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Hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL) has been utilized as an efficacious technique in object classification and recognition based on its unique capability to obtain ranges and spectra synchronously. Different kinds of HSL prototypes with varied structures have been promoted and measured its performance. However, almost all of these HSL prototypes employ complex and large spectroscopic devices, such as an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter and Liquid-Crystal Tunable Filter, which makes this HSL system bulky and expensive, and then hinders its extensive application in many fields. In this paper, a smart and smaller spectroscopic component, an intergraded optical filter (IOF), is promoted to miniaturize these HSL systems. The system calibration, range precision, and spectral profile experiments were carried out to test the HSL prototype. Although the IOF employed here only covered a wavelength range of 699–758 nm with a six-channel passband and showed a transmittance of less than 50%, the HSL prototype showed excellent performance in ranging and spectral profile collecting. The spectral profiles collected are well in accordance with those acquired based on the AOTF. The spectral profiles of the fruits, vegetables, plants, and ore samples collected by the HSL based on an IOF can effectively reveal the status of the plants, the component materials, and ore species. Finally, we also showed the integrated design of the HSL based on a three-dimensional IOF and combined with a detector. The performance and designs of this HSL system based on an IOF show great potential for miniaturizing in some specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A parity generator as a combinational logic circuit in digital circuits can generate the parity bit in the transmitter. It is very applicable in digital networking and communications. Also, rather than diodes and transistors, quantum dots will be used in the next-generation circuits. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) offers a new platform where binary data is represented by polarized cells that are defined by the electron configurations. Therefore, a coplanar 4-bit parity generator is suggested in this work. This new arrangement eliminates complicated crossovers and provides complete access to all input and output pins. An XOR gate is used to implement the suggested architecture. Simulation waveforms and performance data confirm the proposed circuits' functioning and advantages. The suggested four-bit parity generator uses less overhead than its equivalents. We simulated and tested the suggested circuit with the assistance of the QCADesigner 2.0.3 simulator. The QCADesigner software findings demonstrate that the suggested design is simpler and less expensive than earlier designs. Compared to the present best design, the suggested four-bit parity generator reduces cell number and latency by 55.29% and 40%, respectively. Quantum dot-Cellular Automata (QCA) offers a new platform where binary data is represented by polarized cells that are defined by the electron configurations. Therefore, a coplanar 4-bit parity generator is suggested in this work. This new arrangement eliminates complicated crossovers and provides complete access to all input and output pins. An XOR gate is used to implement the suggested architecture. Simulation waveforms and performance data confirm the proposed circuits' functioning and advantages. The suggested four-bit parity generator uses less overhead than its equivalents. We simulated and tested the suggested circuit with the assistance of the QCADesigner 2.0.3 simulator. The QCADesigner software findings demonstrate that the suggested design is simpler and less expensive than earlier designs. Compared to the present best design, the suggested four-bit parity generator reduces cell number and latency by 55.29% and 40%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Pear fruit stone cells have thick walls and are formed by the secondary deposition of lignin in the primary cell wall of thin‐walled cells. Their content and size seriously affect fruit characteristics related to edibility. To reveal the regulatory mechanism underlying stone cell formation during pear fruit development and to identify hub genes, we examined the stone cell and lignin contents of 30 'Shannongsu' pear flesh samples and analyzed the transcriptomes of 15 pear flesh samples collected at five developmental stages. On the basis of the RNA‐seq data, 35 874 differentially expressed genes were detected. Additionally, two stone cell‐related modules were identified according to a WGCNA. A total of 42 lignin‐related structural genes were subsequently obtained. Furthermore, nine hub structural genes were identified in the lignin regulatory network. We also identified PbMYB61 and PbMYB308 as candidate transcriptional regulators of stone cell formation after analyzing co‐expression networks and phylogenetic relationships. Finally, we experimentally validated and characterized the candidate transcription factors and revealed that PbMYB61 regulates stone cell lignin formation by binding to the AC element in the PbLAC1 promoter to upregulate expression. However, PbMYB308 negatively regulates stone cell lignin synthesis by binding to PbMYB61 to form a dimer that cannot activate PbLAC1 expression. In this study, we explored the lignin synthesis‐related functions of MYB family members. The results presented herein are useful for elucidating the complex mechanisms underlying lignin biosynthesis during pear fruit stone cell development. Significance Statement: In this study, we used WGCNA with a phylogenetic approach to obtain two candidate MYB TFs. We experimentally validated and characterized candidate transcription factors and revealed a module of PbMYB61 with PbMYB308 regulating PbLAC1 involved in the regulation of pear stone cell biosynthesis. The results presented herein are useful for elucidating the complex mechanisms underlying lignin biosynthesis during pear fruit stone cell development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise design of the molecular configuration of hole transport materials (HTMs) is crucial to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, by combining the core units of triphenylamine and carbazole with different peripheral groups, three small molecular HTMs termed TPA-DF, CZ-DF and CZ-DM are designed and synthesized. The effects of the configuration of the core building block and the donating ability of the terminal group on the optical, electro-chemical and photovoltaic properties are systemically examined. The research results demonstrate that the material CZ-DF with a planar carbazole core unit and N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine as the terminal donor group shows the most suitable energy level and the highest hole mobility and conductivity among these three HTMs. Applied in PSCs, the CZ-DF based device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.5%, and can retain 79.5% of its the initial PCE after aging at 65 °C, 45–60% relative