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Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a common and multifactorial disease in the elderly that may lead to irreversible vision loss; yet the pathogenesis of AMD remains unclear. In this study, nontargeted metabolomics profiling using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry was applied to discover the metabolic feature differences in both faeces and serum samples between Chinese nonobese subjects with and without nAMD. In faecal samples, a total of 18 metabolites were significantly altered in nAMD patients, and metabolic dysregulations were prominently involved in glycerolipid metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. In serum samples, a total of 29 differential metabolites were founded, involved in caffeine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and purine metabolism. Two faecal metabolites (palmitoyl ethanolamide and uridine) and three serum metabolites (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, adrenic acid, and palmitic acid) were selected as potential biomarkers for nAMD. Additionally, the significant correlations among dysregulated neuroprotective, antineuroinflammatory, or fatty acid metabolites in faecal and serum and IM dysbiosis were found. This comprehensive metabolomics study of faeces and serum samples showed that alterations in IM-mediated neuroprotective metabolites may be involved in the pathophysiology of AMD, offering IM-based nutritional therapeutic targets for nAMD.

Objective. Several clinical studies have reported the application of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors as treatments for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study aims to review the outcomes of these existing studies and to discuss the therapeutic effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on T1DM. Methods. We thoroughly searched the Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies concerning the use of DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with T1DM. Results. In preclinical trials, DPP-4 inhibitors improved the pathogenesis of T1DM. However, only a portion of the studies showed potential efficacy regarding clinical glycemic control and other clinical parameters. From this meta-analysis, pooled data from 5 randomized controlled trials revealed that the additional use of DPP-4 inhibitors resulted in a greater decrease in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (0.07%, 95% CI (−0.37%–0.23%)) than insulin monotherapy, although the decrease was not significant. A small decrease in postprandial glucose or insulin consumption was confirmed. Conclusion. Although DPP-4 inhibitors may be beneficial for T1DM, existing studies do not strongly support these positive effects in clinical practice. Further optimized clinical trials are needed.

Objective To investigate the changes of plasma quantity of Tissue Factor (TF) and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) in different type of Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and the association between Tissue Factor Pathway and Coronary Heart Disease and the application prospects of using TFPI to cure the ACS patients. Methods This study was conducted with 66 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and 22 healthy adults. The blood specimens were collected before using Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) inACS patients; and the blood specimens of Stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients and healthy adults were collected on the second morning with a fasting status. After centrifugal treatment, the plasma was saved in a Ultra-low temperature refrigerator. Coronary angiography was carried out on each one of the selected objects, and the quantity levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein –cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein –cholesterol (LDL-C) was detected. The plasma TF and TFPI quantity was measured by ELISA. Results The plasma TF antigen levels were highter in the Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and Unstable angina pectoris (UAP) groups than in Stable angina pectoris (SAP) and control groups (161.08±20.90 and 152.76±20.66 pg/ml vs 99.72±16.75 and 94.32±12.93 pg/ml, p 0.05). The plasma TFPI-1 antigen levels were highter in the AMI and UAP groups than in the SAP and control groups (32.05±8.52 and 31.49±10.61 ng/ml vs 19.93±9.22 and 19.21±9.60 ng/ml, p Conclusions The plasma TF, TFPI-1, TFPI-2 antigen levels of ACS patients are higher than those of SAP patients and healthy adults, the result indicates ACS patients have an abnormally activity of coagulation system, the tissue factor pathway plays an important role in ACS patients, during our clinical work, we can reduce the incidence of coronary event through actively controlling plasma levels of tissue factor pathway in CHD patients; There were positive relationships between plasma TF, TFPI-1, TFPI-2 quantities and serum TC, LDL-C quantities, we can reduce the activity of tissue factor pathway through controlling the quantities of TC and LDL-C.