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A Br-Doped Bi2O2CO3 exposed (001) crystal facet was synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method. The results of the total densities of states of the valence band (VB) and UV-vis diffuse-reflectance spectrum (DRS) for the Br-doped Bi2O2CO3 exposed (001) crystal facet demonstrate that the doping of the Br anion can effectively narrow the band gap of Bi2O2CO3 by improving the valence band position. The photocatalytic performance is evaluated by degrading methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes in an aqueous solution. In comparison with pure Bi2O2CO3, Br-doped Bi2O2CO3 exhibits drastically enhanced solar-light photoactivity, which is also superior to many other reported Bi2O2CO3-based photocatalysts. The highly enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to a combination of expanded photoresponse range caused by the doping of Br anions and effective separation of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs owing to the exposed active (001) crystal facet of Bi2O2CO3. The Br-doped Bi2O2CO3 exposed (001) crystal facet also shows photochemical stability, which is of special importance for its practical applications. This work demonstrates that doping enables band gap engineering and the design of high-performance photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-dimensional (1D) Bi 2 O 3 -Bi 2 O 2.33 heterostructures were synthesized by calcining Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 -Bi(OHC 2 O 4 )·2H 2 O precursors. Ultrathin Bi 2 O 2.33 nanosheets were uniformly patched onto the porous Bi 2 O 3 rod with well-matched lattice fringes, which increased the interface quality and then provided the smallest penetration barrier for electron-hole pairs transfer between Bi 2 O 3 -Bi 2 O 2.33 interfaces. The photocatalytic performance of the obtained products was evaluated by the degradation of high-concentration methyl orange (MO) and phenol under solar/visible light irradiation. The results show that Bi 2 O 3 -Bi 2 O 2.33 heterostructure displays higher photocatalytic activity than pure phase Bi 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 2.33 , and more encouragingly, 30 mg/L of MO (or phenol) can be completely degraded in 60 min under visible light irradiation using Bi 2 O 3 -Bi 2 O 2.33 (S2) heterostructure as photocatalyst. This enhanced photocatalytic performance is ascribed to the synergistic effect of the suitable band alignment of the Bi 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 2.33 , high interface quality beween Bi 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 2.33 junctions and one-dimensional ordered nanostructure. This work would offer a novel route to design and fabrication of junction structures with high interface quality for photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel, one-dimensional Bi2O3–Bi14MoO24 heterostructures with high interface quality were synthesized by high temperature calcination of Bi2MoO6–Bi(OHC2O4)·2H2O precursors in air at 400 °C for 2 h. Bi14MoO24 grew on the Bi2O3 porous rods by crystallographic-oriented epitaxial growth, which increased the interface quality and then provided the smallest penetration barrier for electron–hole pair transfer between Bi2O3–Bi14MoO24 interfaces. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared products was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and phenol under solar/visible light irradiation. The results show that Bi2O3–Bi14MoO24 heterostructures display higher photocatalytic activity than that of the pure phase Bi2O3 and Bi14MoO24, and 100% phenol (10 mg L−1) can be degraded in 80 min under visible light irradiation using the Bi2O3–Bi14MoO24 (DS-2) heterostructure as photocatalyst. This enhanced photocatalytic performance is ascribed to the synergistic effect of the suitable band alignment of the Bi2O3 and Bi14MoO24, high interface quality and one-dimensionally ordered nanostructure. Radical scavenger experiments proved that the photogenerated holes and ṖO2− play key roles during the photodegradation process. This work offers an effective route to the design and fabrication of the junction structures with high interface quality for photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a key physiological modulator and signaling molecule in animals and plants. However, due to its high reactivity, our knowledge of its production and consumption pathways in the ocean remain limited. Laboratory experiments showed that Ulva prolifera can produce NO, producing as much as 0.44 ± 0.04 nmol h−1 g−1. During the growth period, U. prolifera released NO, but during the decay