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BackgroundKidney is a major extramedullary organ involved in leukemia, but clinicians have insufficient understanding of it due to rare case reports.ObjectiveTo analyze the clinicopathological manifestations of kidney injury in leukemia.MethodsFive patients with kidney injury in leukemia were recruited from Peking University People's Hospital from June 2010 to June 2020. Their demographics, clinical manifestations, ultrasonic and laboratory examination results, pathological examination results of renal biopsy species, therapeutic regimen and follow-up were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsAll these patients were male, with an onset age ranging from 19 to 73 years old. Two of them had B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the remaining three had B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. All of them had acute kidney injury with proteinuria, and pathologically manifestation of acute interstitial nephritis. In addition, two of them also had leukemia-related glomerular disease. Renal pathology indicated extramedullary recurrence in the two cases of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and progression in the other three cases of B-cell chronic lymphoblastic leukemia. Four patients received regular chemotherapy, and two of them obtained a reduction in serum creatinine levels, but the other two showed no improvement in renal function.ConclusionKidney injury in leukemia commonly manifests as acute kidney injury clinically, acute interstitial nephritis pathologically, and may be complicated by secondary glomerulopathy. Prompt renal biopsy, especially immunohistochemical staining for renal interstitial infiltrating cells, may be helpful for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment guidance.

The atom-economical cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to synthesize cyclic carbonates is a promising route for valuable utilization of CO2. Halogenide such as alkali metal halides and quaternary ammonium salt have been developed as the efficient catalysts. However, the spilled halogen causes equipment corrosion and affects the product purity. To address these concerns, the halogen-free cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides has always been desired. In this review, we systematically discussed the halogen-free catalysis for cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides from the mechanistic insights, aiming to promote the development of efficient halogen-free catalysts. Two types of catalysts, i.e., alternatives of halogen nucleophiles for epoxide activation, and bifunctional catalysts with Lewis acid-base sites for synergistic activation of CO2 and epoxides are summarized and emphasized. Specially, metal oxides as the potential halogen-free catalysts are highlighted due to their flexible acid-base sites for synergistic activation of CO2 and epoxides, facile preparation, and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocarboxylation of carbon dioxide (CO2) using organic substrates has emerged as a promising method for the sustainable synthesis of value-added carboxylic acids due to its renewable energy source and mild reaction conditions. The reactivity and product selectivity of electrocarboxylation are highly dependent on the cathodic behavior, involving a sequence of electron transfers and chemical reactions. Hence, it is necessary to understand the cathodic reaction mechanisms for optimizing reaction performance and product distribution. In this work, a review of recent advancements in the electrocarboxylation of CO2 with organic substrates based on different cathodic reaction pathways is presented to provide a reference for the development of novel methodologies of CO2 electrocarboxylation. Herein, cathodic reactions are particularly classified into two categories based on the initial electron carriers (i.e., CO2 radical anion and substrate radical anion). Furthermore, three cathodic pathways (ENE(N), ENED, and EDEN) of substrate radical anion-induced electrocarboxylation are discussed, which differ in their electron transfer sequence, substrate dissociation, and nucleophilic reaction, to highlight their implications on reactivity and product selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new compound {[Zn7(DPOT)2(H2O)11]·2OH·3H2O·5DMA} (1) was synthesized by the reaction of the H6DPOT ligand (H6DPOT= 5,5′,5′′-((1, 3, 5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(oxy)) tri-isophthalic acid, DMA= N,N-dimethylacetamide) and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O using a solvothermal method. It was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray powder diffraction. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by X-ray crystallography diffraction. The three-dimensional cage structure is formed by [Zn2(COO)4(H2O)2] and [Zn2(COO)3(H2O)4] building blocks. By exploring fluorescence sensing on nitro aromatic compounds (NACs) and hydroquinone (HQ), the results show that 1 has a smart fluorescence sensing ability for NACs and HQ. For HQ, the Ksv was 2.9 × 104 M−1, and the limit of detection (LOD) value was 9.5 μM. For 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), the Ksv was 2.4 × 105 M−1, and the LOD value was 1.12 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the production of cyclic carbonates from the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides, halogen pollution and product purity are two of the most common problems due to the usage of homogeneous halogen-containing catalysts such as ammonium salt and alkali metal halide. Hence, the development of a novel, halogen-free and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of high-purity cyclic carbonates is significant. Here, a series of acid–base bifunctional Ce1-xZrxO2 nanorods were successfully prepared. The Ce1-xZrxO2 nanorods could catalyze the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides efficiently without any halogen addition. Especially for the Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 catalyst, a conversion of 96% with 100% 1,2-butylene carbonate selectivity was achieved. The excellent catalytic performance of Ce1-xZrxO2 nanorods is attributed to the formation of the CeO2-ZrO2 solid solution, which contributes to abundant moderate acidic–basic active sites on the catalyst surface. It is the synergistic effect of moderate acidic–basic sites that dominates the conversion of CO2 with epoxides, which will supply important references for the synthesis of efficient metal oxide catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]