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The proliferation of smart devices in the 5G era of industrial IoT (IIoT) produces significant traffic data, some of which is encrypted malicious traffic, creating a significant problem for malicious traffic detection. Malicious traffic classification is one of the most efficient techniques for detecting malicious traffic. Although it is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process to gather large labeled datasets, the majority of prior studies on the classification of malicious traffic use supervised learning approaches and provide decent classification results when a substantial quantity of labeled data is available. This paper proposes a semi-supervised learning approach for classifying malicious IIoT traffic. The approach utilizes the encoder–decoder model framework to classify the traffic, even with a limited amount of labeled data available. We sample and normalize the data during the data-processing stage. In the semi-supervised model-building stage, we first pre-train a model on a large unlabeled dataset. Subsequently, we transfer the learned weights to a new model, which is then retrained using a small labeled dataset. We also offer an edge intelligence model that considers aspects such as computation latency, transmission latency, and privacy protection to improve the model's performance. To achieve the lowest total latency and to reduce the risk of privacy leakage, we first create latency and privacy-protection models for each local, edge, and cloud. Then, we optimize the total latency and overall privacy level. In the study of IIoT malicious traffic classification, experimental results demonstrate that our method reduces the model training and classification time with 97.55% accuracy; moreover, our approach boosts the privacy-protection factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. There is limited knowledge about the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) in the tumor microenvironment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods. Three hundred and thirty-five TNBC samples from four datasets were retrieved and analyzed. In order to determine the CAF subtype by combining gene expression profiles, an unsupervised clustering analysis was adopted. The prognosis, enriched pathways, immune cells, immune scores, and tumor purity were compared between CAF subtypes. The genes with the highest importance were selected by bioinformatics analysis. The machine learning model was built to predict the TNBC CAF subtype by these selected genes. Results. TNBC samples were classified into two CAF subtypes (CAF+ and CAF-). The CAF- subtype of TNBC was linked to the longer overall survival and more immune cells than the CAF+ subtype. CAF- and CAF+ were enriched in immune-related pathways and extracellular matrix pathways, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis identified 9 CAF subtype-related markers (ADAMTS12, AEBP1, COL10A1, COL11A1, CXCL11, CXCR6, EDNRA, EPPK1, and WNT7B). We constructed a robust random forest model using these 9 genes, and the area under the curve (AUC) value of the model was 0.921. Conclusion. The current study identified CAF subtypes based on gene expression profiles and found that CAF subtypes have significantly different overall survival, immune cells, and immunotherapy response rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the survival outcomes of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (NARCT) for early breast cancer. Female patients ≤ 80 years old with unilateral T1-T4 invasive ductal breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and radiation therapy (RT) between 2006 and 2015 were enrolled from SEER database. Baseline differences in clinical and pathological characteristics were evaluated using chi-square test. The survival outcomes were estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis and compared using Cox hazards models. The effects of baseline differences on survival outcome in patients treated with neoadjuvant radiation therapy (NART) and post-operation radiation therapy (PORT) were circumvented by propensity score matching (PSM). Altogether 14,151 patients receiving NAC and RT were enrolled, among whom 386 underwent NART. Based on a 1:4 PSM cohort, NART was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) for the whole cohort. However, among patients receiving breast conserving surgery (BCS) (HR 1.029, P = 0.915 for BCSS; HR 1.003, P = 0.990 for OS) or implant-based immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) (HR 1.039, P = 0.921 for BCSS; HR 1.153, P = 0.697 for OS), those treated with NART had similar survival outcomes compared with patients treated with PORT. In conclusion, NARCT was a safe and feasible approach for patients undergoing BCS and IBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the data fusion of multi-sensors, the determination of weight directly affects the accuracy and performance of the fusion algorithm. In order to improve the accuracy of fusion algorithm, an adaptive weighted algorithm based on fuzzy preference relations is proposed. The degree of preference between signals is represented by introducing the improved logsig function, and then, the weight is calculated by fuzzy preference relations. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is significantly better than the mean value method, and the accuracy is basically equivalent to the method based on correlation function. The analysis of the actual vibration signals in axis system verifies the validity of the algorithm in the practical application. The algorithm in this paper has good dynamic performance and is easy to be implemented. It can be applied to the actual multi-vibration signal estimation to provide more accurate parameters for the next step of fault diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the significance of chemotherapy (CT) among metaplastic breast cancer (MpBC), and to compare the survival outcomes between triple negative MpBC (MpBC-TNBC) and triple negative invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC-TNBC). SEER database was indexed to identify female unilateral primary MpBC diagnosed from 2010 to 2017. Patients were classified into neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with response (NAC-response), NAC-no response, adjuvant chemotherapy, and no CT. Breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by log-rank test. Cox regression was used to evaluate the independent prognostic factors. A 1:4 propensity score matching method was adopted to balance baseline differences. Altogether 1186 MpBC patients were enrolled, among them 181 received NAC, 647 received adjuvant CT and 358 did not receive any CT. Chemotherapy was an independent favorable prognostic factor. NAC-response and adjuvant CT had a significant or an obvious trend of survival improvement compared with NAC-no response or no CT. MpBC-TNBC was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor compared with IDC-TNBC. Among them, there was significant or trend of survival improvement among all TNBCs receiving NAC or adjuvant CT compared with no CT. Chemotherapy was of important significance to MpBC prognosis and should be integrated in comprehensive treatment for MpBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving the desired color temperature and color rendering index in light sources is challenging because of the deficiency of certain color components, notably cyan in the illumination spectra. In this investigation, we successfully synthesized orthogonal Ca5Ga6O14: Bi3+ (CGO: Bi3+) phosphors with space group Cmc21, featuring two distinct Ca(1) and Ca(2) sites. Under the excitation of 335 nm, a broad cyan emission with a 495 nm peak was observed. Gaussian peak fitting revealed two sub-peaks at 445 and 500 nm, originating from the emission of Bi3+ occupying Ca(1) and Ca(2) sites, respectively. As Bi3+ doping concentration increased, the luminescence experienced a red shift, attributed to the cooperative impact of crystal field splitting and electron cloud rearrangement. Through the substitution of Sr2+ ions, we achieved a 2.15 times enhancement in emission intensity and an increase in lifetime from 0.451 to 0.551 μs. This substitution also led to a consistent increase in the relative emission percentage of Bi(1) from 46.5% to 73.1%, while that of Bi(2) decreased from 70.5% to 44.9%. It is likely a result of some Bi3+ ions originally situated in the Ca(2) site migrating to the Ca(1) site. Finally, the introduction of Na+ ions for charge compensation resulted in a 20.18% increase in the luminescence intensity and an enhanced quantum efficiency of 84.21%. This CGO: Bi3+ phosphor holds promise as a potential cyan phosphor for white light sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The survival rate of experimental animals is a very important index in chemical toxicity evaluation experiments. The calculation of nematode survival rate is used in many experiments. OBJECTIVE: Traditional survival rate quantification methods require manual counting. This is a time-consuming and laborious work when using 384-well plate for high-throughput chemical toxicity assessment experiments. At present, there is a great need for an automatic method to identify the survival rate of nematodes in the experiment of chemical toxicity evaluation. METHODS: We designed an automatic nematode survival rate recognition method by combining the bright field experimental image of nematodes and the dark field image of nematodes which is captured after adding Propidium Iodide dye, and used it to calculate the nematode survival rate in different chemical environments. Experiment results show that the survival rate obtained by our automatic counting method is very similar to the survival rate obtained by manual counting. RESULTS: Through several different chemical experiments, we can see that chemicals with different toxicity have different effects on the survival rate of nematodes. And the survival rate of nematodes under different chemical concentrations has an obvious gradient trend from high concentration to low concentration. In addition, our method can quantify the motility of nematodes. There are also significant differences in the motility of nematodes cultured in different chemical environments. Moreover, the nematode motility under different chemical concentrations showed an obvious gradient change trend from high concentration to low concentration. CONCLUSION: Our study provides an accurate and efficient nematode survival rate recognition method for chemical toxicology research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three kinds of star-shaped nylon 6 samples with different branched-chain length were prepared by the hydrolytic polymerization of ε-caprolactam using trimesinic acid as trifunctional reactant. The structure of prepared star-shaped nylons was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and H-NMR. Compared with linear-chain nylon 6, star-shaped nylons with the equivalent molecular weight present higher melt flow indices and lower relative viscosities due to decreased molecular dimensions and reduced hydrogen bond interactions between neighboring molecules. The molecular weights of the products were determined by end-group titration and H-NMR, and the molecular weight distributions (MWDs) were evaluated by gel permeation chromatography. The results show that the molecular weight decreased and the MWD narrowed as the concentration of trimesinic acid increased. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of star-shaped and linear-chain nylons show that increasing the concentration of trimesinic acid leads to good symmetry and high crystallizability, but this also degrades crystal perfection as observed using a polarized optical microscope. The viscosity of nylon 6 can be significantly reduced while maintaining its mechanical performance through the use of star-branching and an appropriate concentration of trimesinic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is one of the most rare and aggressive subtypes of primary breast cancer (BC). Our study aimed to explore hub genes related to the pathogenesis of IBC, which could be considered as novel molecular biomarkers for IBC diagnosis and prognosis. Material and Methods. Two datasets from gene expression omnibus database (GEO) were selected. Enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for the DEGs were performed. We analyzed the prognostic values of hub genes in the Kaplan-Meier Plotter. Connectivity Map (CMap) and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was used to find candidate small molecules capable to reverse the gene status of IBC. Results. 157 DEGs were selected in total. We constructed the PPI network with 154 nodes interconnected by 128 interactions. The KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched in apoptosis, pathways in cancer and insulin signaling pathway. PTEN, PSMF1, PSMC6, AURKB, FZR1, CASP9, CASP6, CASP8, BAD, AKR7A2, ZNF24, SSX2IP, SIGLEC1, MS4A4A, and VSIG4 were selected as hub genes based on the high degree of connectivity. Six hub genes (PSMC6, AURKB, CASP9, BAD, ZNF24, and SSX2IP) that were significantly associated with the prognosis of breast cancer. The expression of CASP9 protein was associated with prognosis and immune cells infiltration of breast cancer. CASP9- naringenin (NGE) is expected to be the most promising candidate gene-compound interaction for the treatment of IBC. Conclusion. Taken together, CASP9 can be used as a prognostic biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in IBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a path planning algorithm based on immune ant colony B spline interpolation to eliminate path duplication and corner inflection points, increase the smoothness of the agricultural robot's path trajectory, and enhance the path planning performance. Firstly, this study improves the convergence speed of the algorithm by introducing an adaptive factor that obeys the normal distribution to optimize the path heuristic function. Secondly, to strengthen the variety of the target path search, an immune algorithm was utilized to perform a global investigation of the appropriate routes and assign the initial pheromones of the ant colony. Then, the adaptive judgment factor is introduced based on the incentive degree function and the pheromone evaporation coefficient, and the update formula are adjusted to promote the algorithm's flexibility while suppressing the optimal regional problem. Finally, the pathways are processed using a cubic B spline interpolation method to remove the edges and minimize the peak inflection points. To verify the specific optimization performance of the algorithm in this paper, we have selected the same type of improved algorithm as a comparison and tested it in a raster map model. The simulation results demonstrate that the values of the proposed algorithm paths and the standard deviation of the tracks are smaller than the comparison algorithm, which indicates the higher performance of the algorithm in searching the optimal routes and more flexible and accurate search. Compared with the comparison algorithm, the average time-consuming reduction rate of the algorithm in this paper is between 38% and 45% in different grid maps, and the number of turns is reduced by 33% to 58%. It meets the requirements of the actual work on the robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are controversies in the comparison of overall survival between invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast ( IMPC) and invasive ductal carcinoma ( IDC). The objective of this study was to compare the long-term survival outcome between non-metastatic IMPC and IDC. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was searched to identify women with non-metastatic IMPC and IDC diagnosed between 2001 and 2013. Comparisons of patient and tumor characteristics were performed using Pearson's chi-square. The propensity score matching method was applied with each IMPC matched to one IDC. Breast cancer-specific survival ( BCSS) and overall survival ( OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and compared across groups using the log-rank statistic. Multivariate analysis was performed through Cox models. IMPC was presented with aggressive clinical presentations such as larger tumor, more positive lymph nodes, and more advanced stage compared with IDC. A higher rate of estrogen receptor ( ER)/progesterone receptor ( PR) positivity was also observed in IMPC. With a median follow-up of 64 months, IMPC had a better BCSS ( P = 0.031) and OS ( P = 0.012) compared with IDC. In a case-control analysis IMPC was still an independent favorable prognostic factor for BCSS ( HR = 0.410, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.293-0.572) and OS ( HR = 0.497, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.387-0.637). In subgroup analysis, IMPC always showed a better survival outcome compared with IDC except in AJCC stage I and histologic grade I disease. IMPC has a better long-term survival outcome compared with IDC in spite of its highly aggressive clinical presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a natural structure for video modelling that has been successfully applied in the field of action recognition. The existing 3D CNN-based action recognition methods mainly perform 3D convolutions on individual cues (e.g. appearance and motion cues) and rely on the design of subsequent networks to fuse these cues together. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-cue 3D convolutional neural network (M3D), which integrates three individual cues (i.e. an appearance cue, a direct motion cue, and a salient motion cue) directly. Different from the existing methods, the proposed M3D model directly performs 3D convolutions on multiple cues instead of a single cue. Compared with the previous methods, this model can obtain more discriminative and robust features by integrating three different cues as a whole. Further, we propose a novel residual multi-cue 3D convolution model (R-M3D) to improve the representation ability to obtain representative video features. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of proposed M3D model, and the proposed R-M3D model (pre-trained on the Kinetics dataset) achieves competitive performance compared with the state-of-the-art models on UCF101 and HMDB51 datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends of surgical treatments among young patients in T 1 N 0-1 M 0 stage based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Patients aged less than 40 y diagnosed between 1998 and 2015 were enrolled, with tumors in T 1 N 0-1 M 0 stage and not located in the central area. Differences in clinical-pathological characteristics were evaluated using chi-square tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the various factors associated with contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM). Independent prognostic factors were evaluated by Cox model. The total rate of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) was 51.6%, which declined from 64.5% in 1998 to 39.6% in 2015. The total rate of CPM was 22.7%, which increased from 3.7% in 1998 to 38.7% in 2014 despite a decline to 32.7% in 2015. Meanwhile, the rate of reconstruction increased in line with that of CPM, from 9.4% in 1998 to 35.0% in 2015. There was a trend of increasing use of implant-based reconstruction. Significant higher odds of CPM were found in recent year of diagnosis between 2010 and 2015 and in implant-based reconstruction. Patients undergoing CPM had similar survival outcomes compared with those undergoing BCS and unilateral mastectomy, whereas those undergoing BCS had better survival outcomes compared with those undergoing unilateral mastectomy. A trend of growing preference for CPM and reconstruction was observed among young patients in early stage in recent years without survival benefits. Efforts should be made to promote efficient communication and evidence-based decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneous ultra-dense network (UDN) has been widely regarded as a promising architecture for coping with the massive data traffic in future mobile networks including fifth generation mobile networks. There have been innumerable research efforts toward boosting the capacity of UDNs. Global communication path orchestration can better utilize UDN capacity; unfortunately, few studies focus on this topic. In this article, we propose a communication path orchestration architecture for heterogeneous UDNs. In this architecture, data can be transported from one interior communication node (i.e., a base station or user device) to another interior node along a hybrid device communication path (HDCP). HDCPs can be used for communications between two user devices and can be used to migrate traffic between backhaul links. Application- layer-assisted data forwarding allows HDCP to include various communication links including access links, backhaul links, and device-to-device links using licensed and unlicensed spectrum resources. HDCPs are centrally arranged to meet specific requirements and designated optimization objectives. We introduce two HDCP orchestration methods in this article. Our proposed solution can be used as a significant supplement to existing techniques for heterogeneous UDNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]