period NO was absorbed by U. prolifera and bacteria. Furthermore, field investigations examined NO concentrations in the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea off Qingdao, where the U. prolifera green tide occurred in summer 2018. The average concentrations of NO in the surface seawater were 70.2 ± 38.2 pmol L−1 and 18.9 ± 10.3 pmol L−1 in the late- and after-bloom periods, respectively. NO release by U. prolifera was the primary contributor to the high NO concentrations during the late-bloom period. The study area was a net source of NO to the atmosphere during the study period, with average NO sea-air fluxes from the Qingdao coastal waters being 1.5 × 10−12 mol m−2 s−1 and 0.4 × 10−12 mol m−2 s−1 in the late- and after-bloom periods, respectively. This study concluded that the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea off Qingdao contributed more NO to the atmosphere during the bloom of U. prolifera than afterward. Image 1 • The growing U. prolifera could produce NO with the maximum rate of 0.44 nmol h−1 g−1. • The rate of NO release by U. prolifera was lower than the photoproduction rate. • NO concentration during the late-bloom was 2.7 times higher than after the bloom. • The study area acted as a source of NO to the air with a higher flux during a bloom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confined catalytic realms and synergistic catalysis sites were constructed using bimetallic active centers in two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to achieve highly selective oxygenation of cycloalkanes and alkyl aromatics with oxygen towards partly oxygenated products. Every necessary characterization was carried out for all the two-dimensional MOFs. The selective oxygenation of cycloalkanes and alkyl aromatics with oxygen was accomplished with exceptional catalytic performance using two-dimensional MOF Co-TCPPNi as a catalyst. Employing Co-TCPPNi as a catalyst, both the conversion and selectivity were improved for all the hydrocarbons investigated. Less disordered autoxidation at mild conditions, inhibited free-radical diffusion by confined catalytic realms, and synergistic C–H bond oxygenation catalyzed by second metal center Ni employing oxygenation intermediate R–OOH as oxidant were the factors for the satisfying result of Co-TCPPNi as a catalyst. When homogeneous metalloporphyrin T(4-COOCH3)PPCo was replaced by Co-TCPPNi, the conversion in cyclohexane oxygenation was enhanced from 4.4% to 5.6%, and the selectivity of partly oxygenated products increased from 85.4% to 92.9%. The synergistic catalytic mechanisms were studied using EPR research, and a catalysis model was obtained for the oxygenation of C–H bonds with O2. This research offered a novel and essential reference for both the efficient and selective oxygenation of C–H bonds and other key chemical reactions involving free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel ultra-sensitive enzyme-free sandwich-like electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated based on hierarchical AuPd nanochain networks (NCNs). The architectures were firstly synthesized by a single-step seedless aqueous method with theophylline-7-acetic acid (T7AA) as a new capping agent. The obtained AuPd NCNs were used for the antibody immobilization and signal amplification. The immunosensor for carbohydrate antigen 15-3 had a good linearity within the concentration range from 0.001 pg mL −1 to 100 ng mL −1 , with the low detection limit of 0.35 fg mL −1 (S/N = 3). It showed good reproducibility, high sensitivity and stability, which provided a promising platform for the clinical immunoassay of carbohydrate antigen 15-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Albuminuria is recognized as being a predictor of cardiovascular and renal disease. We aimed to identify the impact of the long-term burden and trends of systolic blood pressure on albuminuria in midlife, as well as to explore sex differences concerning this relationship. Methods: This longitudinal study consisted of 1,683 adults who had been examined 4 or more times for blood pressure starting in childhood, with a follow-up time period of 30 years. The cumulative effect and longitudinal trend of blood pressure were identified by using the area under the curve (AUC) of individual systolic blood pressure measurement with a growth curve random effects model. Results: Over 30 years of follow-up, 190 people developed albuminuria, including 53.2% males and 46.8% females (aged 43.39 ± 3.13 years in the latest follow-up). The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) values increased as the total and incremental AUC values increased. Additionally, women