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In this work, the fractional Gross–Pitaevskii equation and fractional Radhakrishnan–Kundu Lakshmanan equation are investigated. A large number of new soliton solutions are obtained by implementing a simple and effective mathematical method, which is called the fractional unified solver method. Moreover, the 3D and 2D graphs are plotted to elaborate on the dynamic characteristics of these acquired solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the current research, the local fractional (3+1)-dimensional modified Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation (MZKE) is explored. With the Mittag–Leffler function (MLF) defined on the Cantor sets (CS), four special functions, namely the SHχ(ℑχ), CHχ(ℑχ), SEχ(ℑχ) and CSχ(ℑχ) are extracted to construct an auxiliary function. Then the auxiliary function, along with Yang’s non-differentiable (ND) transformation, is manipulated to explore the ND exact solutions (ESs). By means of the proposed method, four different sets of the ND ESs are found in just one step. The nonlinear dynamics of the ND exact solutions on the CS are illustrated graphically. Furthermore, the ND exact solutions for χ =ln 2/ln3 and the classic exact solutions for χ = 1 are also compared and discussed in detail via the 2-D curves. The attained results reveal that the method is a simple but effective tool to deal with local fractional PDEs arising in physics and maths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity across the entire coronary arterial tree is associated with patient-level clinical outcomes. We aimed to investigate whether vessel-level coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity is associated with vessel-level myocardial infarction. In this secondary analysis of an international multicenter study of patients with recent myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease, we assessed vessel-level coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity using coronary 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography to identify vessel-level myocardial infarction. Increased 18F-sodium fluoride uptake was found in 679 of 2,094 coronary arteries and 414 of 691 patients. Myocardial infarction occurred in 24 (4%) vessels with increased coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity and in 25 (2%) vessels without increased coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity (HR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.16-3.72; P = 0.013). This association was not demonstrable in those treated with coronary revascularization (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.47-2.25) but was notable in untreated vessels (HR: 3.86; 95% CI: 1.63-9.10; P interaction = 0.024). Increased coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity in multiple coronary arteries was associated with heightened patient-level risk of cardiac death or myocardial infarction (HR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.37-4.30; P = 0.002) as well as first (HR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.18-4.06; P = 0.013) and total (HR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.42-4.39; P = 0.002) myocardial infarctions. In patients with recent myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease, coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity prognosticates individual coronary arteries and patients at risk for myocardial infarction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let ℒ 2 = (- Δ) 2 + V 2 be the Schrödinger-type operator on ℝ n ( n ≥ 5 ), let H ℒ 2 1 ⁢ (ℝ n) be the Hardy space related to ℒ 2 , and let BMO θ ⁢ (ρ) be the BMO-type space introduced by Bongioanni, Harboure and Salinas. In this paper, we investigate the boundedness of commutator [ b , T α , β , j ] , which is generated by the Riesz transform T α , β , j = V 2 ⁢ α ⁢ ∇ j ⁡ ℒ 2 - β , j = 1 , 2 , 3 , and b ∈ BMO θ ⁢ (ρ) . Here, 0 < α ≤ 1 - j 4 , j 4 < β ≤ 1 , β - α = j 4 , and the nonnegative potential V belongs to both the reverse Hölder class RH s with s ≥ n 2 and the Gaussian class associated with (- Δ) 2 . The L p boundedness of [ b , T α , β , j ] is obtained, and it is also shown that [ b , T α , β , j ] is bounded from H ℒ 2 1 ⁢ (ℝ n) to weak L 1 ⁢ (ℝ n) . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work is concerned with some novel solutions of the new extended (3 + 1)-dimensional Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli equation (BLMPE) that plays a key role in the incompressible fluid. The N-soliton solutions (NSSs) are extracted by virtue of the Hirota form which is developed using the Cole–Hopf transform. Based on the NSSs, we elaborate the resonance conditions of the soliton molecules and derive the soliton molecules of the 2-solitons, 3-solitons and 4-solitons on the (x, y)-, (x, z)- and (y, z)-planes. Additionally, we also explore some novel hybrid interaction solutions including the interaction between the soliton molecule and solitons and the interaction between the breather solution and the solitons. Correspondingly, the dynamic properties of the solutions are depicted graphically. The derived solutions in this study are all new and can enlarge the exact solutions of the new extended (3 + 1)-dimensional BLMPE. Besides, they can enable us to understand nonlinear dynamic behaviours better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aims to look into the exact solutions (ESs) of the (2 + 1)-dimensional Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli equation (BLMPE), which describes the irrotational-incompressible fluid. The Hirota bilinear equation of the problem under consideration is developed by applying the Cole–Hopf transform. Then, the ansatz function, combined with the symbolic computation, is utilised to extract the ESs. Some new types of ESs like the multi-wave complexiton solution (MWCS), multi-wave solution (MWS) and the interaction wave solution (IWS) are successfully constructed. Furthermore, ESs such as the travelling wave solution (TWS) are also explored via the modified Kudryashov method. The dynamic characteristics of the ESs are described graphically using the Mathematica software and their physical explanations are presented. Compared with the publicly available literature, the obtained ESs are all new and have not yet been reported. The ideas in this work can be used to investigate the ESs of the other PDEs that appear in physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this work is to investigate the nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equation, which is adopted to describe the ultra-short pulses in optical fibers. A variety of new soliton solutions and periodic solutions are constructed by implementing three efficient mathematical approaches, namely, the improved fractional F-expansion method, fractional Bernoulli (G′/G)-expansion method and fractional cosine-sine method. Moreover, the dynamic properties of these obtained solutions are discussed by plotting some 3D and 2D