humidity (RH) in an air atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The anthocyanin content is an important indicator of the nutritional value of most fruits, including apple (Malus domestica). Anthocyanin synthesis is coordinately regulated by light and various phytohormones. In this study on apple, we revealed the antagonistic relationship between light and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways, which is mediated by BRASSINAZOLE‐RESISTANT 1 (MdBZR1) and the B‐box protein MdCOL6.The exogenous application of brassinolide inhibited the high‐light‐induced anthocyanin accumulation in red‐fleshed apple seedlings, whereas increases in the light intensity decreased the endogenous BR content. The overexpression of MdBZR1 inhibited the anthocyanin synthesis in apple plants. An exposure to a high‐light intensity induced the degradation of dephosphorylated MdBZR1, resulting in functional impairment.MdBZR1 was identified as an upstream repressor of MdCOL6, which promotes anthocyanin synthesis in apple plants. Furthermore, MdBZR1 interacts with MdCOL6 to attenuate its ability to activate MdUFGT and MdANS transcription. Thus, MdBZR1 negatively regulates MdCOL6‐mediated anthocyanin accumulation.Our study findings have clarified the molecular basis of the integration of light and BR signals during the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, which is an important process influencing fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal alloys are ubiquitous in many branches of heterogeneous catalysis, and it is now fairly well established that the local atomic structure of an alloy can have a profound influence on its chemical reactivity. While these effects can be difficult to probe in nanoparticle catalysts, model studies using well defined single crystal surfaces alloyed with dopants enable these structure–function correlations to be drawn. The first step in this approach involves understanding the alloying mechanism and the type of ensembles formed. In this study, we examined the atomic structure of RhCu single-atom alloys formed on Cu(111), Cu(100), and Cu(110) surfaces. Our results show a striking difference between Rh atoms alloying in Cu(111) vs the more open Cu(100) and Cu(110) surface facets. Unlike Cu(111) on which Rh atoms preferentially place-exchange with Cu atoms in the local regions above step edges leaving the majority of the Cu surface free of Rh, highly dispersed, homogeneous alloys are formed on the Cu(100) and (110) surfaces. These dramatically different alloying mechanisms are understood by quantifying the energetic barriers for atomic hopping, exchange, swapping, and vacancy filling events for Rh atoms on different Cu surfaces through theoretical calculations. Density functional theory results indicate that the observed differences in the alloying mechanism can be attributed to a faster hopping rate, relatively high atomic exchange barriers, and stronger binding of Rh atoms in the vicinity of step edges on Cu(111) compared to Cu(110) and Cu(100). These model systems will serve as useful platforms for examining structure sensitive chemistry on single-atom alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is of increasing concern as its prevalence increases. Our study's objective was to create and evaluate a nomogram to predict the likelihood that hypertension patients may experience depression. 13293 people with hypertension who were under 20 years old were chosen from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database between 2007 and 2018 for this study. The training and validation sets were split up into the dataset at random in a 7:3 ratio. To find independent predictors, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were employed on the training set. Using information from the validation set, nomogram was subsequently created and internally validated. The effectiveness of the nomogram is assessed using calibration curve and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Combining univariate logistic regression analysis and multifactor logistic regression analysis, the results showed that age, sex, race, marital, education level, sleep time on workdays, poverty to income ratio, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary time and heart failure status were risk factors for hypertensive patients suffering from depression and were included in the nomogram model, and ROC analysis showed that the AUC of the training set was 0.757 (0.797–0.586), with a sensitivity of 0.586; the AUC of the test set was 0.724 (0.712–0.626), with a sensitivity of 0.626, which was a good fit. Decision curve analysis further confirms the value of nomogram for clinical application. In the civilian non-institutionalized population of the United States, our study suggests a nomogram that can aid in predicting the likelihood of depression in hypertension patients and aiding in the selection of the most effective treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a new method for determining the time constant of ac resistors with values around 10 kΩ using a digital impedance bridge for the comparison of two nominally equal resistors. This method involves adding a probing capacitor in parallel to one of the resistors to induce a quadratic frequency dependence in the real component of the admittance ratio between the two resistors. The magnitude of this quadratic effect is proportional to the self-capacitance of the unperturbed resistor, enabling us to determine its value and the associated time constant with an estimated standard uncertainty (k = 1) of 0.02 pF and 0.2 ns, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is widely utilized as an important energy source, but coal-fired power plant was considered to be an important anthropogenic lead emission source. In the present study, the distribution characteristics of lead in coal and combustion by-products are reviewed. Specifically, lead is mainly transferred to ash particles and the formation and migration mechanisms of particulate lead are summarized. Also, targeted measures are proposed to control the formation of fine particulate lead as well as to increase the removal efficiency during the low-temperature flue gas clean process. In detail, interactions between gaseous lead and some coal-bearing minerals or added adsorbents could obviously suppress the formation of fine particulate lead. On the other hand, some efforts (including promoting capture of fine particles, reducing resistivity of particles and strengthening the gas-liquid contact) could be made to improve the fine particulate lead removal capacity. Notably, the formation mechanism of fine particulate lead is still unclear due to the limitations of research methods. Some differences in the removal principles of fine particles and particulate lead make the lead emission precisely control a great challenge. Finally, the environmental potential risk of lead emission from flue gas and ash residues is addressed and further discussed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actual industrial processes often exhibit multimodal characteristics, and their data exhibit