had a higher albuminuria incidence in the higher SBP AUC groups than men do (13.3% for men vs. 33.7% for women). Logistic regression showed that the ORs of albuminuria for males and females in the high total AUC group were 1.34 (0.70–2.60) and 2.94 (1.50–5.74), respectively. Similar associations were found in the incremental AUC groups. Conclusions: Higher cumulative SBP was correlated with higher uACR levels and a risk of albuminuria in middle age, especially in women. The identification and control of cumulative SBP levels from an early age may assist in reducing the incidences of renal and cardiovascular disease for individuals in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel and effective synergetic catalysis mode in limiting regions was presented. • Synergetic catalysis in limiting regions favored selective C-H oxidation with O 2. • Disordered free radical diffusion was suppressed by limiting catalytic regions. • Oxidation intermediate R-OOH was used as additional oxidant to oxidize substrate. • Increased conversion without consuming selectivity in C-H bonds oxidation with O 2. To realize C-H bond oxidation of hydrocarbons with high-efficiency and high-selectivity, and inhibit selectivity consumption with increased conversion, PCN-224(M 1 &M 2) and PCN-222(M 1 &M 2) were prepared to build dimetallic sites in synergetic catalysis and limiting catalytic region. In the production of partly oxygenated products via C-H bonds oxidation utilizing O 2 , PCN-224(Co&Cu) exhibited optimal catalytic performance. Conversion was increased without obvious selectivity consumption. For the typical conversion of cyclohexane to partly oxygenated products, an increase from 3.83% to 5.72% was observed from conversion compared with metalloporphyrin TCPPCo as catalyst, meanwhile the selectivity towards partly oxygenated products was slightly decreased to 88.2% from 90.5%. The excellent performance of PCN-224(Co&Cu) was mainly ascribed to that the limiting catalytic region restrained the disordered diffusion of free radicals, dimetallic centers boosted substrates oxidation by cycloalkyl hydroperoxides as oxidant, and heterogeneous catalysis inhibited the contact of partly oxygenated products with catalytic sites. The synergetic catalysis in limiting region presents a promising and innovative approach for the efficient and selective functionalization of C-H bonds with O 2 , and also for the realization of other fundamental chemical transformations associated with free radicals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, well-dispersed porous AuPt alloy nanodendrites (AuPt NDs) were facilely synthesized by a single-step seedless approach by using 5-aminouracil-6-carboxylic acid (AUCA) as the capping agent and weak stabilizer. The architectures showed large electrochemically active surface area (29.67 m 2 g −1 ), and enhanced catalytic performances for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) both in acid and alkaline media. Specifically, the mass activity and specific activity of the as-made catalyst were 31.55 mA mg −1 and 2.65 mA cm −2 (0.1 M HClO 4 ), 29.49 mA mg −1 and 2.5 mA cm −2 (0.1 M KOH) for ORR, respectively, along with a notably low Tafel slope of 34 mV dec −1 (0.5 M H 2 SO 4 ) and 55 mV dec −1 (0.1 M KOH) towards HER. This synthetic approach can be explored to fabricate other catalysts with improved catalytic performances in fuel cells and renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4‐like (NEDD4L), a member of the E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligases, encoded by NEDD4L gene, was found to be involved in in salt sensitivity by regulating sodium reabsorption in salt‐sensitive rats. The authors aimed to explore the associations of NEDD4L genetic variants with salt sensitivity, blood pressure (BP) changes and hypertension incidence in Chinese adults. Participants from 124 families in Northern China in the Baoji Salt‐Sensitive Study Cohort in 2004, who received the chronic salt intake intervention, including a 7‐day low‐salt diet (3.0 g/day) and a 7‐day high‐salt diet (18 g/day), were analyzed. Besides, the development of hypertension over 14 years was evaluated. NEDD4L single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs74408486 was shown to be significantly associated with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to low‐salt diet, while SNPs rs292449 and rs2288775 were significantly associated with pulse pressure (PP) response to high‐salt diet. In addition, SNP rs4149605, rs73450471, and rs482805 were significantly associated with the longitudinal changes in SBP, DBP, MAP, or PP at 14 years of follow‐up. SNP rs292449 was significantly