figures. The employed three analytical methods can be widely adopted to solve different types of fractional evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research mainly concerned with some new solutions of the (3 + 1)‐dimensional nonlinear evolution equation (NEE). First, we extract the resonant multiple soliton solutions (RMSSs) by taking advantage of the linear superposition principle (LSP) and weight algorithm (WA). Then the non‐singular complexiton and singular complexiton solutions are developed by introducing pairs of the conjugate parameters. Besides, the complex multiple‐soliton solutions are also explored with the aid of the bilinear approach. The graph descriptions of the attained solutions are paraded to show the dynamical properties. The outcomes of this work are all new and are desirous to bring some new perspective to the investigation of the complexiton solutions to the other partial differential equations (PDEs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By means of He’s fractal derivative, a new fractal (2 + 1)-dimensional Zakharov–Kuznetsov–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation is extracted in this paper. The semi-inverse method is employed to establish the generalized fractal variational principle. The generalized fractal variational principle can show the conservation laws through the energy form in the fractal space. Moreover, some semi-domain solutions are also explored by applying the variational approach and the one-step method namely Wang’s direct mapping method-II. The dynamics of the extracted solutions on the Cantor set are unveiled graphically. The findings of this study are expected to provide some new insights into the exploration of the fractal PDEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, soluble and low-molecular-weight phenolic resol was cross-linking solidified by a solvothermal method using hexamethylenetetramine as a curing agent, which was modified with hydrophobic functional groups and sulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid. Modified and sulfonated phenolic resins were used as catalysts for the dehydration of sorbitol to isosorbide, and the effects of surface hydrophobicity, acid type and acid amount on sorbitol conversion and isosorbide yield were investigated systematically. The results showed that the introduction of 3-MPTMS by coupling with phenolic hydroxyl groups of phenolic resins can significantly enhance the surface hydrophobicity of sulfonated phenolic resins and increase the surface acid amount by the oxidation of thiol groups in 3-MPTMS using H2O2 to sulfonic acid groups. As a result, the catalytic performance of sulfonated phenolic resins with surface hydrophobicity modification was improved obviously; about 100% sorbitol conversion and 75.44% isosorbide yield could be achieved under optimal reaction conditions. Compared to commercial acid resins, sulfonated phenolic resins offer the advantages of lower cost and a more convenient preparation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the demand for higher energy density in lithium‐ion batteries and expand their application range, coupling lithium metal anodes with high‐voltage cathodes is an ideal solution. However, the compatibility between lithium metal batteries and electrolytes affects their applicability. In this study, proposes a locally concentrated electrolyte based on ethyl acetate (EA) as the solvent, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as the lithium salt, and lithium difluorooxoborate (LiDFOB) as a sacrificial agent to enhance the low‐temperature and high‐voltage endurance of Li//Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries. The Li//LCO battery can operate within the voltage range of 3 to 4.5 V, with an initial discharge specific capacity of 174.5 mAh g−1 at 20 °C. At −40 °C, after 200 cycles, the capacity retention rate is 87.7 %. It can operate under extreme conditions of −70 °C, with a discharge specific capacity of 112.6 mAh g−1. Additionally, LCO//HC batteries using this electrolyte demonstrate excellent performance. Present work provides a new perspective for the optimization of electrolytes for low‐temperature lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the nonlinear coupled Davey–Stewartson Fokas system, which models pulse propagation in monomode optical fibers. In order to find the novel periodic and solitary wave solutions of the nonlinear coupled Davey–Stewartson Fokas system, we have employed two effective mathematical techniques named as the Sine‐Gordon expansion method and the simple equation method. We found after researching into previous literature that these novel solutions are unique and have never been reported. Some 3D and 2D graphs are also used to discuss the dynamical behavior of these new solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the (2 + 1) -dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili model is investigated. A novel variational scheme, namely, the variational transform wave method (VTWM), is successfully established to seek the solitary wave solution of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili model. Furthermore, the fractal solitary solution of fractal Kadomtsev–Petviashvili model is also studied based on the local fractional derivative. Numerical examples are given to fully demonstrate that the VTWM is straightforward, efficient and attractive. Finally, the physical properties of solitary wave solutions are demonstrated by some 3D graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colitis-associated colorectal cancer has been a hot topic in public health issues worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significance of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the progression of this ailment, but the specific mechanism of their role in the transformation of inflammation to cancer is unclear, and potential therapies targeting MDSC are also unclear. This paper outlines the possible involvement of MDSC to the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. It also explores the immune and other relevant roles played by MDSC, and collates relevant targeted therapies against MDSC. In addition, current targeted therapies for colorectal cancer are analyzed and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate detection of biogenic amines (BAs) is an important means of ensuring the quality and safety of cephalopod seafood products. In this study, the pre‐column derivatization of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was optimized using dansyl chloride (Dns‐Cl) to detect BAs in octopus, cuttlefish, and squid. The reasons for the formation of BAs were investigated by assessing their decarboxylase activity and the rates of decomposition. The findings demonstrated that using Dns‐Cl to optimize pre‐column derivatization enabled the separation of nine different BAs. The detection limits ranged from 0.07 to 0.25 mg/L, and the results exhibited a high level of linearity (R2 ≥ 0.997). The decarboxylase activity and