complex features, such as being dynamic, nonlinear, multimodal, and strongly coupled. Although many modeling approaches for process fault monitoring have been proposed in academia, due to the complexity of industrial data, challenges remain. Based on the concept of multimodal modeling, this paper proposes a multimodal process monitoring method based on the variable-length sliding window-mean augmented Dickey–Fuller (VLSW-MADF) test and dynamic locality-preserving principal component analysis (DLPPCA). In the offline stage, considering the fluctuation characteristics of data, the trend variables of data are extracted and input into VLSW-MADF for modal identification, and different modalities are modeled separately using DLPPCA. In the online monitoring phase, the previous moment's historical modal information is fully utilized, and modal identification is performed only when necessary to reduce computational cost. Finally, the proposed method is validated to be accurate and effective for modal identification, modeling, and online monitoring of multimodal processes in TE simulation and actual plant data. The proposed method improves the fault detection rate of multimodal process fault monitoring by about 14% compared to the classical DPCA method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confronted with the spatial heterogeneity of the real estate market, some traditional research has utilized geographically weighted regression (GWR) to estimate house prices. However, its predictive power still has some room to improve, and its kernel function is limited in some simple forms. Therefore, we propose a novel house price valuation model, which is combined with geographically neural network weighted regression (GNNWR) to improve the accuracy of real estate appraisal with the help of neural networks. Based on the Shenzhen house price dataset, this work conspicuously captures the variable spatial regression relationships at different regions of different variables, which GWR has difficulty realizing. Moreover, we focus on the performance of GNNWR, verify its robustness and superiority, and refine the experiment process with 10-fold cross-validation. In contrast with the ordinary least squares (OLS) model, our model achieves an improvement of about 50% on most of the metrics. Compared with the best GWR model, our thorough experiments reveal that our model improves the mean absolute error (MAE) by 13.5% and attains a decrease of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) by 13.0% in the evaluation on the validation dataset. It is a practical and powerful way to assess house prices, and we believe our model could be applied to other valuation problems concerning geographical data to promote the prediction accuracy of socioeconomic phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural climate solutions (NCS) offer immediate and cost-effective ways to tackle the climate crisis by transforming atmospheric carbon to soil carbon or avoiding greenhouse gas emissions. However, the climate mitigation potential and economic costs of NCS for cropping systems in China remain inconclusive. The major objectives of this study are (i) to estimate the NGHG reduction potential across Chinese main cropping systems caused by NCS, (ii) to quantify the economic costs of adopting optimal management with different abatement potentials. The Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) model was used to estimate the NGHG, including SOC sequestration, N 2 O emissions, and CH 4 emissions. After calibration, we ran the DNDC model with derived data at municipality-level. We estimated the NGHG under current management, adopting optimal management individually, and integrated optimal management to project the maximum NGHG reduction potential caused by NCS. We used the marginal abatement cost method to estimate the economic cost. The four natural climate solutions, N fertilization management (NFM), straw returning management (SRM), tillage management (TM), and rice irrigation management (RIM) can reduce national NGHG in main cropping systems by approximately 118.8 Tg CO 2 -eq, 116.3 Tg CO 2 -eq, 35.2 Tg CO 2 -eq, and 74.4 Tg CO 2 -eq, respectively. The integrated optimal management may potentially reduce NGHG by 256.9 Tg CO 2 -eq, equivalent to 90.2% of current NGHG, and 80% of which can be realized at the price of CN¥ 285 (Mg CO 2 -eq)−1. We further identify the priority NCS for different crops and regions and conclude that nitrogen fertilization management should be the priority NCS at the national level. Our findings highlight the great potential of NGHG reduction by adopting NCS precisely and the importance of optimizing agricultural management as a whole, and they will help policy makers to develop smart-agriculture in China. [Display omitted] • Estimating net greenhouse gas emissions (NGHG) reduction potentials of agriculture. • IPCC recommended tier 3 method was applied for seven cropping systems in China. • The integrated optimal management may potentially reduce NGHG by 256.9 Tg CO 2 -eq. • 80% of NGHG mitigation can be realized at the price of CN¥ 285 (Mg CO 2 -eq)−1. • The priority NCS was identified for different crops and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoplastics (NPs) is a novel plastic contaminant that could be taken up by cells and lead to severe biotoxicity toxicity, NPs in cells can cause oxidant damage by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lead to acute inflammation. As a major ROS which related to many kinds of physiological and pathological processes, superoxide anion radical (O 2 •−) could be utilized as a signal of oxidant damage effected by NPs exposure in vivo. To detect the toxic damage mechanism of NPs, a fluorescence probe Bcy-OTf has been developed to monitor O 2 •− fluctuations content in cells and aquatic organisms after exposure to NPs. The probe has a high sensitivity (LOD = 20 nM) and a rapid responsive time (within 6 min), and it has high selectivity and low cytotoxicity to analysis the levels of the endogenous O 2 •−. Endogenous O 2 •− induced by NPs in living cells, Daphnia magna and larval zebrafish were analyzed. Moreover, the results confirmed the key role of MAPK and NF-κB pathway in NPs stimulation mechanisms in cells. This study indicated that Bcy-OTf can precisely assess the fluctuations of endogenous O 2 •−, which has potential for applying in further analysis mechanisms of NPs biological risks. Fluorescent probe Bcy-OTf for evaluating the nanoplastics-induced redox imbalance in cells, zebrafish, and daphnia magna. [Display omitted] • Bcy-OTf is highly sensitive and selective for measuring endogenous O 2.•−. • Bcy-OTf was used to determine O 2.•− in daphnia magna and larval zebrafish under the NPs. • O 2.•− levels increased with NPs concentration or exposure duration. • Bcy-OTf can be used as a promising tool to assess O 2.