example of application, by using the centroid of multi dimensional fuzzy number, we define a fuzzy order on n-dimensional fuzzy number space, which can be used to rank uncertain or imprecise multichannel digital information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems with computationally expensive constraints are commonly seen in real-world engineering design. However, metamodel-based design optimization (MBDO) approaches for MOO are often not suitable for high-dimensional problems and often do not support expensive constraints. In this work, the situational adaptive Kreisselmeier and Steinhauser (SAKS) method was combined with a new multi-objective trust region optimizer (MTRO) strategy to form the SAKS-MTRO method for MOO problems with expensive black-box constraint functions. The SAKS method is an approach that hybridizes the modeling and aggregation of expensive constraints and adds an adaptive strategy to control the level of hybridization. The MTRO strategy uses a combination of objective decomposition and K-means clustering to handle MOO problems. SAKS-MTRO was benchmarked against four popular multi-objective optimizers and demonstrated superior performance on average. SAKS-MTRO was also applied to optimize the design of a semiconductor substrate and the design of an industrial recessed impeller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]