associated with hypertension incidence over the 14‐year follow‐up. Finally, this gene‐based analysis found that NEDD4L was significantly associated with longitudinal BP changes and the incidence of hypertension over the 14‐year follow‐up. This study indicated that gene polymorphism in NEDD4L serve an important function in salt sensitivity, longitudinal BP change and development of hypertension in the Chinese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corin, a transmembrane serine protease that can cleave pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (Pro-ANP) into smaller bioactive molecule atrial natriuretic peptide, has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy. We sought to examine the associations of corin genetic variations with salt sensitivity, blood pressure (BP) changes and hypertension incidence. We studied participants of the original Baoji Salt-Sensitive cohort, recruited from 124 families from seven Chinese villages in 2004 who sequentially received a usual baseline salt diet, a 7-day low salt diet (3 g/day) and a 7-day high salt diet (18 g/day), respectively. They were followed up for 8 years (in 2009, 2012) to evaluate the development of hypertension. Corin SNP rs3749584 was significantly associated with diastolic BP (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) response to low-salt diet, while rs4695253, rs17654278 were associated with pulse pressure (PP) response to low-salt diet. SNPs rs4695253, rs12509275, rs2351783, rs2271036, rs2271037 were significantly associated with systolic BP (SBP), DBP, and MAP responses to high-salt diet. In addition, SNPs rs12641823, rs6834933, rs2271036, and rs22710367 were significantly associated with the longitudinal changes in SBP, DBP, MAP, or PP over 8 years of follow-up. SNP rs73814824 was significantly associated with the incidence of hypertension over 8 years. Gene-based analysis showed that corin gene was significantly associated with longitudinal BP changes and hypertension incidence after 8-year follow-up. This study suggests that corin may play a role in salt sensitivity, BP progression, and development of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uromodulin, also named Tamm Horsfall protein, have been associated with renal function and sodium homeostasis regulation. The authors sought to examine the effects of salt intake on plasma and urinary uromodulin levels and the association of its genetic variants with salt sensitivity in Chinese adults. Eighty patients from our natural population cohort were maintained sequentially either on a usual diet for 3 days, a low-salt diet (3.0 g) for 7 days, and a high-salt diet (18.0 g) for an additional 7 days. In addition, the authors studied 514 patients of the Baoji Salt-Sensitive Study, recruited from 124 families who received the same salt intake intervention, and investigated the association of genetic variations in uromodulin gene with salt sensitivity. Plasma uromodulin levels were significantly lower on a high-salt diet than on a baseline diet (28.3 ± 4.5 vs. 54.9 ± 8.8 ng/ml). Daily urinary excretions of uromodulin were significantly decreased on a high-salt diet than on a low-salt diet (28.7 ± 6.7 vs. 157.2 ± 21.7 ng/ml). SNPs rs7193058 and rs4997081 were associated with the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to the high-salt diet. In addition, several SNPs in the uromodulin gene were significantly associated with pulse pressure (PP) response to the low-salt intervention. This study shows that dietary salt intake affects plasma and urinary uromodulin levels and that uromodulin may play a role in the pathophysiological process of salt sensitivity in the Chinese populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and hypertension play important roles in the development of arterial stiffness. We aimed to examine the sex differences in the impact of the cumulative long-term burden and trends of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) since childhood on adult arterial stiffness (AS). This longitudinal study consisted of 1553 individuals aged 6–15 years, who were examined 4 or more times for BMI and BP since childhood, with a follow-up period of 30 years. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as a measure of the long-term burden (total AUC) and trends (incremental AUC) of BMI and BP from childhood to adulthood. Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was recorded by a non-invasive automatic waveform analyser in adulthood. The total AUC and incremental AUC of systolic BP and diastolic BP were significantly associated with higher baPWV in adults, both male and female, after adjustment for other covariates. There was no association between the total AUC of BMI and arterial stiffness regardless of sex. However, there were sex differences in the association between the incremental AUC of BMI and arterial stiffness (p = 0.019 for interaction). The incremental AUC of BMI indicated an increased risk of arterial stiffening during adulthood in males, but this association was not found in females. These results emphasize the importance of developing prevention and intervention strategies for hypertension and obese men (especially those who are gradually gaining weight) to reduce the risk of arterial stiffening and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Image 1 • The long-term burden and trends of blood pressure (BP) since childhood is associated with adult arterial stiffness (AS). • The long-term burden of body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of AS in men, but not in women. • Our results have significant implications for targeted prevention of arteriosclerosis. • Controlling BP from an early age is important to prevent arterial stiffening. • Weight loss from childhood is particularly important for vascular health in obese men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate whether salvianolic acid B is able to enhance repair of degenerated intervertebral discs by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through the promotion of MSC differentiation into nucleus pulposus cells in a nucleus-pulposus-like environment and by enhancing the trophic effect of MSCs on residual nucleus pulposus cells (mediated by transforming growth factor-β1). Successful intervertebral disc degeneration models, established by aspiration of the nucleus pulposus in New Zealand white rabbits, were randomly divided into eight groups: Group A was treated with MSC transplantation. Group B was treated with MSC transplantation and salvianolic acid B, with the subgroups B1, B2, B3, and B4 receiving 0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, and 10 mg/L salvianolic acid B, respectively. Groups C and D were treated with phosphate buffer saline and sham graft, respectively. Group E was the normal control group. At the end of week 8, the type II collagen, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-β1, and water contents in each group were examined by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry, spectrophotometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and magnetic resonance, respectively. The content of type II collagen, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-β1, and water in groups B3 and B4 were significantly higher than those in group A (p < 0.01). Salvianolic acid B (1 mg/L to 10 mg/L) plus MSC transplantation was more effective in repairing degenerated intervertebral discs than was stem cell transplantation alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Hyperuricemia has long been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, and arterial stiffness is proposed as a mediator. The present study is aimed at examining the associations of uric acid (UA) in blood and urine with arterial stiffness in a Chinese cohort. Methods. A total of 2296 participants (mean age: 43.0 years) from our previously established cohort of Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Study were included. The participants were classified as subjects with or without arterial stiffness, which was defined as brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity baPWV ≥ 1400 cm / s and/or carotid intima-media thickness CIMT ≥ 0.9 mm. Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between serum and urinary UA and the risk of arterial stiffness after adjusting for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, BMI, heart rate, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results. baPWV was positively correlated with urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio (uUA/Cre) (β = 0.061 , P < 0.001), while CIMT was correlated with uUA/Cre (β = 0.085 , P < 0.001) and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) (β = 0.044 , P = 0.033) in all subjects. In addition, uUA/Cre was significantly associated with the risk of high baPWV [1.032 (1.019-1.045)] and arterial stiffness [1.028 (1.016-1.040)]. Conclusion. Our study showed that urinary UA excretion was significantly associated with the risk of arterial stiffness in Chinese adults. These findings suggest that UA, especially urinary UA, may be used as a simple, noninvasive marker for early detection of arterial stiffness in otherwise healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the associations of uric acid (UA) in blood and urine with subclinical renal damage (SRD) and