•− fluctuations and NPs risk analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface soil moisture (SM) plays a critical role in hydrological processes and terrestrial ecosystems in desertification areas. Passive microwave remote-sensing products such as the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite have been shown to monitor surface soil water well. However, the coarse spatial resolution and lack of full coverage of these products greatly limit their application in areas undergoing desertification. In order to overcome these limitations, a combination of multiple machine learning methods, including multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), artificial neural networks (ANNs), random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGB), have been applied to downscale the 36 km SMAP SM products and produce higher-spatial-resolution SM data based on related surface variables, such as vegetation index and surface temperature. Desertification areas in northern China, which are sensitive to SM, were selected as the study area, and the downscaled SM with a resolution of 1 km on a daily scale from 2015 to 2020 was produced. The results showed a good performance compared with in situ observed SM data, with an average unbiased root mean square error value of 0.057 m 3 m -3. In addition, their time series were consistent with precipitation and performed better than common gridded SM products. The data can be used to assess soil drought and provide a reference for reversing desertification in the study area. This dataset is freely available at 10.6084/m9.figshare.16430478.v6 (Rao et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a possible human carcinogen, bromate is easily formed in drinking water and wastewater treatments using advanced oxidation technology. Microbial reduction is a promising method to remove bromate, but little is known about aerobic bromate reduction as well as the molecular mechanism of tolerance and reduction to bromate in bacteria. Herein, bromate reduction by isolate under aerobic conditions was reported for the first time. Shewanella decolorationis Ni1-3, isolated from an activated sludge recently, was identified to reduce bromate to bromide under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. RNA-Seq together with differential gene expression analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was performed to identify that bromate triggered the expression of genes for oxidative stress protection (e.g., ohr, msrQ, dsbC, gpo, gorA, and gst), DNA damage repair (e.g., dprA, parA, and recJ), and sulfur metabolism (e.g., cysH, cysK, and cysP). However, the genes for lactate utilization (e.g., lldF and dld), nitrate reduction (e.g., napA and narG), and dissimilatory metal reduction (e.g., mtrC and omcA) were down-regulated in the presence of bromate. The results contribute to revealing the molecular mechanism of resistance and reduction in S. decolorationis Ni1-3 to bromate under aerobic conditions and clarifying the biogeochemical cycle of bromine. Key points: • Aerobic bromate reduction by pure culture was observed for the first time • Strain Ni1-3 effectively reduced bromate under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions • ROS and SOS response genes were strongly induced in the presence of bromate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical corrosion thermodynamics of an X52 pipeline steel under plastic stresses was studied by measurements of corrosion potential and Volta potential with a scanning Kelvin probe in an anaerobic near-neutral pH and an aerobic high pH corrosive environments, where the steel was under active dissolution and passivity, respectively. The stress-corrosion thermodynamics of the stressed steel in both environments was studied by Volta potential measurements. While the corrosion potential shifts negatively due to a stress-enhanced corrosion activity in both solutions, the shift of Volta potential is more indicative of the corrosion thermodynamics under identical stresses. Volta potential measurements provide a more promising method than corrosion potential to indicate the stress corrosion thermodynamics of the steel. The relationships between Volta potential and corrosion potential in both active and passive solutions deviate from linearity in the presence of stress. However, the difference between the two potentials increases linearly with stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an improved hybrid particle swarm optimization (IHPSO) algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem of controller parameters in the design of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo system. The proposed algorithm presents the directional mutation operation to the particles, which fixes the position of some particular particles so as to enhance the searching ability to some remote regions. In order to cooperate with directional mutation operation, the updating formula of particles velocity is ulteriorly improved. Then, the proposed IHPSO algorithm is adopted to optimize parameters of the designed controller. A simulation and an experimental platform of the PMSM servo system are designed using a biological intelligence controller based on hormone regulation for the speed control and feedforward compensation for the position controller, where IHPSO is applied to the parameter optimization for speed and position controllers, which validate the effectiveness of the IHPSO algorithm and the designed control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) and stromal cells (ESCs) have a close functional association. During the peri‐implantation period, EECs with enhanced functional activities secrete a variety of paracrine factors to promote the decidualization of ESCs. However, little is known about the specific process by which EECs secrete paracrine factors to induce the decidualization of ESCs. Some evidence suggests that the activation of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 3a (SGLT3a) induces the depolarization of ESCs to affect their function. Therefore, SGLT3a acts as a sensor molecule in certain cell types. In this study, the expression of SGLT3a was investigated in EECs to determine whether its levels increased during the peri‐implantation period in female mice. The activation of SGLT3a in mouse EECs induced Na+‐dependent depolarization of the cell membrane and an influx of extracellular Ca2+, which further promoted the expression and release of the paracrine factors prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2‐alpha (PGF2α) by upregulating the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2. In turn, PGE2 and PGF2α induced the decidualization of ESCs. Importantly, we identified SGLT3a as a key molecule involved in the cross‐talk between EECs and ESCs during the process of uterine decidualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southwest China was the crossroad for the initial settler people of East Asia, which shows the highest diversity in languages and genetics. This region played a significant role in the formation of the genetic makeup of the proto-Hmong–Mien-speaking people and in the north-to-south human expansion during the Neolithic-to-historic transformation. Their genetic history covering migration events and the admixture processes still needs to be further explored. Therefore, in the current study, we