biodegradation rate positively correlated with the formation of BAs at temperatures below 0°C. Notably, the decarboxylase activity of octopus, cuttlefish, and squid exhibited a significant increase with prolonged storage time, and formyltransferase and carbamate kinase may be the key decarboxylase in cephalopod products. These findings serve as a valuable reference for further investigations into the mechanisms behind BAs production and the development of control technologies for BAs in cephalopod products. This study has successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of the Dns‐Cl pre‐column derivatization‐HPLC method in accurately and efficiently detecting BAs in octopus, cuttlefish, and squid. Moreover, it highlights the influence of decarboxylase content and biodegradation rate on the formation of BAs. Importantly, this method can serve as a reference for detecting BAs in various seafood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intelligent monitoring of cutting tools used in the manufacturing industry is steadily becoming more convenient. To accurately predict the state of tools and tool breakages, this study proposes a tool wear prediction technique based on multi-sensor information fusion. First, the vibrational, current, and cutting force signals transmitted during the machining process were collected, and the features were extracted. Next, the Kalman filtering algorithm was used for feature fusion, and a predictive model for tool wear was constructed by combining the ResNet and long short-term memory (LSTM) models (called ResNet-LSTM). Experimental data for thin-walled parts obtained under various machining conditions were utilized to monitor the changes in tool conditions. A comparison between the ResNet and LSTM tool wear prediction models indicated that the proposed ResNet-LSTM model significantly improved the prediction accuracy compared to the individual LSTM and ResNet models. Moreover, ResNet-LSTM exhibited adaptive noise reduction capabilities at the front end of the network for signal feature extraction, thereby enhancing the signal feature extraction capability. The ResNet-LSTM model yielded an average prediction error of 0.0085 mm and a tool wear prediction accuracy of 98.25%. These results validate the feasibility of the tool wear prediction method proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is a strong association among risk factors for oral cancer (ORCA), such as smoking, alcohol consumption, fiber intake, and red meat intake. The apparent synergistic effects reported in previous observational studies may also underestimate the independent effects. Our study aims to further explore the potential etiology and causality of oral cancer. Materials and methods: This study used the genome-wide associations study database (GWAS) in European populations for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore exposure factors associated with ORCA and detect the genetic causality between these exposures and ORCA risk. Results: Our results demonstrated that in univariate MR analysis, the five exposure factors (celery intake, average weekly beer and cider intake, spirits intake, and pork intake) were risk factors, and oily fish intake was a safety factor, but in multivariate MR analysis, pork intake had the greatest impact on oral cancer when the five food/drink intakes were simultaneously consumed. Conclusions: The causal relationship between the five exposure factors (oily fish intake, celery intake, pork intake, average weekly beer and cider intake, and spirits intake) and oral cancer was analyzed. The causal effects of pork on oral cancer may be underestimated. Clinical relevance: Prevention of oral cancer requires better education about lifestyle-related risk factors, and improved awareness and tools for early diagnosis. Our study provides some risk factors that cannot be ignored for the cause prevention of oral cancer, such as pork intake, and its role in oral cancer prevention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to examine the behavior of the nonlinear Kaup-Newell equation. By employing the modified Kudryashov method and extended tanh function method, we have successfully derived novel solitary wave and periodic solutions. These new solutions are presented in trigonometric, hyperbolic and exponential function types. The proposed two approaches are efficient, direct and fascinating. These newly discovered solutions are illustrated using two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphs, incorporating suitable parameters values. These graphs are crucial for elucidating the dynamic properties of optical fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of suitable channel semiconductor materials has been a limiting factor in the development of tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) architectures due to the stringent criteria of both air stability and excellent gate-tunable electronic properties. Here, we report the performance limits of sub-10-nm double-gated monolayer (ML) BiN TFETs by utilizing first-principles quantum-transport simulations. We find that ML BiN possesses an indirect bandgap of 0.8 eV and effective masses of 0.24m0 and 2.24m0 for electrons and holes, respectively. The n-type BiN TFETs exhibit better performance than the p-type ones, and the on-state current can well satisfy the requirements of the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems for both high-performance and low-power standards. Notably, we find that the BiN TFETs exhibit distinguished gate controllability with an ultra-low subthreshold swing below 60 mV/decade even with a small gate length of 6 nm, which is superior to the existing field-effect transistors, such as black phosphorus TFETs, GeSe TFETs, and BiN metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors. Furthermore, the BiN TFETs are endowed with the potential to realize high switching speed and low-power consumption applications because of their extremely short delay time and ultra-low power-delay product. Our results reveal that the ML BiN is a highly competitive channel material for the next-generation TFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new fractal pseudo-parabolic equation is derived by means of He's fractal derivative. The semi-inverse method (SIM) is employed to develop the generalized fractal variational principle (GFVP), which can reveal the energy conservation law in the fractal space and provide some new insights on the study of the variational method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the fractional Schrödinger equation is described with beta derivative, which is used to elucidate the dynamic interaction of ultra-short pulses with quantum properties in optical fibers. This work is to study the solitary wave and periodic solutions of the fractional Schrödinger equation by employing three powerful and simple mathematical approaches like fractional Kudryashov method, fractional cosine–sine method and fractional tanh function method. The acquired outcomes