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The geographies of public–private partnership (PPP) are an important but neglected topic in urban development and planning. Few existing studies have explored the spatial heterogeneity of PPP development in different regions within a country. This article aims to explore the impact of uneven regional development on PPP development and spatial governance for PPPs as a response. First, the concept of variegated PPPs is proposed to portray and analyze the impact of uneven regional development on PPPs from the dimensions of complexity, regional differences, and the spatialization of policy based on China. Second, a conceptual framework is constructed for PPP spatial governance as a response that includes the actors, driving forces, processes, patterns, and regulations. Finally, the underlying mechanism and implications of PPP spatial governance are discussed. This article concludes that spatial governance is conducive to the development of PPPs in developing countries and promotes the performance of PPPs and policymaking. When formulating and adjusting PPP-related policies, governments from developing countries should tailor the policies to their national conditions and consider regional differences inside a country. Therefore, this article might have reference value for other countries, especially developing countries with rapid urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to attract commercial investment to provide infrastructure and public service is an important issue for governments around the world. This paper investigated what government characteristics can attract commercial investment. Using China's PPP cases, this study shows that local government's fiscal stress, land resources, and wealth are important determinants in attracting commercial investment. The business environment of local government plays a moderating role between government characteristics (i.e., fiscal stress, land resources, and wealth) and commercial investment. By highlighting the determinants of commercial investment, this study offers important implications for the theory and practice of PPP management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a thematic analysis on major themes researched in network governance and collaborative governance, this paper identifies the entangled relationship between these two research streams. We note the common and distinct themes in these two research streams that reveal four entanglements in the research and practice of network governance and collaborative governance. We propose future research could focus more on the implementation and comparative studies, adopting microperspectives of collaborative governance and network governance at the grass-root level in juxtaposition with interorganizational and institutional levels that are led by non-public actors for value co-creation in different institutional contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to satisfactorily implement the public–private partnership (PPP) network is the most important target for infrastructure and public services policymakers. In this article, we elaborate on how project‐ and process‐management styles can combine to deliver a satisfactory PPP. This paper uses a fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis to investigate the relationship between management styles and PPP network outcomes. Specifically, we examine the management tools (i.e. results orientation, control, communication and flexibility) and their joint effects on PPP network outcome. Results show that three combinations of sufficient conditions yield satisfactory PPP network outcomes consisting of project‐ and process‐management styles. We elaborate on how project‐ and process‐management styles can combine to deliver a satisfactory PPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the PRISMA approach, this article presents a systematic review of how barriers and governance strategies are different between digital and non-digital open innovation (OI). The results show that relational barriers are more influential for non-digital OI, while capacity- and technical-related barriers are the main challenges for digital OI. Moreover, it finds that political commitment and employment of intermediaries are universal strategies for OI. Coercive and mandate strategies are effective only for inter-governmental OI. When citizens and private actors participate offline, strategies are often persuasive-oriented and stress relational governance; when they participate online, strategies focus on technical capacity building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How public policies change incrementally over time remains understudied. This paper contributes to the studies of incremental policy change by integrating the theories of policy layering and learning into a theoretical framework of experimental governance (EG). Using a mixed research method, we apply this framework to process-tracing the changing trajectory of China's central government infrastructure public-private partnership (PPP) policies from 1988 to 2017 by looking at evolving policy goals, policy measures, and policy co-issuing networks. Results suggest that China's central government infrastructure PPP policy change follows a refined EG approach in which policies change incrementally in a layering pattern, primarily driven by learning. Findings provide a new account of incremental policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public–private collaborations have the potential to effectively respond to extreme events. However, traditional public–private collaborations that are usually led by governmental actors often encounter significant difficulties in a crisis. Based on a case study of a public–private collaboration dealing with COVID-19 in China, we explore how a private actor emerges as a leader to initiate and manage a public–private collaboration in the crisis, and how stakeholders in this collaboration work together to effectively handle the crisis. The findings indicate critical characteristics and contingencies when a private actor leads the cross-sector collaboration to effectively cope with uncertainties and deliver public services in crisis time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]