its progression in a Chinese cohort. Methods: 1) 2342 participants from our previously established cohort who were followed up in 2017 were included. Cross-sectional analysis was used to examine the relationships between serum and urinary UA and the risk of SRD. 2) A total of 266 participants were recruited from the same cohort in 2013, and followed up in 2017. Longitudinal analysis was used to determine the relationships of serum and urinary UA with progression of SRD, which was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) progression or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline. Results: In cross-sectional analysis, higher levels of uACR were associated with higher levels of serum uric acid (SUA) and urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio (uUA/Cre). Lower eGFR was associated with higher levels of SUA and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) but lower uUA/Cre levels in all subjects. In addition, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for SRD compared with non-SRD were 3.574 (2.255–5.664) for uUA/Cre. Increasing uUA/Cre levels were associated with higher risk of SRD. In longitudinal analysis, 4-year changes of uUA/Cre and SUA were significantly associated with eGFR decline. Conclusions: This study suggested that urinary UA excretion was significantly associated with the risk of SRD in Chinese adults. Furthermore, 4-year changes of serum and urinary UA were associated with SRD progression. These findings suggest that UA, especially urinary UA, may be used as a simple, noninvasive marker for early detection of decreased renal function in otherwise healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facet-selective interface design for photocatalytic materials has been proven to be a versatile approach to enhance their photocatalytic performance. In this article, BiOI(110)/Br-Bi2O2CO3(110) p–n heterostructures were designed and synthesized by facet-dependent selective adsorption. Ultra-thin BiOI nanosheets uniformly grow on the (110) facet of a Br-Bi2O2CO3 nanoplate by crystallographically oriented epitaxial growth, which results in the high interface quality. The (110) facet that forms the interface is also the electron-active surface of Br-Bi2O2CO3, which improves the migration rate of the photoelectrons across the interface to the surface reactive sites. The photocatalytic activity of the as-made products is evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. The results show that the BiOI(110)/Br-Bi2O2CO3(110) p–n heterostructure displays higher photocatalytic activity than pure phase Br-Bi2O2CO3 and BiOI, and 100% of the MO can be degraded in 30 min under visible light irradiation. This enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the high interface quality, high migration rate of the separated electrons to the surface active sites and suitable band alignment of the BiOI and Br-Bi2O2CO3. This work offers an effective route to design the junction structures with a facet-selective interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Excess dietary salt is a critical risk factor of salt-sensitive hypertension. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a gut incretin hormone, conferring benefits for blood pressure by natriuresis and diuresis. We implemented a randomized trial to verify the effect of altered salt intake on serum GLP-1 level in human beings. Methods: The 38 subjects were recruited from a rural community of Northern China. All subjects were sequentially maintained a baseline diet period for 3 days, a low-salt diet period for 7 days (3.0g/day of NaCl), and a high-salt diet period for additional 7 days (18.0g/day of NaCl). Results: Serum GLP-1 level increased significantly with the change from the baseline period to the low-salt diet period and decreased with the change from the low-salt to high-salt diet in normotensive saltsensitive (SS) but not salt-resistant (SR) individuals. There was a significant inverse correlation between the serum GLP-1 level and the MAP in SS subjects. Inverse correlation between the serum GLP-1 level and 24-h urinary sodium excretion was also found among different dietary interventions in SS subjects. Conclusions: Our study indicates that variations in dietary salt intake affect the serum GLP-1 level in normotensive salt-sensitive Chinese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and selective oxidation of α C H bonds in alkyl aromatics with O 2 was accomplished through heterogeneous catalysis in the confined reaction channels of metalloporphyrin-based 3D POFs with residual groups being capped. [Display omitted] • A novel and effective oxidation model for C H bonds