illustrate that the proposed three computational approaches are simple, efficient, concise and can be adopted to study more complex phenomena. Finally, the dynamical behavior of these acquired solitary wave solutions is illustrated by sketching some 3D figures with proper parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work plumbs the nonlinear dynamics of the (3 + 1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–Boussinesq equation (gKPBe), which is used to describe some interesting physical phenomena in the fields of fluids. The resonance conditions of the soliton molecules on the (x , y), (x , z) and (y , z) planes are investigated and the soliton molecules are obtained on the basis of the N-soliton solutions that are extracted by virtue of the Hirota form. Furthermore, some novel hybrid interactions including the interaction between the soliton and soliton molecule, the interaction between the different soliton molecules are also explored. Finally, the sub-equation approach is exerted to explore the various wave solutions, which include the kinky wave, bright-dark wave and the singular periodic wave solutions. Correspondingly, the graphical descriptions of the attained solutions are drawn to present a better understanding of the physical attributes. The derived solutions can enlarge the exact solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional gKPBe and lead us to understand the nonlinear dynamic behaviors better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The center of this paper is to establish the generalized variational structure (GVS) of the (3 + 1) -dimensional Zakharov–Kuznetsov–Burgers equation (ZKBe) by taking advantage of the Semi-inverse method (SIM). Two different GVSs are extracted and the derivation process is presented in detail. The extracted GVSs reveal the energy conservation law and can offer some new insights on the study of the variational method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iatrogenic complications of endovascular treatment for central venous stenosis have not yet been reported. Here we present a case of a patient on maintenance hemodialysis who developed catheter-related superior vena cava syndrome and subsequently suffered from hemorrhagic pericardial tamponade after undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting. Case presentation: A 72-year-old male patient presented with uremia, and had been receiving maintenance hemodialysis for the past five years. The patient initially presented with dysfunction of the dialysis catheter (a cuffed tunneled double-lumen catheter in the right internal jugular vein). Imaging examination revealed a segmental occlusion of the superior vena cava stretching from the distal end of the dialysis catheter up to right atrium entrance, apparent compensatory dilatation of the azygos vein, and abundant subcutaneous collaterals. The patient underwent percutaneous transluminal balloon dilatation and stenting (covered stent) of the superior vena cava in the Cath Lab. During the procedure, with forceful advancement of the guidewire, it was observed to progress for a distance before a "smoke" appeared, and an outward spillage of contrast agent was visible, which suggested a possible vessel puncture leading into the mediastinum. Unfortunately, postoperative hemorrhagic pericardial tamponade occurred and the patient developed cardiogenic shock. He experienced symptoms included chest tightness and breath shortness with a recorded blood pressure of 84/60mmHg. After draining 600 ml of bloody fluid through pericardiocentesis, the patient's symptoms alleviated and his condition improved. Conclusions: The case emphasizes the need for increased attention to iatrogenic endovascular injuries during catheter placement and endovascular treatment, such as causing pericardial hemorrhage leading to cardiac tamponade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report collinear strong-field terahertz (THz) generation from the organic crystal 4-N, N-dimethlamino-4-N-methyl-stilbazolium 2,4,6-trimethyl benzenesulfonate (DSTMS), driven by an industrial-grade ytterbium (Yb) laser operating at 1030 nm. The laser pulse duration is compressed from 800 to 90 fs by using a multi-pass-cell compressor. The output THz energy reaches 0.4 μ J, with a conversion efficiency of 0.22%. The spectrum covers over 0.1–6 THz with a peak electric field of 236 kV/cm. The phase matching condition and material absorption are illustrated. We demonstrate that a 1030 nm Yb-laser is used to pump organic crystal DSTMS for efficient THz generation in a simple collinear geometry, which provides a promising THz source based on an industrial-grade ultrafast laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central purpose of this paper is to explore the nonlinear dynamics of the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (KPE). The multiple soliton solutions (MSSs) are constructed via applying the Hirota method. Then the soliton molecules on the (x,y)-, (x,t)- and (y,t)-planes are extracted via imposing the velocity resonance conditions to the MSSs. Eventually, two effective techniques, the sub-equation approach (SEA) and the variational approach (VA), are employed to probe some other diverse wave solutions, which are the bright wave, dark wave, singular wave and the singular periodic wave solutions. The dynamics of the extracted solutions are unveiled graphically to exhibit the physical attributes. The attained solutions in this paper can enlarge the exact solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional KPE and enable us to understand the nonlinear dynamic behaviors better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to explore the optical solitons of the Kaup–Newell model (KNM) which describes the glamorous technology of sub-picosecond pulses that spread via single-mode optical fibres using two innovative methods, namely Wang’s Bäcklund transformation-based method (WBTBM) and Wang’s direct mapping method (WDMM). Different kinds of exact solutions expressed in the form of the rational function, Exp function, sin–cos function, sinh–cosh function, hyperbolic function (sech function and csch function) and trigonometric function (sec function and csc function) are obtained, which include the bright soliton, dark soliton, singular soliton and other travelling wave solutions. To reveal the dynamic behaviours of the different solutions, the 3D plots, 2D contours and 2D curves are drawn with the help of the Mathematica software. The findings in this work confirm that the mentioned methods are effective, straightforward and powerful, and can be used to handle other partial differential equations (PDEs) arising in the optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTyrosol is a principle phenolic compound present in olive oil and wine with great pharmacological potentials due to its strong antioxidant property. Its application can be highly extended by increasing its lipophilicity through esterification. In this study, tyrosol esters were synthesized by enzymatic transesterification of tyrosol with vinyl esters, with a commercial lipase from Novozymes (Novozym 435, Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) immobilized on macroporous acrylic resin beads) as the catalyst, both in organic solvents and in ionic liquids. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was the best solvent, offering complete conversions towards the synthesis of tyrosol esters with varying chain lengths (C2-C18) within 1 h. Taking the enzymatic transesterification between tyrosol and vinyl acetate as the model reaction, 18 organic solvents and 24 ionic liquids were screened, and their solvent properties (i.e. hydrophobicity, polarity, viscosity, water activity, and partition coefficients of substrate and product) were correlated to the enzyme activity. Upon enzyme screening, four new lipases were found to be highly efficient, relative to the best-performed Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TLIM (Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) immobilized on silica gel), in tyrosol ester synthesis. This work provides enzymatic methods of esterifying tyrosol that are much more efficient than those reported in literature, and will shed light on re-consideration of the roles of solvents in nonaqueous enzymology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Follow-up experimental designs are frequently employed in a wide range of scientific studies and industries. Lower bounds of average mixture discrepancy for row augmented designs are determined in this paper utilizing the level permutation technique, which is also used to analyse the uniformity of row augmented designs with asymmetrical factorials. Between the row augmented designs and its initial designs or follow-up designs, quantitative relationships of lower bounds of average mixture discrepancy are constructed. Additionally, a proposal is made for the construction algorithm of asymmetrical uniform row augmented designs. Numerical examples indicate that the asymmetrical uniform row augmented designs can be constructed with high efficiency and recommended for use in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractional derivatives have been widely applied in many fields and has attracted widespread attention. This paper extracts a new fractional (3+1)-dimensional modified Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation (MZKe) with the local fractional derivative (LFD) for the first time. Two special functions, namely, the LT δ (Ξ δ) and LC δ (Ξ δ) functions that are derived on the basis of the Mittag-Leffler function (MLF) defined on the Cantor set (CS), are employed to construct the auxiliary trial function to look into the exact solutions (ESs). Aided by Yang's non-differentiable (ND) transformation, six groups of the ND ESs are found. The ND ESs on the CS for δ = ln 2 / ln 3 are depicted graphically. Additionally, as a comparison, the ESs of the classic (3+1)-dimensional MZKe for δ = 1 are also illustrated. The outcomes reveal that the derived method is powerful and effective, and can be used to deal with the other local fractional PDEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to explore some semi-domain soliton solutions for the fractal (3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–Boussinesq equation (GKPBe) within He's fractal derivative. First, the fractal soliton molecules are plumbed by combining the Hirota equation and fractal two-scale transform. Second, the Bernoulli sub-equation function approach together with the fractal two-scale transform is employed to investigate the other soliton solutions, which include the kink soliton and the rough wave soliton solutions. The impact of the different fractal orders on the physical behaviors of the semi-domain soliton solutions is also discussed graphically. The methods mentioned in this research are expected to provide some new viewpoints on the behaviors of the fractal PDEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ocean engineering, the long- and short-wave interaction system represents a crucial nonlinear evolution equation that elucidates the resonant interaction phenomenon between ocean waves. In this study, we describe the fractional long and short-wave interaction (FLSWI) system employing the M-truncated derivative. Subsequently, we employ the extended fractional tanh χ − coth χ and the fractional csc h χ methods to address the FLSWI system. These two approaches yields novel and intriguing soliton solutions. To further elucidate the derived soliton solutions, three-dimensional visualizations are constructed and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on the investigations on the stochastic stability and the stochastic resonance (SR) phenomena for a FitzHugh-Nagumo system with time delay induced by a multiplicative non-Gaussian colored noise and an additive Gaussian colored noise. By use of the fast descent method, the unified colored noise approximation and the two-state theory for the SR, the stationary probability density function (SPDF) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by different noise terms and time delay are explored. The investigation results indicate that the two noise intensities, time delay and the departure parameter from the Gaussian noise can all reduce the probability density around the two stable states and destroy the stability of the neural system; while the two noise correlation times τ and τ 0 can both improve the probability density around both stable states and reinforce the biological stability of the neural system. As regards the SNR, it is found that the two noise intensities and the departure coefficient can all weaken the SR effect, while time delay α and the correlation time τ of the multiplicative noise will always magnify the SR phenomenon. It is worth to mention that the correlation time τ 0 of the additive noise can stimulate the SR effect, but not alter the maximum of the SNR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we focus on some novel exact solutions of the new (2 + 1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation (SWWE). First, the soliton molecules on the (x,y)-, (x,t)- and (y,t)-planes are constructed via assigning the velocity resonance conditions to the multiple soliton solutions (MSSs) that can be derived via the Hirota method. Second, the periodic wave solutions are explored by means of the new homoclinic approach. Finally, the other diverse wave solutions including the kink wave, singular wave and the singular periodic wave solutions are also plumbed by the sub-equation approach (SEA). The dynamic performances of the extracted solutions are presented graphically to unveil the nonlinear physical characteristics. As we know, the extracted solutions in this paper are all new and have not been investigated in other literature, which can help us make sense of the nonlinear dynamics of the new (2 + 1)-dimensional SWWE better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic reprogramming, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer, refers