have generated genome-wide data from three genomic aspects covering autosomal, mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal regions in 260 Hmong–Mien, Tibeto-Burman, and Sinitic people from 29 different southwestern Chinese groups, and further analyzed them with 2676 published modern and ancient Eurasian genomes. Here, we have noticed a new southwestern East Asian genetic cline composed of the Hmong–Mien-specific ancestry enriched in modern Hmong and Pathen. This newly identified southern inland East Asian lineage contributed to a great extent of the gene pool in the modern southern East Asians. We also have observed genetic substructure among Hmong–Mien-speaking populations. The southern Hmong–Mien-speaking people showed more genetic affinity with modern Tai–Kadai/Austroasiatic people, while the northern Hmong–Mien speakers expressed a closer genetic connection with the Neolithic-to-modern northern East Asians. Moreover, southwestern Sinitic populations had a strong genomic affinity with the adjacent Hmong–Mien-speaking populations and the lowlander Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations, which suggested the large-scale genetic admixture occurred between them. Allele-sharing-based qpAdm/qpGraph results further confirmed that all included southwestern Chinese populations could be modeled as a mixed result of the major ancestry component from the northern millet farmers in the Yellow River basin and the minor ancestry component from the southern rice farmers in the Yangtze River basin. Usually, this newly identified Hmong–Mien-associated southern East Asian ancestry could improve our understanding of the full-scale genetic landscape of the evolutionary and admixture history of southwestern East Asians. Further ancient genomic studies from southeastern China are required to shed deeper light on our established phylogeny context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoid content, which is an important indicator of the nutritional value of fruits and vegetables, directly determines the marketability of many fruit crops, including apple (Malus domestica). Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that affect flavonoid biosynthesis in plants, but the underlying regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study, treatments with brassinolide (the most active BR) and brassinazole (a BR biosynthesis inhibitor) decreased and increased, respectively, the flavonoid, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin (PA) content in red-fleshed apple seedlings and calli. We subsequently demonstrated that a BZR (BRI1-EMS-suppressor (BES)/brassinazole-resistant) family transcription factor, MdBEH2.2, participates in BR-regulated flavonoid biosynthesis. Specifically, MdBEH2.2 inhibits the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and PAs in apple seedlings; however, brassinazole treatment weakens the inhibitory effect. Additionally, we confirmed that a BR-induced MYB TF, MdMYB60, interacts with MdBEH2.2. The resulting MdBEH2.2–MdMYB60 complex further enhances the inhibitory effect of MdBEH2.2 or MdMYB60 on the transcription of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes. These results indicate that brassinolide decreases flavonoid content through the MdBEH2.2–MdMYB60 regulatory module. Our findings further clarify the molecular mechanism mediating the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis by BR signals in horticultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-situ self-calibration can fundamentally solve the problem of long-term stability of the accelerometer. The implementation of external integrated micro structure to provide physical excitation has become an effective method to compensate for the long-term drift error of the accelerometer. A closed-loop self-calibration system for accelerometers by integrating sensors and actuators is presented. The piezoelectric MEMS microvibrator acts as an acceleration source, providing a standard acceleration for the accelerometer integrated on it. An optical displacement sensing system consisting of vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and photodiodes (PDs) detects the motion state of the microvibrator to achieve the accurate output by closed-loop control. The self-calibration process of the accelerometer is performed by establishing an error model of the accelerometer and a vibration model of the integrated micro-vibrator. The drift error of the accelerometer is compensated by obtaining the error coefficient and the compensation coefficient. It has been verified that the error of the self-calibrated accelerometer when performing 15 g acceleration output is less than 1.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Cold stress has always been a major abiotic factor affecting the yield and quality of temperate fruit crops. Ethylene plays a critical regulatory role in the cold stress response, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we revealed that ethylene positively modulates apple responses to cold stress. Treatment with 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (an ethylene precursor) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) respectively increased and decreased the cold tolerance of apple seedlings. Consistent with the positive effects of ethylene on cold stress responses, a low‐temperature treatment rapidly induced ethylene release and the expression of MdERF1B, which encodes an ethylene signaling activator, in apple seedlings. Overexpression of MdERF1B significantly increased the cold tolerance of apple plant materials (seedlings and calli) and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. A quantitative real‐time PCR analysis indicated that MdERF1B upregulates the expression of the cold‐responsive gene MdCBF1 in apple seedlings. Moreover, MdCIbHLH1, which functions upstream of CBF‐dependent pathways, enhanced the binding of MdERF1B to target gene promoters as well as the consequent transcriptional activation. The stability of MdERF1B–MdCIbHLH1 was affected by cold stress and ethylene. Furthermore, MdERF1B interacted with the promoters of two genes critical for ethylene biosynthesis, MdACO1 and MdERF3. The resulting upregulated expression of these genes promoted ethylene production. However, the downregulated MdCIbHLH1 expression in MdERF1B‐overexpressing apple calli significantly inhibited ethylene production. These findings imply that MdERF1B–MdCIbHLH1 is a potential regulatory module that integrates the cold and ethylene signaling pathways in apple. Significance Statement: Here, we show that the ethylene response factor MdERF1B acting in the CBF/DREB1 signaling pathway was upregulated by cold treatment. Further investigation revealed that MdCIbHLH1, which functions upstream of CBF‐regulated pathways, is essential for MdERF1B‐mediated cold tolerance and ethylene biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies. Cell-cycle-related and expression-elevated protein in tumor (CREPT) plays an important role in the phosphorylation of RNA Pol II, and has been implicated in the development of several types of cancer. As yet, however, there have been no reports on its role in PDAC. Here, we aimed to explore the value of CREPT as a prognostic biomarker in PDAC. Methods: CREPT expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a tissue microarray containing samples from 375 PDAC patients. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to explore the independent prognostic value of CREPT expression for the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of PDAC patients. A Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay was used to determine the growth rates and gemcitabine sensitivities of PDAC cells, while a Transwell assay was used to determine the migration and invasion abilities of PDAC cells. Subcutaneous xenografts were used to explore the effect of CREPT expression on tumor growth in vivo. Results: We found that CREPT is highly expressed in tumor tissues and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker for DFS and OS of PDAC patients. In vitro assays revealed that CREPT expression promotes the proliferation, migration, invasion and gemcitabine resistance of PDAC cells, and in vivo assays showed that CREPT expression knockdown led to inhibition of PDAC tumor growth. Conclusions: We conclude that high CREPT expression enhances the proliferation, migration, invasion and gemcitabine resistance of PDAC cells. In addition, we conclude that CREPT may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PDAC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A comprehensive overview of the research hotspots and trends in lake habitat modeling using bibliometric analysis tools. • A framework for lake fish habitat assessment based on habitat suitability modeling was proposed. • The combination of lake habitat modeling and machine learning algorithms is a hot research topic. Lake ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining global biodiversity, flood storage, and water purification. Fish living in lakes and their habitat quality are significant indicators of the overall health of the lake ecosystem. In recent years, the impact of climate change and human activities on lake habitats has become an important research topic. In this paper, using fish as an indicator species, the habitat factors of lake fish were classified into hydrological factors, water quality factors, topographic and substrate factors, and biological factors, based on which the influence mechanism of each factor of the lake habitat system on fish was sorted out. We used the VOSviewer bibliometric analysis tool to visualize the knowledge map and identify current research hotspots and development trends related to simulation and assessment methods for lake fish habitats. Additionally, we reviewed the research progress of four types of lake habitat models. Based on the current research perspectives and shortcomings, a research framework for assessing the risk of lake habitat degradation is proposed, which consists of four parts. This framework could establish a theoretical foundation for the protection and restoration of lake ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tillage practices have major impacts on soil properties, grain yield, soil carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas emissions. Conservation tillage is an agriculture practice aiming to minimize soil disturbance and protect soil structure. It is reported that more and more croplands are being converted from conventional tillage to conservation tillage in China. However, the information is lacking as to where and when conservation tillage practice is implemented at a regional and national scale. The objectives of this study are 1) to develop a new framework for classifying tillage practices with a random forest model and Google Earth Engine platform to overcome the limitations in mapping tillage practices across China; and 2) to map the spatiotemporal patterns of tillage practices across Chinese croplands from 2016 to 2020. We generated a 1 km grid dataset for tillage practices across Chinese croplands during 2016–2020 based on Sentinel-2 imagery. First, we generated two ground reference sample pools about tillage practices based on literature review and high-resolution maps. Then, we produced Sentinel-2 features during the tillage period by composting 18 bands related to the ratios of returned crop residues. Next, we trained an optimal random forest (RF) classifier by conducting a cross-validation. Finally, we applied the optimal RF classifier to composited features to produce tillage maps from 2016 to 2020. The validation with ground reference samples shows that the classification results have an overall accuracy of 0.80. Comparisons at a provincial scale show the estimated proportion of conservation tillage is significantly correlated with statistic data with R2 being 0.88. Results show that conservation tillage practice is adopted in about 36% of Chinese croplands, mainly distributed in northeast China, northwest China, and the North China Plain. The proportion of conservation tillage ranged from 29% to 40% during 2016–2020 although with a large spatial heterogeneity. This study develops a sound framework to map tillage practices and provides more details about the spatiotemporal patterns of tillage practices, supporting regional planning of agricultural management and climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The distinct patterns of grassland NDVI changes in different sub-basins within the Qilian Mountains were identified. • The key factors affecting grassland NDVI varied among basins. • In the western Qilian Mountains, sunshine duration and relative humidity emerged as the predominant driving factors, whereas altitude and temperature played a more significant role in the eastern Qilian Mountains. • Grassland NDVI exhibited a response that depended on specific threshold levels when multiple factors interacted. The Qilian Mountains (QLMs) encompass a diverse alpine grassland ecosystem undergoing notable changes due to global climate change. Understanding the driving forces behind these changes is crucial for effective regional vegetation restoration and management, particularly given the contrasting climatic conditions between the eastern and western regions of the QLMs. This study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of grassland NDVI and the influence of 13 variables on NDVI changes in six distinct QLM sub-basins from 1990 to 2019 using Landsat data and the Geodetector model, respectively. Results revealed a consistent greening trend in all sub-basins, albeit with varying slopes. Notably, the Qinghai Lake basin exhibited a recent slowdown in NDVI, highlighting the need for enhanced vegetation restoration efforts, especially in permafrost-covered areas. Environmental factors affecting NDVI differed among basins. In the western QLMs, sunshine duration and relative humidity emerged as key factors influencing NDVI distribution, while in the eastern basins, altitude and air temperature played significant roles. This study underscored the importance of hydrothermal conditions, both horizontally and vertically, in shaping grassland NDVI. Other factors, such as vegetation