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The ethanol extract of the roots of Codonopsis pilosula was subjected to chromatographic fractionation, which result in the isolation and characterization of two new aromatic derivatives 2,3-dihydroxypropyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate (1) and 2-oxopropyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate (2), along with three known compounds pilosulinene A (3), pollenfuran B (4) and (+)-pinoresinol (5). Their structures were demonstrated by HRESIMS and spectroscopic methods including NMR and IR. It is worth noting that compound 4 was isolated for the first time from the genus Codonopsis. The potential hypoglycemic properties of compounds 2–5 were evaluated by measuring their α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. As a result, compounds 2 and 3 showed weak α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 154.8 ± 11.0 μM and 24.0 ± 2.2 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new highly oxygenated germacranolide, carcerlane A (1), together with four known highly oxygenated germacranolides (2–5), was isolated from an ethanol extract of the whole plant of Carpesium nepalense var. lanatum (C.B.Clarke) Kitam. The structures were determined by HRESIMS and extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data including IR, 1 D and 2 D NMR spectra. To our best knowledge, it was the first time to report the phytochemical investigation on this plant. The anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activities of 1–5 were evaluated using Caenorhabditis elegans AD pathological model. All the tested compounds showed that they have the anti-AD bioactivities of delaying worms paralysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new taraxerane-type triterpenoid, codopimodol A (1), together with two known triterpenoids (2 and 3), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the roots of Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta (Campanulaceae). The structure of the new compound was identified by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and extensive spectroscopic analyses, particularly one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR and IR. All the compounds were first isolated from C. pilosula var. modesta. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed the gas for industrial ammonia leak diffusion model and the Gauss method of leakage localization. A set of wireless ammonia leak alarm system is composed of sensor node, network coordinator and host used in the industrial field was developed, the purpose is to reduce the loss of property caused by the leakage of ammonia industry. Using the monitoring system to carry out the ammonia leak location simulation measurement experiment, the result shows that the relative positioning error of the monitoring system is about 12%, which meets the needs of industrial production safety monitoring. Using the wireless sensor network to monitor the concentration of ammonia gas and locate the leakage source, it solves the problems of traditional wired alarm system, such as difficult wiring and weak expansibility, which helps to find the leak timely and provides a reference for the emergency rescue work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viticis Fructus, known as "Man-jing-zi", are the fruits of the traditional Chinese medicine Vitex trifolia Linn. and its variant Vitex trifolia Linn. var. simplicifolia. These fruits are used as folk medicines to treat various diseases. Although V. trifolia is useful for treating diabetes, the antidiabetic effect of its purified constituents is still under investigation. The phytochemical investigation on the ethanol extract of the fruits of V. trifolia yielded four new labdane diterpenoids vitetrolins A-D (1 – 4), together with seven (5 – 11) known analogs. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopy techniques and the absolute configuration of 4 was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The isolated diterpenoids were evaluated for their α -glucosidase inhibitory activities. Compounds 5 , 6 , 8 , and 9 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against α -glucosidase with IC 50 values ranging from 44.9 ± 6.1 to 70.5 ± 5.5 μM. [Display omitted] • Four new labdane-type diterpenoids were isolated from the fruits of Vitex trifolia. • Their structures were elucidated using HRESIMS and extensive NMR investigations. • Compounds 5 , 6 , 8 , and 9 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against α -glucosidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croton yanhuii (Family Euphorbiaceae) is an annual aromatic plant endemic to Yunnan Province, China, which yields an aromatic, spicy oil used as a flavoring and fragrance. The aim of the present study was to acquire secondary metabolites from the leaves and twigs of C. yanhuii and to evaluate their cytotoxic activity. Five new diterpenoids, croyanhuins A-E ( 1 - 5 ), and one new C 13 nor-isoprenoid, croyanhuin F ( 6 ), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of C. yanhuii . Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, IR, and HRESIMS) and confirmed by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra or single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Among the new terpenoids, compounds 1 and 3 inhibited cell proliferation and viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas both induced cleavage of either caspase-3 or PARP-1 in the SW480 cell line. Additionally, we observed that Z-YVAD-FMK and Z-VAD-FMK, two caspase inhibitors, inhibited the compound-dependent cell viability loss, suggesting that either of them can induce pyroptosis and caspase-dependent apoptosis. These biological assay results revealed that compounds 1 and 3 induce different kinds of programmed cell death in SW480 cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Li, Hou, Wang, Wang, Chen, Liu, Fei, Zhang and Li.)

The aim of the present study was to observe the activation of microglia in the prefrontal cortex of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice, and the expression of the marker genes of the disease-associated microglia (DAM) associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Sixty healthy adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups, normal control (CON) group and T1DM group. Streptozocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally to induce T1DM mice. The spatial learning and memory function of mice was detected by Morris water maze at the 8th week after the successful model establishment. The number and activation of microglia in the prefrontal cortex of mice were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. Changes in the mRNA level of several DAM molecular markers were detected by RT-FQ-PCR. The results showed that, compared with CON mice, the fasting blood glucose of T1DM mice increased significantly, while the body weight of T1DM mice decreased remarkably (P < 0.05). The escape latency of water maze in T1DM mice was longer than that in CON mice (P < 0.05). Compared with CON group, the Iba1 protein expression and the number of microglia in prefrontal cortex of T1DM group increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA levels of several DAM markers in prefrontal cortex of T1DM group were increased significantly (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the microglia are activated and transformed to DAM type in the prefrontal cortex of T1DM mice.

Eupulcherol A (1), a novel triterpenoid with an unprecedented carbon skeleton, was isolated from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Its structure was determined by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, including HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR, and the absolute configuration was defined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Biological studies showed that compound 1 possessed anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) bioactivity, which could delay paralysis of transgenic AD Caenorhabditis elegans. A plausible biogenetic pathway for eupulcherol A (1) was also proposed.

Serum PSA is a most widely used biomarker for prostate cancer, which can help effectively screen out the high-risk population of prostate cancer and monitor the changes of the disease. However, the specificity of serum total PSA (tPSA) is poor and can easily lead to misdiagnosis. In recent years, a series of PSA derivative indicators have been developed, which can be used in combination with other diagnostic methods, such as MRI, ultrasonography, digital rectal examination, and other tumor markers, to improve the accuracy of early diagnosis, assess the malignancy, invasiveness and biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer, and make prostatic biopsy decisions. This review summarizes the advances in the application of PSA derivative indicators on the diagnosis of prostate cancer.