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Downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola is a systemic disease that affects the yield and quality of foxtail millet. This obligate biotrophic oomycete manipulates host physiology and immune processes through numerous effectors. A thorough comprehension of effector biology is crucial to unravel disease mechanisms and understand host plant resistance. In this study, bioinformatic analyses revealed 498 potentially secreted proteins in S. graminicola, of which 62 were identified as RXLR effectors; 46 RXLR‐encoding genes exhibited upregulated expression during the early stages of infection. To elucidate the functions of these secreted proteins, a heterogeneous expression system was developed using Nicotiana benthamiana. Twenty‐one RXLR effectors secreted by S. graminicola were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana, of which four could suppress INF1‐triggered cell death. Various defence responses in N. benthamiana were attenuated, including inhibition of defence gene expression, reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and diminished callose deposition. The expression of SG_RXLR41 also enhanced the growth of Phytophthora capsici on N. benthamiana leaves. These findings indicate that S. graminicola facilitates infection and expansion through the secretion of multiple RXLR effectors, and SG_RXLR41 is an important virulence‐related effector that is involved in manipulating plant immunity by suppressing cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial heritage is a significant resource for transforming urban industrial spaces, with multiple values including history, society, economy, science and technology, and aesthetics. By protecting and renewing industrial heritage, the efficiency of urban renewal can be improved, and the transformation of urban industrial structure can be promoted to achieve the goal of "double carbon". The relationship between the concept of symbiosis and the cultural and creative park of industrial heritage is discussed in the paper. By studying the current situation of public space in industrial heritage cultural and creative parks, guided by the concept of symbiosis, a new design approach is proposed to coordiuate new and old functional elements, connect new and old cultural elements, and integrate new and old aesthetic elements from the three dimensions of function, culture and aesthetics. Finally, by combining with the design method of Shougang High Line Park, the new path guidance and methodological support for the design of the public space of cultural and creative parks with industrial heritage are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the important concentrated manifestations of Chinese rural culture, vernacular landscape is related to the success or failure of new rural construction and village planning. How to protect the existing vernacular landscape in the practical village planning advocated by “multi-planning” and how to play the role of vernacular landscape in supporting development and protecting cultural heritage is one of the important tasks of village planning. This paper takes Changlong Village in Pinggui District, Hezhou City, Guangxi Province, as an example to explore and study the issue of planning the native landscape of Changlong Village in the multi-planning village planning, so as to provide technical support for the scientific protection and reasonable development and utilization of the native landscape for rural revitalization, and to provide reference and reference for the native landscape planning in the village planning of similar areas in China.

Maize, as a glycophyte, is hypersensitive to salinity, but the salt response mechanism of maize remains unclear. In this study, the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of two contrasting inbred lines, the salt-tolerant QXH0121 and salt-sensitive QXN233 lines, were investigated in response to salt stress. Under salt stress, the tolerant QXH0121 line exhibited good performance, while in the sensitive QXN233 line, there were negative effects on the growth of the leaves and roots. The most important finding was that QXH0121 could reshift Na+ from shoots into long roots, migrate excess Na+ in shoots to alleviate salt damage to shoots, and also improve K+ retention in shoots, which were closely associated with the enhanced expression levels of ZmHAK1 and ZmNHX1 in QXH0121 compared to those in QXN233 under salt stress. Additionally, QXH0121 leaves accumulated more proline, soluble protein, and sugar contents and had higher SOD activity levels than those observed in QXN233, which correlated with the upregulation of ZmP5CR, ZmBADH, ZmTPS1, and ZmSOD4 in QXH0121 leaves. These were the main causes of the higher salt tolerance of QXH0121 in contrast to QXN233. These results broaden our knowledge about the underlying mechanism of salt tolerance in different maize varieties, providing novel insights into breeding maize with a high level of salt resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, TiO2-MXene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) composite was utilized as an electrode material for the sensitive electrochemical detection of baicalein. The in-situ growth of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of MXene nanosheets can effectively prevent their aggregation, thus presenting a significantly large specific surface area and abundant active sites. However, the partial oxidation of MXene after calcination could reduce its conductivity. To address this issue, herein, PEDOT:PSS films were introduced to disperse the TiO2-MXene materials. The uniform and dense films of PEDOT:PSS not only improved the conductivity and dispersion of TiO2-MXene but also enhanced its stability and electrocatalytic activity. With the advantages of a composite material, TiO2-MXene/PEDOT:PSS as an electrode material demonstrated excellent electrochemical sensing ability for baicalein determination, with a wide linear response ranging from 0.007 to 10.0 μM and a lower limit of detection of 2.33 nM. Furthermore, the prepared sensor displayed good repeatability, reproducibility, stability and selectivity, and presented satisfactory results for the determination of baicalein in human urine sample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the input-output theory, the paper quantitatively analyzes the tourism ecoefficiency of Yangshuo in 2017 by building a tourism eco-efficiency model based on carbon footprint. The research shows that: Firstly, the total carbon footprint of tourism traffic in 2017 is 791.22×106 kg; the total carbon footprint of tourism accommodation is 353.60×106 kg; the total carbon footprint of tourism activities is 123.29×106 kg. Secondly, the 2017 tourism eco-efficiency of the Yangshuo County is 8.05 RMB per kilogram. It refers to the economic profit is 8.05 RMB when 1 kilogram of carbon dioxide is produced, which is relatively efficient compared with other regions. Lastly, the paper makes suggestions with regarding to the optimization of the tourism eco-efficiency.

The ecological system service is closely related to the citizens' welfare and serves as the bridge connecting the ecological system and the social system. To achieve sustainable development, we must protect the ecological environment. The paper marks off different land utilization types of the Lijiang River basin based on the remote sensing technique, and borrows ideas from other research findings and combines the practical situation of Lijiang River basin to correct the service unit price of ecological system type of the Lijiang River basin, then calculates the service value of ecological system for the basin in turn. The findings show that the total value of the service function of ecological system for the Lijiang River basin is 7195.22×106 Yuan. In terms of the service function of the ecological system, the woodland's service function value accounts the largest proportion in the whole ecological system, being 85.26% of the total value. In terms of the service function type of the ecological system, the soil formation and protection are the most significant, with value of 1340.00×106 Yuan, which accounts for 18.62%. The ecological service value's sequence in ascending order is: Food production

Guilin is an international tourist city famous for its landscape, but the prominent contradiction in water usage becomes one of the key factors that influences and restricts the construction and development of the city. As an effective measure to relieve the contradiction of urban water usage, the concept of “sponge city” has achieved success in many places. Thus, building Guilin urban ecological landscape on the basis of the concept of “sponge city” is of great significance for the effective relief of the contradiction in water usage and the realization of sustainable development. Academic studies point out that for the purpose of the construction of sponge city, the construction of Guilin's urban ecological landscape first need to adopt sponge strategies in urban residential areas, transform or build a virtuous circulating green space system to collect, purify and store rainwater in an effective way. Secondly, build rainwater collection, purification, storage facilities or systems extensively and replenish urban ecological water reserve in the grey system of the city, according to the concept of “sponge”. Thirdly, considering the large area of Guilin city parks, build rainwater self-use rain systems extensively in city parks based on the concept of sponge and substantially reduce external ecological water reserve. Fourthly, reinforce training and learning related to the concept of “sponge city” and the implementation of “sponge city” policies.