types, soil characteristics, and permafrost degradation, also influenced NDVI, while slope and slope aspects had a limited impact. Furthermore, the research identified threshold-dependent responses of NDVI to the interaction of these factors. These findings emphasized the need to customize vegetation restoration strategies based on the specific environmental conditions of each basin within the QLMs. This nuanced understanding of the distinct driving characteristics between the eastern and western QLMs enables more effective and targeted approaches to restoring and managing grassland ecosystems in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A facile method to prepare Co@CNs with core-shell porous structure by heat treatment of Z@P nanocomposites. • The RL min of Co@CN-60 is −59.08 dB at 17.66 GHz with a thickness of only 1.7 mm. • The effective absorption bandwidth is broadened ranging from 15.19 to 9.41 GHz (5.78 GHz) when the thickness is 2.3 mm. • The porous core-shell structure of Co@CN-60 not only consume the EMW, but also improve the impedance matching. N-doped porous core-shell nanocomposite is considered to be a competent candidate for the absorbing of electromagnetic wave (EMW). In this work, polydopamine (PDA) wrapped ZIF-67 (Z@P) precursors with the core-shell structure were obtained through ZIF-67 triggered dopamine self-polymerization. After high-temperature pyrolysis treatment, the N-doped graphitized carbon layers wrapped cobalt (Co@CNs) absorber with porous structure was obtained, which exhibited high efficiency and adjustable EMW absorbing properties. The minimum reflection loss (RL min) of Co@CN-60 approached −59.08 dB at 17.7 GHz with a thickness of 1.7 mm. The effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reached 5.8 GHz with a corresponding thickness of 2.3 mm. Besides, the RL min of Co@CN-90 reaches −44.07 dB at 14.5 GHz (thickness 2.0 mm), and the EAB is 5.9 GHz. Therefore, the porous core-shell Co@CNs nanocomposite is expected to be a promising EMW absorption material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover crops can benefit agricultural systems greatly by improving soil fertility, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, and promoting grain yield. Recently cover crops have been recommended as a practice to ameliorate croplands and develop nature-based climate solutions. However, the information as to where is potentially suitable for developing cover crops is lacking. Here, we try to map the potential regions suitable for cover crops and to estimate nitrogen nutrient supply and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potentials with the hypothesis that all the suitable fallow lands are used for cover crops. First, we generated a smoothed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) series by Savitzky-Golay method from 2019 to 2021. Then, we produced the phenology dates and tracked the regular crop fallow periods in the three years. Next, we extracted the potential regions for cover crops based on the effective accumulated temperature requirements and drainage limit. Finally, we estimated nitrogen supply and GHG mitigation potentials using the previous measurements. Results show that nearly 13.3% (∼26.7 Mha) of current croplands can be planted with cover crops, providing 1.21 ± 0.26 Tg N yr−1 of nitrogen fertilizer. The potential cover crops can mitigate 58.85 ± 9.95 Tg CO 2 -eq yr−1 of GHG emissions. SOC sequestration is the dominant process in the GHG mitigation with a rate of 48.15 ± 5.34 Tg CO 2 -eq yr−1, equal to 30.1% ± 3.4% of the current annual total SOC sequestration in Chinese croplands. The study demonstrates an advanced framework in mapping the potential croplands available for cover crops and providing evidence-based planning of extending cover crops across China. The framework can be widely applied to other regions, contributing to building climate smart agriculture and developing nature-based climate solutions. [Display omitted] • Extracting potential regions suitable for cover crops using the MODIS NDVI. • About 13.3% (∼26.7 Mha) of current croplands can be planted with cover crops. • The potential cover crops can provide nitrogen fertilizer by 1.21 ± 0.26 Tg N yr−1. • The potential cover crops can mitigate GHG emissions by 48.15 ± 5.34 Tg CO 2 -eq yr−1. • The potential cover crops can increase SOC sequestration by 30.1% ± 3.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an improved power density permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for more electric aircraft (MEA) and conducts a design study on aerospace motors. To improve the power density of PMSM, a dual permanent magnet structure using high‐temperature resistant high‐performance permanent magnets and high‐performance soft magnetic alloy material is creatively designed. Methods of lightweight structure designed in both stator and rotor meanwhile are combined as another mean to increase power density. The optimisation models for 6‐slot/8‐pole and 12‐slot/10‐pole configurations are first established based on finite element analysis. Methods of improving the power density of PMSM are then given, including minimum core back yoke thickness and lightweight structure design. The electromagnetic characteristics of the optimised machine are analysed by finite element analysis software, including back electromotive force (back‐EMF), inductance, and power loss. The configuration of 12‐slot/10‐pole is selected as the best design scheme for MEA, based on which a prototype is manufactured and tested. The experiment results of cogging torque and line back‐EMF are in good agreement with the simulation results, which shows the rationality of the designed new machine. The design proves to be effective for improving the power density of aerospace motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

W-doped/undoped TiO2 nanotube array (TNAs) photoelectrodes with different nanostructures were successfully fabricated using the anodization method. Their morphology and characteristics were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and ultra violet/visible light diffuse reflectance spectra (UV/vis/DRS). Their electronic structure and optical properties were studied by means of first-principle. Photocatalytic (PC) performance of W-TNAs photoelectrodes with different crystal structures was evaluated using the decomposition rates of Rhodamine B (Rh.B) under xenon light illumination. The results demonstrated that W substituting Ti broadened the width of conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) of anatase and rutile TiO2, reduced the band gap of rutile TiO2 and even caused its red-shift. W incorporated into TNAs photoelectrodes extended light absorption threshold and enhanced its utilization of solar light and PC activity, particularly, the PC performance of W-TNAs photoelectrodes with mixed crystal and rutile crystal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric actuators are well known for their high precision, and are promising for applications in microrobotics, drug delivery and nanopositioning. However, a piezoelectric traveling wave ultrasonic