in confined reaction channels. • Inhibited over-oxidation in oxidation of C H with O 2 in confined reaction channels. • Further enhanced selectivity in oxidation of C H through heterogeneous catalysis. • Oxidation of C H bonds with O 2 could be adjusted by confined reaction channel. • Simultaneously increased conversion and selectivity in C H bonds oxidation with O 2. To obtain oxidative functionalization of α C H bonds in alkyl aromatics with O 2 , 3D POFs were constructed as heterogeneous catalysts based on metalloporphyrin. In 3D POFs, porosity was designed as confined reaction channel to control excessive expansion of free radical quantity, and heterogeneous catalysis was employed to reduce oxidative transformation of partial oxidation products induced by homogeneous catalytic sites. Applied to partial oxidation of α C H bonds, enhanced conversion and selectivity were achieved simultaneously, especially in employment of POFs with residual -Br and -B[OC(CH 3) 2 ] 2 being capped. In oxidation of 1-ethyl-4-nitrobenzene, conversion was increased from 38.9% to 63.1%, meanwhile selectivity towards 4-nitroacetophenone was increased from 65.5% to 91.3%. Simultaneously enhanced conversion and selectivity was attributed to controlled expansion of free radical quantity, reduced oxidative transformation of partial oxidation products, and lower temperature. An instructive reference was provided for efficient functionalization of C H bonds with O 2 , and for other chemical transformations involved free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel synergistic catalysis mode with limiting domains and bimetallic centers. • Synergistic catalysis in binary system favored selective C-H bonds oxidation by O 2. • Disordered free radical diffusion was suppressed by limiting catalytic domains. • Oxidation intermediate R-OOH was used as additional oxidant to oxidize substrate. • Concurrently increased conversion and selectivity in C-H bonds oxidation with O 2. To achieve efficient and selective cycloalkane oxidation, binary catalytic systems had been constructed on the basis of 3D MOFs [Zr 6 O 4 (μ 3 -OH) 4 (Metalloporphyrin) 2 (μ 1 -OH) 4 (μ 1 -H 2 O) 4 ] and Zn(AcO) 2. MOFs were prepared to construct limiting domains to suppress diffusiveness of free radicals under disorder state, and Zn(AcO) 2 had been employed as synergistic catalysis sites. Catalytic system constructed by PCN-222-d(Co) and Zn(AcO) 2 exhibited excellent catalytic performance. In contrast to T(4-COOCH 3)PPCo as homogeneous catalyst, an enhancement from 3.83% to 5.51% was obtained from conversion, meanwhile selectivity was increased from 79.9% to 94.4% in cyclohexane oxidation. Primary source of the excellent performance were inhibition of diffusiveness of free radicals under disorder state, and enhancement on C-H bonds oxidation with oxidation intermediate R-OOH catalyzed by Zn(II). Synergistic catalysis process and catalytic mechanism were investigated via controlled experiments, radical trapping, and EPR analyses. This study provides a useful reference for oxidative functionalization of cycloalkanes with O 2 , and a significant contribution for other chemical conversions involving in free radicals. Conversion and selectivity to partially-oxidized products in cycloalkanes oxidation with O 2 were increased simultaneously through synergistic catalysis in binary catalytic systems constructed by PCN-222 with limiting domain and Zn(AcO) 2. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gases (GHGs, particularly carbon dioxide (CO 2 )) emissions from soil under wheat production are a significant source of agricultural carbon emissions that have not been mitigated effectively. A field experiment and a static incubation study in a lab were conducted to stimulate wheat growth and investigate its potential to reduce CO 2 emissions from soil through intercropping with a traditional Chinese medicinal herb called Isatis indigotica . This work was conducted by adding I. indigotica root exudates based on the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis of the DNA copy number of the rhizosphere or bulk soil microbial populations. This addition was performed in relation to the CO 2 formation by cellulolytic microorganisms ( Penicillium oxalicum , fungi and Ruminococcus albus ) to elucidate the microbial ecological basis for the molecular mechanism that decreases CO 2 emissions from wheat fields using I. indigotica . The results showed that the panicle weight and full grains per panicle measured through intercropping with I. indigotica (NPKWR) increased by 39% and 28.6%, respectively, compared to that of the CK (NPKW). Intercropping with I. indigotica significantly