to the phenomenon by which cancer cells change their metabolism to support their increased biosynthetic demands. Tumor cells undergo substantial alterations in metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Latest studies have revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a group of non-coding RNAs over 200 nucleotides long, mediate metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells by regulating the transcription, translation and post-translational modification of metabolic-related signaling pathways and metabolism-related enzymes through transcriptional, translational, and post-translational modifications of genes. In addition, lncRNAs are closely related to the tumor microenvironment, and they directly or indirectly affect the proliferation and migration of tumor cells, drug resistance and other processes. Here, we review the mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated regulation of glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism and tumor immunity in gastrointestinal tumors, aiming to provide more information on effective therapeutic targets and drug molecules for gastrointestinal tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymer translocation through a nanopore from a donor space (or named cis side) to a receiver space (trans side) in the chaperone-induced crowded environment has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its significance in biological systems and technological applications. In this work, we mainly focus on the effects of chaperone concentration and chaperone-polymer interaction on the polymer translocation. By assuming the polymer translocation to be a quasi-equilibrium process, the free energy F of the polymer can be estimated by Rosenbluth-Rosenbluth method and then the translocation time τ can be calculated by Fokker-Plank equation based on the obtained free energy landscape. Our calculation results show that the translocation time can be controlled by independently tuning the chaperone concentration and chaperone-polymer interaction at the cis side or the trans side. There exists a critical chaperone-polymer attraction ε*=−0.2 at which the volume exclusion and interaction effects of the chaperone can balance each other. Additionally, we also find that at large chaperone-polymer attraction, the translocation time is mainly governed by the diffusion coefficient of the polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study was to investigate the diagnostic value of percutaneous closed pleural brushing (CPBR) followed by cell block technique for malignant pleural effusion (MPE) and the predictive efficacy of pleural fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE. Methods: All patients underwent closed pleural biopsy (CPB) and CPBR followed by cell block examination. MPE‐positive diagnostic rates between the two methods were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors influencing the EGFR mutations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive efficacy of pleural fluid CEA for EGFR mutations. Results: The cumulative positive diagnostic rates for MPE after single and twice CPBR followed by cell block examination were 80.5% and 89.0%, higher than CPB (45.7%, 54.3%) (P < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that EGFR mutation was associated with pleural fluid and serum CEA (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that pleural fluid CEA was an independent risk factor for predicting EGFR mutation (P < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) of pleural fluid CEA for EGFR mutation prediction was 0.774, higher than serum CEA (P = 0.043), but no difference with the combined test (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with CPB, CPBR followed by the cell block technique can significantly increase the positive diagnostic rate of suspected MPE. CEA testing of pleural fluid after CPBR has a high predictive efficacy for EGFR mutation in lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE, implying pleural fluid extracted for cell block after CPBR may be an ideal specimen for genetic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskites have witnessed great success in green, red, and near‐infrared light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), yet blue LEDs still lag behind. Reducing undesired energetic disorders – broad n‐phases and halide segregation – is considered as the most critical strategy to further improve the performances. Here, the study reports a newly designed and synthesized di‐ammonium ligand with rigid π‐conjugated rings and additional methyl groups to construct Dion–Jacobson (DJ) structure. Augmented coordination from the extra ammonium site and increased effective bulkiness from methyl groups lead to better distribution control over conventional mono‐ammonium ligands. This enhances the radiative recombination of blue emissions in the film with homogeneous energy landscape and improved surface morphology, as evidenced by a series of imaging and mapping techniques. As a result, it demonstrates DJ perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs) with peak external quantum efficiencies of ≈4% at 484 nm and ≈11% at 494 nm, which are among the top reported for pure DJ phase‐based PeLEDs in the corresponding wavelength regions. The results deepen the understanding of regulating energetic disorders in perovskite materials via molecular engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Furans bearing alkynyl substituents are highly useful in organic synthesis. However, the methodologies to access these important furan derivatives are rather limited. We herein report an efficient synthesis of alkynylated furan derivatives based on Pd‐catalyzed oxidative cross‐coupling reaction between allenyl ketones and terminal alkynes. This novel synthesis of alkynylated furans with wide substrate scope is operationally simple and tolerates various functional groups. Mechanistically, the formation of the palladium carbene through cycloisomerization and the subsequent alkynyl migratory insertion are proposed as the key steps in the transformation. The reaction reported in this paper further demonstrates the generality of the carbene‐based cross coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global health crisis of bacterial resistance to antibiotics requires innovative antibacterial strategies. One promising solution is the exploitation of multifunctional nanoplatforms based on non-resistant antibacterial mechanisms. This work reports a novel Fe3O4@Au/polydopamine (PDA) nanodurian with excellent photothermal-magnetomechanic synergistic antibacterial effects. The one-step formed Au/PDA hybrid shell provides good photothermal properties and spiky surfaces for enhanced magnetomechanic effects. Upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the Fe3O4@Au/PDA nanodurian (200 μg mL−1) achieved nearly 100% antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The efficiency of photothermal antimicrobial activity