Search

We analyze a fully discrete finite element numerical scheme for the Cahn-Hilliard-Stokes-Darcy system that models two-phase flows in coupled free flow and porous media. To avoid a well-known difficulty associated with the coupling between the Cahn-Hilliard equation and the fluid motion, we make use of the operator-splitting in the numerical scheme, so that these two solvers are decoupled, which in turn would greatly improve the computational efficiency. The unique solvability and the energy stability have been proved in~\cite{CHW2017}. In this work, we carry out a detailed convergence analysis and error estimate for the fully discrete finite element scheme, so that the optimal rate convergence order is established in the energy norm, i.e.,, in the $\ell^\infty (0, T; H^1) \cap \ell^2 (0, T; H^2)$ norm for the phase variables, as well as in the $\ell^\infty (0, T; H^1) \cap \ell^2 (0, T; H^2)$ norm for the velocity variable. Such an energy norm error estimate leads to a cancellation of a nonlinear error term associated with the convection part, which turns out to be a key step to pass through the analysis. In addition, a discrete $\ell^2 (0;T; H^3)$ bound of the numerical solution for the phase variables plays an important role in the error estimate, which is accomplished via a discrete version of Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality in the finite element setting.

We present a methodology to construct efficient high-order in time accurate numerical schemes for a class of gradient flows with appropriate Lipschitz continuous nonlinearity. There are several ingredients to the strategy: the exponential time differencing (ETD), the multi-step (MS) methods, the idea of stabilization, and the technique of interpolation. They are synthesized to develop a generic $k^{th}$ order in time efficient linear numerical scheme with the help of an artificial regularization term of the form $A\tau^k\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\mathcal{L}^{p(k)}u$ where $\mathcal{L}$ is the positive definite linear part of the flow, $\tau$ is the uniform time step-size. The exponent $p(k)$ is determined explicitly by the strength of the Lipschitz nonlinear term in relation to $\mathcal{L}$ together with the desired temporal order of accuracy $k$. To validate our theoretical analysis, the thin film epitaxial growth without slope selection model is examined with a fourth-order ETD-MS discretization in time and Fourier pseudo-spectral in space discretization. Our numerical results on convergence and energy stability are in accordance with our theoretical results.

In this paper, numerical analysis is carried out for a class of history-dependent variational-hemivariational inequalities arising in contact problems. Three different numerical treatments for temporal discretization are proposed to approximate the continuous model. Fixed-point iteration algorithms are employed to implement the implicit scheme and the convergence is proved with a convergence rate independent of the time step-size and mesh grid-size. A special temporal discretization is introduced for the history-dependent operator, leading to numerical schemes for which the unique solvability and error bounds for the temporally discrete systems can be proved without any restriction on the time step-size. As for spatial approximation, the finite element method is applied and an optimal order error estimate for the linear element solutions is provided under appropriate regularity assumptions. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results., Comment: 33 pages,6 figures

We report the detection of heavy reddening and the He I* $\lambda10830$ absorption lines at the AGNs' redshift in three Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies: SDSS J091848.61+211717.0, SDSS J111354.66+124439.0, and SDSS J122749.13+321458.9. They exhibit very red optical to near-infrared colors, narrow Balmer/Paschen broad emission lines and He I* $\lambda10830$ absorption lines. The ultraviolet-optical-infrared nucleus continua are reddened by the SMC extinction law of $E(B-V)\sim 0.74$, 1.17, and 1.24 mag for three objects, which are highly consistent with the values obtained from the broad-line Balmer decrements, but larger than those of narrow emission lines. The reddening analysis suggests the extinction dust simultaneously obscure the accretion disk, the broad emission line region, and the hot dust from the inner edge of the torus. It is possible that the dust obscuring the AGN structures are the dusty torus itself. Furthermore, the Cloudy analysis of the He I* $\lambda10830$ absorption lines propose the distance of the absorption materials to be the extend scale of the torus. That greatly increases probabilities of the obscure and absorption materials being the dusty torus., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, submitted to the ApJ

Emission lines from the broad emission line region (BELR) and the narrow emission line region (NELR) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are extensively studied. However, between these two regions emission lines are rarely detected. We present a detailed analysis of a quasar SDSS J232444.80-094600.3 (SDSS J2324$-$0946), which is remarkable for its strong intermediate-width emission lines (IELs) with FWHM $\approx$ 1800 \kmps. The IEL component is presented in different emission lines, including the permitted lines \lya\ $\lambda$1216, \civ\ $\lambda$1549, semiforbidden line \ciii\ $\lambda$1909, and forbidden lines \oiii\ $\lambda\lambda$4959, 5007. With the aid of photo-ionization models, we found that the IELs are produced by gas with a hydrogen density of $n_{\rm H} \sim 10^{6.2}-10^{6.3}~\rm cm^{-3}$, a distance to the central ionizing source of $R \sim 35-50$ pc, a covering factor of CF $\sim$ 6\%, and a dust-to-gas ratio of $\leq 4\%$ times of SMC. We suggest that the strong IELs of this quasar are produced by nearly dust-free and intermediate-density gas located at the skin of the dusty torus. Such strong IELs, served as a useful diagnose, can provide an avenue to study the properties of gas between the BELR and the NELR.

We present the variability study of broad absorption lines (BALs) in a uniformly radio-selected sample of 28 BAL quasars using the archival data from the FIRST Bright Quasar Survey (FBQS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), as well as those obtained by ourselves, covering time scales $\sim 1-10$ years in the quasar's rest-frame. To our surprise, 5 quasars showing strong variations are all belong to a special subclass of overlapping iron low ionization BAL (OFeLoBAL) quasars, however, other 4 non-overlapping FeLoBALs (non-OFeLoBALs) are invariable except one case with weak optical depth change. Meanwhile, we also find 6 typical variations of high-ionization and low-ionization BALs in this BAL quasar sample. Photoionization models suggest that OFeLoBALs are formed in a relative dense ($n_e>10^6$ cm$^{-3}$) outflows at a distance from the subparsec to the dozens of parsecs from the continuum source. They differ from those of non-OFeLoBALs, which are likely produced by low-density gas, locating at a distance of hundreds to thousands parsecs. Thus, OFeLoBALs and non-OFeLoBALs, i.e., FeLoBALs with/without strong BAL variations, perhaps represent the bimodality of Fe II absorption, the former is located in the active galactic nucleus environment rather than the host galaxy. We suggest that high density and small distance are the necessary conditions that cause OFeLoBALs. As suggested in the literature, strong BAL variability is possibly due to variability of the covering factor of BAL regions caused by clouds transiting across the line of sight rather than ionization variations., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures, ApJ accepted