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Enhancing the endurance, performance, and energy efficiency of encrypted Non-Volatile Main Memory (NVMM) can be achieved by minimizing written data through inline deduplication. However, existing approaches applying inline deduplication to encrypted NVMM suffer from substantial performance degradation due to high computing, memory footprint, and index-lookup overhead to generate, store, and query the cryptographic hash (fingerprint). In the preliminary ESD [14], we proposed the Error Correcting Code (ECC) assisted selective deduplication scheme, utilizing the ECC information as a fingerprint to identify similar data effectively and then leveraging the selective deduplication technique to eliminate a large amount of redundant data with high reference counts. In this article, we proposed FSDedup. Compared with ESD, FSDedup could leverage the prefetch cache to reduce the read overhead during similarity comparison and utilize the cache refresh mechanism to identify further and eliminate more redundant data. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate that FSDedup can enhance the performance of the NVMM system further than the ESD. Experimental results show that FSDedup can improve both write and read speed by up to 1.8×, enhance Instructions Per Cycle by up to 1.5×, and reduce energy consumption by up to 2.0×, compared to ESD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-loss, high-birefringence, bend-resistant hollow-core anti-resonant fibers for infrared wavelengths have important applications in the fields of precision interferometric sensing, laser systems, and optical communications. In this paper, an eight-tube cladding quasi-symmetric hollow-core anti-resonant fiber is proposed, and two other anti-resonant fibers are designed based on this fiber structure. The finite element analysis method is used to numerically analyze the limiting loss, birefringence coefficient, bending resistance, and other properties of the three optical fibers after the optimized design. The results show that the limiting loss of the three optical fibers at λ = 1.55 μm is lower than 10−4 magnitude, and all of them obtain a birefringence coefficient of 10−4 magnitude; at the same time, the three optical fibers have their own characteristics and advantages, and the first optical fiber can reach a birefringence coefficient of 9.25 × 10−4 at λ = 1.52 μm.The limiting loss at λ = 1.55 μm is 3.42 × 10−5 dB/km. The minimum bending radius of the three types of anti-resonant fibers is less than 40 mm, which represents good bending characteristics, and the eight-tube cladding quasi-symmetric optical fiber has a bending loss of less than 2.10 × 10−3 dB/km when the bending radius is 28 mm. The three types of optical fibers have obtained good results in improving the mutual constraints between low limiting loss and high birefringence, with better results than the other two types. The obtained results have high development potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on national and state assessment datasets in reading and math, this study tested "external" versus "internal" standards-based education models. The goal was to understand whether and how student performance standards work in multilayered school systems under No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). Under the "external" model, states' common standards shape teachers' standards which, in turn, affect student achievement. Under the "internal" model, teacher standards are insulated from state standards but instead influenced by prior student achievement and background characteristics in classrooms. The study employed multilevel analysis and instrumental variable analysis with fixed effects. Findings provided support for the internal as opposed to the external model. The linkage between state standards and teacher standards was tenuous, whereas the linkage between teacher standards and student achievement was solid and reciprocal. Further, students' gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) had direct and/or indirect influences on teacher standards through achievement gaps. Implications for research and policy were discussed.

A homologous gene of basic-helix-loop-helix AtTT8 in Arabidopsis thaliana was identified in juice sac cells of pulp tissues from blood orange ( Citrus sinensis cv 'Tarocco'), which was designated as CsTT8 in this study. Additionally, the mRNA levels of TT8 with the full-length open reading frame were significantly higher in 'Tarocco' than in mutant fruit lacking pigment in pulp or peel tissues. However, an alternative splicing transcript, Δ15- TT8 , with the fourth exon skipped, was also identified from transcripts different in length from that in 'Tarocco'. The mRNA levels of Δ15- TT8 were higher in mutant fruit lacking pigment in pulp or peel tissues than in the wild type. Therefore, the TT8 /Δ15- TT8 mRNA level ratio was found to be crucial for sufficient pigment in either pulp or peel tissues. TT8 from blood orange fruit demonstrated the capacity for nucleus localization and binding to other proteins. In contrast, Δ15-TT8, lacking the fourth exon, lost its ability to interact with RUBY1 and to localize at the nucleus. Using a dual luciferase reporter assay and transient overexpression in tobacco, we proved that two regulatory complexes formed by a functional TT8 with different MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)-type partners significantly promoted expression of an anthocyanin biosynthetic gene and a proton pumping gene, leading to anthocyanin and citrate production. Our findings suggest that TT8, rather than dysfunctional Δ15-TT8, is possibly involved in modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and its transport into vacuoles by proton gradients. However, increased mRNA levels of the dysfunctional alternative splicing transcript may act as a negative feedback to downregulate TT8 expression and limit anthocyanin accumulation in blood oranges., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nanjing Agricultural University.)