was further enhanced by the application of a rotating magnetic field (RMF), with the sterilization efficiency being increased by up to more than a half compared to the action alone. Interestingly, the size of the nanodurian has a significant impact on the synergistic sterilization effect, with larger particles showing a superior performance due to stronger chain-like structures in the magnetic field. Finally, the Fe3O4@Au/PDA nanodurian also demonstrates effective biofilm removal, with larger particles exhibiting the best eradication effect under the photothermal-magnetomechanic treatment. Overall, this magnetic field enhanced photothermal antibacterial strategy provides a promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial solution to combat bacterial infections. Thus, it possesses great potential in future nanomedicine and pollution treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Amphora coffeaeformis, a unicellular diatom, can significantly accumulate lipids under nitrogen (N) limitation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lipid accumulation in A. coffeaeformis remains unknown and its application development is lagging. Results: This work analyzed the lipid composition of A. coffeaeformis under N deprivation and investigated its mechanism underlying lipid accumulation using RNA-seq. The results showed that the total lipid content of A. coffeaeformis increased from 28.22 to 44.05% after 5 days of N deprivation, while the neutral lipid triacylglycerol (TAG) content increased from 10.41 to 25.21%. The transcriptional profile showed that N deprivation induced wide-ranging reprogramming of regulation and that most physiological activities were repressed, while the upregulation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase directly determined TAG accumulation. Moreover, we explored the effect of A. coffeaeformis as a food additive on the lipid composition of crucian carp. The results showed that the contents of unsaturated fatty acids in the meat of fish supplemented with A. coffeaeformis were significantly increased, indicating its potential application in animal nutrition for improving meat quality indicators. Conclusion: The findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms of neutral lipid accumulation and revealed the key genes involved in lipid metabolism in A. coffeaeformis. Moreover, we also confirmed that A. coffeaeformis can be used as feed additive for improving the lipid composition of crucian carp meat, which provided evidence for the biotechnology application of this high-oil microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrin αIIbβ3 expresses on the plasma membrane of platelets, which can be activated by mechanical pulling force from its ligand. Herein, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the full-length integrin embedded in the membrane with a ligand, fibronectin (FN), attaching to the integrin head. A pulling force was applied to the ligand in the MD simulations. The force applied on the ligand could transmit to the integrin head through the transient interaction, and have chances to induce the extension of the integrin. The loading rate affects the pulling force but has limited effects on the integrin extension. Our simulation showed the mechanical force could induce the conformational change of the membrane-embedded integrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Evidence regarding the potential effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) was limited and inconsistent among Asian people. Methods We prospectively examined associations of fruit and vegetable consumption with the risk of CVD among 9740 participants aged 65 years and older (mean baseline age: 88 years) in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) (2008–2018). Dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results During 37 366 person-years of follow-up, a total of 3738 CVD cases were recorded. After adjusting for demographics, dietary, lifestyle and economical social factors, higher intakes of total fruits and vegetables were associated with lower risk of CVD [comparing with extreme quintiles, hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval: 0.84 (0.74, 0.95)]. The inverse association was mainly driven by vegetable consumption [0.86 (0.77, 0.95)]. Furthermore, the inverse association was stronger for the risk of hypertension [0.84 (0.72, 0.98)]. These associations were consistent across age, sex, body mass index, residence, exercise status, smoking, drinking, meat intake, modified hPDI and health status. Conclusions This study suggests higher intakes of total fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk of CVD among elderly Chinese people, supporting the current recommendations of increasing fruit and vegetable consumption as part of a healthy diet for the prevention of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a pioneering investigation on the fractional Hamiltonian amplitude equation involving the beta fractional derivative for the first time, addressing a research gap in the field of nonlinear fractional dynamics. Our primary objective is to develop effective analytical techniques capable of solving the fractional Hamiltonian amplitude equation and obtaining novel soliton solutions. To achieve this, we introduce two advanced methods: the extended fractional rational sin e δ - cos i n e δ and the fractional rational sinh δ - cosh δ techniques. By employing these cutting-edge approaches, we successfully derive new types of soliton solutions, demonstrating the reliability and efficiency of the proposed methods. Furthermore, the applicability of these techniques extends to various fractional nonlinear evolution models, highlighting their versatility in the realm of fractional dynamics. Finally, we provide a comprehensive presentation of the results, which substantiate the effectiveness of the methods in solving the complex fractional Hamiltonian amplitude equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS) is a newly described chronic inflammatory disease condition caused by KSHV infection and is characterized by high KSHV viral load and sustained elevations of serum KSHV-encoded IL-6 (vIL-6) and human IL-6 (hIL-6). KICS has significant immortality and greater risks of other complications, including malignancies. Although prolonged inflammatory vIL-6 exposure by persistent KSHV infection is expected to have key roles in subsequent disease development, the biological effects of prolonged vIL-6 exposure remain elusive. Using thiol(SH)-linked alkylation for the metabolic (SLAM) sequencing and Cleavage Under Target & Release Using Nuclease analysis (CUT&RUN), we studied the effect of prolonged vIL-6 exposure in chromatin landscape and resulting cytokine production. The studies showed that prolonged vIL-6 exposure increased Bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation co-occupancies on chromatin, and the recruitment sites were frequently co-localized with poised RNA polymerase II with associated enzymes. Increased