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[Objective] To investigate the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate （HMβ） supplementation on muscle protection in taekwondo players during training. [Methods] 18 male subjects above the second level of the Taekwondo special Team who voluntarily participated in the experiment were recruited and divided into experimental and control groups （9 each） according to the conditions. The experimental group consumed one sachet （25 g/bag, the amount of HMβ added was 500 mg/bag） of HMβ-added milk powder before and after training （with a break of more than 30 min） in the morning and afternoon from Monday to Saturday, while the control group consumed the same amount of commercially available regular milk powder. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention and on Monday mornings to analyze the changes in biochemical indicators, and quantitative tests of Taekwondo-specific abilities were performed before and after the experiment. [Results] Compared with the control group, the experimental group did not see significant changes in the pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-6, plasma glutamine levels were significantly increased （PPPβ supplementation during training can exert protective functions by reducing inflammation, improving immune function, maintaining muscle membrane stability, increasing nitrogen stores, and strengthening muscle remodeling ability, improving muscle adaptability to training to ensure their competitive status.

IntroductionIn the context of accelerating the construction of a marine power, relying on scientific and technological innovation to drive the high-quality growth of the marine economy and paying attention to the protection of the marine ecological environment are the strategic requirements for promoting the sustainable development of the marine industry in China.MethodsThis paper describes the development of marine industry as a complex system of marine economy-innovation-environment, that is, it describes the marine economy, marine innovation and marine environment as a complex system that interacts and restricts each other. Based on the theory of synergetics, a dynamic co-evolution model of the complex system of marine economy-innovation-environment is constructed, and the accelerating genetic algorithm is used to solve the model, so that the contribution degree of each subsystem and interaction effect between them are calculated. This paper uses this model to conduct an empirical study on the current situation of co-evolution of the complex system of marine economy-innovation-environment from 2003 to 2019 in China.ResultsThe research results show that: (1) The order degree of the systems of economy, innovation and environment of the marine industry in China is on the rise; (2) At present, the systems of innovation and environment of the marine industry in China are in an evolutionary state, while the system of economy is showing a “recession” trend; (3) There are competition and cooperation between the system of economy-innovation-environment of the marine industry in China at the same time. The system of economy-environment is in a lose-lose state. The system of economy and innovation and the system of innovation and environment are in a win-lose complementary relationship.DiscussionThis result is conducive to the current transformation and development of China's marine industry, adjusting the direction of marine science and technology inputs, optimizing the structure of marine science and technology outputs, enhancing the coordinated development level of regional and even national marine systems, and providing policy reference for promoting multi-objective collaborative governance in marine management department and accelerating the process of high-quality marine development.

Objectives: This study investigated the efficacy of wheat peptide supplementation compared to regular proteins in elite cross-country skiers, providing insights into the metabolic and performance effects of these supplements in order to guide athletes in selecting optimal energy sources for training and competition. Methods: Nineteen healthy male cross-country skiers were enrolled and assigned to either the peptide group (PEP, n = 9) or the protein group (PRO, n = 10). A four-week intervention study involving supplementation with wheat peptides/regular proteins was conducted, and pre- and post-intervention assessments were performed to evaluate exercise capacity and metabolic profiles. Results: The study found that the PEP group and the PRO group showed distinct within-group effects on exercise performance. The PEP group demonstrated improved aerobic capacity, including better performance in 10 km roller skating, an increased lactate threshold, and reduced resting blood lactate levels. The PRO group enhanced anaerobic capacity, such as improved sprint time, hexagon test performance, and lactate clearance. Metabolomic analysis revealed specific metabolic pathways affected in each group, with the PEP group showing impacts on the α-linolenic acid pathway and the PRO group on ketone body synthesis and degradation as well as vitamin B6 metabolism. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that wheat oligopeptides and regular proteins have comparable effects on exercise performance. However, the wheat peptides may offer greater advantages in enhancing aerobic capacity. No significant variations were observed in blood metabolite profiles between the two groups, but distinct metabolic pathways exhibited different responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compound hot and dry events (CHDEs) pose an increasing threat to global warming and have received growing attention in recent decades. We conducted a detection and attribution analysis (D&A) using the optimal fingerprint technique to analyze the changes in observed CHDEs at continental and sub‐continental scales from 1961 to 2014. The responses of CHDEs changes to anthropogenic (ANT), greenhouse gases (GHG), aerosols (AER), and natural (NAT) forcings were obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 forcing experiment. In a two‐signal D&A analysis that considered ANT and NAT simultaneously, ANT signals were robustly detected and separated from NAT in all continental domains and more than 65% of subcontinental domains (29 out of 44 domains). The trend attributed to the ANT forcing is comparable to the observed trend over domains where the ANT signal is detectable. We also conducted a three‐signal D&A analysis that regressed observation onto GHG, AER, and NAT simultaneously. The GHG signals were detectable in all continents except Oceania, and it contributed dominantly to the observed trend over 22 out of 29 regions where ANT signals had emerged. Multivariate biases correction can largely reduce the models' biases in simulating the marginal distribution and the dependence structure, which can provide a more accurate future risk of CDHEs. We found that limiting global warming to 1.5℃ rather than 2.0℃ can significantly mitigate the impact of compound events in most areas of global land, particularly in South America, Africa, and Oceania. Plain Language Summary: The severity of compound hot and dry events (CDHEs) is an important property of CDHEs, its changes can pose a great threat to agriculture production. Previous studies demonstrated that the anthropogenic influence has increased the probability of CDHEs over most regions across the globe by comparing observation with ALL forcing and natural‐forcing simulations. However, how much the long‐term trend in the severity of CDHEs is attributed to anthropogenic forcing is unsolved. We used the optimal fingerprint technology with the newly released models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 to quantify the contribution of different external forcing to the trend of the severity of CHDEs. The detectable anthropogenic signal has been found on six continents and more than 50% of sub‐continents. Greenhouse gases (GHG) are found to contribute dominantly to anthropogenic‐induced changes. Additional strict control regulations on GHG emissions are thus suggested to mitigate its impact on the intensification of CDHEs. Key Points: The anthropogenic influence on the intensified of compound hot and dry events on six continents and more than 65% of 44 sub‐continents have been robustly detectedAnthropogenic greenhouse gases dominantly contribute to the observed changes over the regions with anthropogenic signal detectableLimiting global warming to 1.5℃ can largely avoid the impact of compound events in most global land areas, especially over tropical regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]