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11. INGB: Informed Nonlinear Granular Ball Oversampling Framework for Noisy Imbalanced Classification

Author

Li, Min, Zhou, Hao, Liu, Qun, Shao, Yabin, and Wang, Guoying

Subjects
Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

In classification problems, the datasets are usually imbalanced, noisy or complex. Most sampling algorithms only make some improvements to the linear sampling mechanism of the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). Nevertheless, linear oversampling has several unavoidable drawbacks. Linear oversampling is susceptible to overfitting, and the synthetic samples lack diversity and rarely account for the original distribution characteristics. An informed nonlinear oversampling framework with the granular ball (INGB) as a new direction of oversampling is proposed in this paper. It uses granular balls to simulate the spatial distribution characteristics of datasets, and informed entropy is utilized to further optimize the granular-ball space. Then, nonlinear oversampling is performed by following high-dimensional sparsity and the isotropic Gaussian distribution. Furthermore, INGB has good compatibility. Not only can it be combined with most SMOTE-based sampling algorithms to improve their performance, but it can also be easily extended to noisy imbalanced multi-classification problems. The mathematical model and theoretical proof of INGB are given in this work. Extensive experiments demonstrate that INGB outperforms the traditional linear sampling frameworks and algorithms in oversampling on complex datasets., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures

Published
2023

14. Prospective Cohort Study of Emergency Department Visit Frequency and Diagnoses Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic in Urban, Low-Income, US- and Foreign-Born Mothers in Boston, MA

Author

Osula, Valerie, Rusk, Serena, Hao, Lingxin, Hansoti, Bhakti, Gemmill, Alison, Hong, Xiumei, Wang, Guoying, Pearson, Colleen, Adams, William G., and Wang, Xiaobin

Subjects
COVID-19, emergency department, mental health, US-born, foreign-born, minority populations
Abstract

Background: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic fundamentally changed how populations interface with the healthcare system. Despite historical spikes in US mortality during the pandemic, emergency department (ED) visits were paradoxically low. This is a concerning phenomenon that raises a red flag regarding access to care, especially among vulnerable populations. In this study we sought to understand how ED utilization evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic among traditionally understudied, low-income, racially diverse US- and foreign-born mothers.Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a pre-existing dataset of 3,073 participants enrolled in the Boston Birth Cohort at birth and followed prospectively. We obtained ED visit diagnoses from 2019 and 2020 via electronic health records, categorized according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, and compared them using graph plots, chi-square, and negative binomial regression.Results: The number of ED visits decreased by 29.1% (P < 0.001) from 2019 (1,376) to 2020 (976). However, visits for infectious and parasitic diseases, including COVID-19, increased by 90.6% (32:61) with COVID-19 accounting for 77% of those visits in 2020 (47/61). Mental health-related visits increased by 40.9%(44:62), with diagnoses of alcohol use disorder increasing by 183% (6:17). Regression analysis showed 50% less ED utilization among foreign- vs US-born participants; however, the increase in infectious diseases visits was greater among foreign-born compared to US-born mothers (185% vs 26%, P = 0.01), while the increase in mental health diagnoses was greater among US-born mothers (69% vs −33%, P = 0.10).Conclusion: Despite a decrease in total ED visits during the pandemic, there was an increase in COVID-19- (immigrant > US born) and mental health- (US-born only) related visits. Our findings demonstrate that EDs remain a critical access point for care for minority populations and have implications for preparedness, resources, and services of EDs in urban settings to better address the needs of communities. However, alternative avenues for healthcare services for these populations, particularly during health crises, warrant further investigation.

Published
2023

41. 水杨酸诱导对斜生栅藻生长及油脂积累的影响Effects of salicylic acid induction on growth and lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus obliquus

Author

游宏坤，张晶，路闯，王国英，余丽，时红，端允 YOU Hongkun, ZHANG Jing, LU Chuang, WANG Guoying, YU Li, SHI Hong, DUAN Yun

Subjects
水杨酸；斜生栅藻；叶绿素a；油脂；官能团, salicylic acid, scenedesmus obliquus, chlorophyll a, lipid, functional group, Oils, fats, and waxes, TP670-699
Abstract

为缓解化石能源压力，提高生物质能源的使用率，以空气中CO2作为自养培养斜生栅藻的碳源，添加植物激素水杨酸（SA）诱导斜生栅藻，研究斜生栅藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、油脂含量及产率等的变化情况，探讨在SA诱导下斜生栅藻的产脂机制。结果表明：培养16 d，SA对斜生栅藻生长及油脂积累表现出显著促进效果，当SA质量浓度为20 mg/L时，细胞密度最大，为（1.89±006）g/L，较对照组提高了34.47%；在实验范围内（SA质量浓度0～40 mg/L），油脂产率与SA质量浓度呈线性正相关；油脂含量及产率均在SA质量浓度为40 mg/L时达到最大，分别为（48.49±7.47）%和（22.35±3.77）mg/（L·d），较对照组分别提高了72.85%和1.43倍；SA对斜生栅藻细胞官能团中的酯基、羧基、磷酸基团等产生了影响；同时，在SA诱导下斜生栅藻的油脂代谢途径与叶绿素、酶、抗逆性等因素有关。综上，SA既提高了斜生栅藻的生物量，又促进了其光合作用和储能物质转化，提高了油脂产率。 In order to alleviate the pressure of fossil energy, and improve the utilization rate of biomass energy, Scenedesmus obliquus（S. obliquus）was autotrophic cultivated by using CO2 in the air as the carbon source and adding the phytohormone salicylic acid（SA）. The changes of cell density, chlorophyll a content, lipid content and productivity, and the mechanism of lipid production of S.obliquus were investigated. The results showed that SA had a significant effect on promoting the growth and lipid accumulation of S. obliquus after 16 d of culture. When the SA mass concentration was 20 mg/L, the cell density reached a maximum of (1.89±0.06) g/L, which was 34.47% higher than that of the control group. In the experimental mass concentration range (0-40 mg/L), the productivity of lipid was positively correlated with the mass concentration of SA. The lipid content and productivity reached the maximum at 40 mg/L with (48.49±7.47)% and (22.35±3.77)mg/(L·d) respectively, which were 72.85% and 1.43 times higher than that of the control group. SA had effects on ester group, carboxyl group, phosphate group, etc. in the functional groups of S. obliquus cells. At the same time, the lipid metabolism pathway of S. obliquus induced by SA was related to chlorophyll, enzymes, stress resistance and other factors. In conclusion, SA can increase the biomass of S. obliquus, promote the photosynthesis and energy storage material conversion of S. obliquus, and improve the lipid productivity.

Published
2023
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