BRD4 recruitment on promoters was associated with increased and prolonged NF-κB p65 binding after the lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The p65 binding resulted in quicker and sustained transcription bursts from the promoters; this mechanism increased total amounts of hIL-6 and IL-10 in tissue culture. Pretreatment with the BRD4 inhibitors, OTX015 and MZ1, eliminated the enhanced inflammatory cytokine production. These findings suggest that persistent vIL-6 exposure may establish a chromatin landscape favorable for the reactivation of inflammatory responses in monocytes. This epigenetic memory may explain the greater risk of chronic inflammatory disease development in KSHV-infected individuals. Author summary: Combined and continuous cytokine stimulation triggers transcription reprogramming and is often used for specific tissue development. Continuous vIL-6 exposure occurs in KSHV-infected patients and leads to inflammatory cytokine storm with high mortality. However, possible epigenetic reprogramming by the vIL-6 and its association with pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate the establishment of a new chromatin landscape mediated by BRD4 through prolonged vIL-6 exposure, contributing to more robust and rapid transcription and increased cytokine production. Inhibition of BRD4 suppressed this inflammatory response. Our results indicate that targeting the epigenetic effect of viral cytokines may lead to novel therapies for KSHV-induced inflammatory cytokine storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of Anti-PD-1 therapy has yielded promising outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, limited research has been conducted on the overall survival (OS) of patients with varying tumor responses and treatment duration. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed HCC patients who received sintilimab between January 2019 and December 2020 at four centers in China. The evaluation of tumor progression was based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. The study investigated the correlation between tumor response and OS, and the impact of drug use on OS following progressive disease (PD). Results: Out of 441 treated patients, 159 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Among them, 77 patients with disease control exhibited a significantly longer OS compared to the 82 patients with PD (median OS 26.0 vs. 11.3 months, P < 0.001). Additionally, the OS of patients with objective response (OR) was better than that of patients with stable disease (P = 0.002). Among the 47 patients with PD who continued taking sintilimab, the OS was better than the 35 patients who discontinued treatment (median OS 11.4 vs. 6.9 months, P = 0.042). Conclusions: In conclusion, the tumor response in HCC patients who received sintilimab affects OS, and patients with PD may benefit from continued use of sintilimab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanism of an electric current-assisted superplastic deformation on 3Y-TZP in an oxygen-lean atmosphere. The experiments were performed with different electric currents in the range of 0~5 A. The results show that the flow stress of 3Y-TZP during the deformation was significantly decreased by the combination of Joule heating and the applied current effect. The microstructures of the deformed specimens were all equiaxed grains without an obvious preferential grain growth. The stress exponent n = 2.05~2.61 suggested that the dominant deformation of 3Y-YZP with/without the electric current was grain boundary sliding at 1400 °C. The activation energy of the deformation which decreased from 465 kJ mol−1 to 315 kJ mol−1 by the electric current indicated that the lattice diffusion of Zr cation during the deformation was enhanced. And the deformation rate of 3Y-TZP with the electric current may be controlled by the grain boundary diffusion of Zr cation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Isoindigo (IID) is widely used as organic dye and conjugated unit in opto‐electronic materials. Functionalization of IID to increase its structural complexity is demanding for obtaining diversity properties. Herein, we developed a direct C—H/N—H activation method of IIDs via double alkyne annulations and synthesized π‐extended IIDs with two pairs of 5/7 membered rings. The structure of the π‐extended IIDs was characterized and confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and X ray crystal analysis. Their physical properties were characterized by UV‐vis absorption, cyclic voltammetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The absorption coefficient of the annulated products enhanced significantly compared with the non‐annulated analogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger of intracellular communication in bacterial species, which widely modulates diverse cellular processes. However, little is known about the c-di-GMP network in filamentous multicellular cyanobacteria. In this study, we preliminarily investigated the c-di-GMP turnover proteins in Arthrospira based on published protein data. Bioinformatics results indicate the presence of at least 149 potential turnover proteins in five Arthrospira subspecies. Some proteins are highly conserved in all tested Arthrospira, whereas others are specifically found only in certain subspecies. To further validate the protein catalytic activity, we constructed a riboswitch-based c-di-GMP expression assay system in Escherichia coli and confirmed that a GGDEF domain protein, Adc11, exhibits potential diguanylate cyclase activity. Moreover, we also evaluated a protein with a conserved HD-GYP domain, Ahd1, the expression of which significantly improved the swimming ability of E. coli. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay also showed that overexpression of Ahd1 reduced the intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP, which is presumed to exhibit phosphodiesterase activity. Notably, meta-analyses of transcriptomes suggest that Adc11 and Ahd1 are invariable. Overall, this work confirms the possible existence of a functional c-di-GMP network in Arthrospira, which will provide support for the revelation of the biological function of the c-di-GMP system in Arthrospira. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulated Raman scattering offers an alternative strategy to explore continuous‐wave (c.w.) organic lasers, which, however, still suffers from the limitation of inadequate Raman gain in organic material systems. Here we propose a metal‐linking approach to enhance the Raman gain of organic molecules. Self‐assembled microcrystals of the metal linked organic dimers exhibit large Raman gain, therefore allowing for c.w. Raman lasing. Furthermore, broadband tunable Raman lasing is achieved in the organic dimer microcrystals by adjusting excitation wavelengths. This work advances the understanding of Raman gain in organic molecules, paving a way for the design of c.w. organic lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]