decreased the CO 2 emissions from soil under wheat cultivation. Compared with CK, the total CO 2 emission flux during the wheat growth period in the I. indigotica (NPKWR) intercropping treatment decreased by 29.26%. The intensity of CO 2 emissions per kg of harvested wheat grain declined from 7.53 kg CO 2 /kg grain in the NPKW (CK) treatment to 5.55 kg CO 2 /kg grain in the NPKWR treatment. The qPCR analysis showed that the DNA copy number of the microbial populations of cellulolytic microorganisms ( P. oxalicum , fungi and R. albu s) in the field rhizosphere around I. indigotica or in the bulk soil under laboratory incubation was significantly lower than that of CK. This finding indicated that root exudates from I. indigotica inhibited the activity and number of cellulolytic microbial populations, which led to decreased CO 2 emissions, suggesting this plant's potential role in mitigating agricultural GHGs and in supporting agroecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: C-type lectins function as pattern recognition receptors and play important roles in the innate immune system of crustaceans. In this study, we reported a new CTL gene (designated as PcLec5) from red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. PcLec5 was mainly distributed in hepatopancreas, gills and intestine, and the PcLec5 transcripts were up-regulated in all the three tissues after challenge with bacteria Vibrio anguillarum. For further functional analyses, PcLec5 was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and anti-PcLec5 polyclonal antiserum was prepared. The results of bacteria binding assay revealed that PcLec5 could selectively bind to 5 of 9 kinds of bacteria we used and had a tendency to bind to Gram-negative bacteria. Sugar binding assay showed that PcLec5 could bind to peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide, with the highest affinity to LPS. Furthermore, bacteria-clearance experiment showed PcLec5 could selectively facilitate the clearance of injected bacteria in crayfish, and the bacteria-clearance facilitating spectrum of PcLec5 was totally in agreement with its bacteria binding spectrum. These results suggested PcLec5 function as a pattern recognition receptor in crayfish immune system and had certain selectivity on bacteria pathogens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The carbonate system was affected intensely during the Ulva prolifera bloom. • The calcification in the seawater affected by the Ulva prolifera bloom was enhanced. • The release and distribution of organic acids were controlled by the bloom. • Qingdao coastal waters changed from a sink of atmospheric CO 2 to a strong source. As an environmental nuisance, Ulva prolifera green tides have occurred annually in the southern Yellow Sea since 2007. While it is expected that high levels of biological activity during these blooms can alter seawater carbonate chemistry, there has been little research on the responses of marine carbonate system to green tides. Here, the effects of the bloom on the carbonate system were examined on three cruises in June, July, and September, corresponding to the early-, late-, and after-bloom periods of the U. prolifera bloom in Qingdao coastal waters in 2018. Among these three stages, the pH (National Bureau of Standards scale), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), and partial pressure of CO 2 (p CO 2) were all affected by bloom, with the highest pH and lowest DIC and TA concentrations of the surface seawater occurring at the late-bloom stage. While p CO 2 continuously increased from the beginning to the end of the bloom. TA increased by ∼40 μmol kg−1 between the early- and after-bloom periods likely due to the shifts in the carbonate system equilibrium caused by increased CO 3 2− concentrations and the organic matter released by U. prolifera during decomposition. Compared to nearby areas with no U. prolifera bloom, the green tide, along with increasing temperature, reduced the pH and DIC but increased the TA and p CO 2. This large-scale bloom also turned the coastal waters from being an atmospheric CO 2 sink to a strong source, with the estimation of air-sea CO 2 fluxes about 1.69 ± 1.70, 2.28 ± 1.16, and 7.44 ± 5.84 mmol m−2 d−1 during the early-, late-, and after-bloom periods, respectively. This bloom event also promoted the formation of CaCO 3 and was an important source of low molecular weight organic acids. These new findings provide nuances for the current conversations on the role of biological processes in modulating marine carbonate system and the contribution of organic matter to alkalinity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]