micromotor is very hard to control due to the frictional drive principle. This work introduces a closed-loop control strategy for a micromotor. An integrating on-chip structure with a piezoelectric stator and sensor alignment is firstly achieved within a 5 × 5 mm2 area, which provides in-situ detection during rotation. With the help of real-time detection and control, a high angular resolution of 0.3° is realized for the micromotor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first total syntheses of three unusual norrisolide‐type rearranged spongian diterpenes, cheloviolene C, seconorrisolide B, and seconorrisolide C, have been accomplished via a common intermediate through late‐stage ring‐scissoring. The synthesis features a Wolff ring contraction for the synthesis of the trans‐hydrindane system, and a crucial retro Diels–Alder reaction/intramolecular ene cyclization for the rapid stereoselective construction of the furo[2,3‐b]furan system, which is commonly seen in rearranged spongian diterpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first total syntheses of three unusual norrisolide‐type rearranged spongian diterpenes, cheloviolene C, seconorrisolide B, and seconorrisolide C, have been accomplished via a common intermediate through late‐stage ring‐scissoring. The synthesis features a Wolff ring contraction for the synthesis of the trans‐hydrindane system, and a crucial retro Diels–Alder reaction/intramolecular ene cyclization for the rapid stereoselective construction of the furo[2,3‐b]furan system, which is commonly seen in rearranged spongian diterpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation planning often involves multiple species occupying large areas including habitat sites with varying characteristics. For a given amount of financial resources, designing a spatially coherent nature reserve system that provides the best possible protection to targeted species is an important ecological and economic problem. In this paper, we address this problem using optimization methods. Incorporating spatial criteria in an optimization framework considering spatial habitat needs of multiple species poses serious challenges because of modeling and computational complexities. We present a novel linear integer programming model to address this issue considering spatial contiguity and compactness of the reserved area. The model uses the concept of path in graph theory to ensure contiguity and minimizes the sum of distances between selected sites and a central site in individual reserves to promote compactness. We test the computational efficiency of the model using randomly generated data sets. The results show that the model can be solved quite efficiently in most cases. We also present an empirical application of the model to simultaneous protection of two cohabiting species, Gopher Tortoise and Gopher Frogs, in a military installation in Georgia, USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the potential role of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α)/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was employed to screen the effective small interfering RNA against CXCR4 and CXCR7 in ADSCs. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins abundances of AKT (p‐AKT), ERK (p‐ERK), JNK (p‐JNK), and p38 (p‐p38) in different groups were identified by qRT‐PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining method. Meanwhile, cell migration and cell proliferation with SDF‐1 treated were examined by a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and transwell permeable assay, respectively. Moreover, the interaction between CXCR4 and CXCR7 was examined by a GST pull‐down assay. CXCR4 small interfering RNA3 (siRNA3) and CXCR7 siRNA3 have been proved to the most effective tools for knockdown CXCR4 and CXCR7 expressions. mRNA abundance of JNK and p38 could be affected by SDF‐1α/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis. However, western blot analysis of p‐AKT, p‐ERK, p‐JNK, and p‐p38 in CXCR43‐treated ADSCs was significantly higher than that in the control group. Moreover, the immunofluorescence staining analysis revealed that the expressions of p‐ATK and p‐JNK proteins were significantly higher in NC‐ and SDF‐1‐treated subgroups than that in the CXCR4 and CXCR7 groups. p‐ATK and p‐JNK proteins in CXCR4 group were similar to that in CXCR7 group. Cell migration analysis of CXCR4‐treated ADSCs suggested that knockdown CXCR4 could effectively promote cell migration (p <.05). Moreover, CXCR4 could interact with CXCR7. The results in this study could provide a better understanding of SDF‐1α/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis during ADSCs development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the daily Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) dataset, this study reveals that southern Europe/western Asia (SEWA) and northern China are two large-scale regions that have exhibited consistent interdecadal variations in the frequency of persistent hot events (PHEs). Over the past 58 summers, the period approximately from 1973 to 1996 represents an inactive period for the occurrence of PHEs over the two regions, whereas the antecedent and subsequent periods are active periods. At the subseasonal time scale, the regional PHEs over SEWA are characterized by quasi-stationary wave train anomalies aloft from the northwest Atlantic to Europe, while the regional PHEs over northern China are characterized by quasi-stationary wave train anomalies over the Eurasian continent. The persistence of the quasi-stationary anomalies is associated with the Rossby wave propagation. Moreover, the energy extraction from the basic flow is also favorable for their persistence. Our study reveals that the above typical circulation anomalies for the PHEs over both SEWA and northern China are in phase with the background circulation changes during the two active periods. Thus, the interdecadal changes in background circulation can modulate the frequency of PHEs over the two regions simultaneously. Further analysis reveals that the background circulation changes are closely related to the interdecadal variation in the Silk Road pattern based on their similarities in both spatial pattern and temporal variation. The sea surface temperature over four particular regions seems to facilitate the phase shifts in the Silk Road pattern on the interdecadal time scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A parametric modeling approach is proposed based on secondary development of Abaqus and a plug-in tool is designed for emulation analysis on cellular structures through graphical user interface. Firstly, star honeycomb (SH), double-headed arrow honeycomb (DAH), and re-entrant hexagon honeycomb (RHH) are chosen, and prediction models are established to estimate their mechanical properties based on homogenization theory. Then, equivalent Poisson's ratio, elastic modulus and platform stress are verified through quasi-static compression tests and simulation analysis on DAH. Subsequently, the corresponding prediction models can be integrated into the plug-in tool to pre-analyze mechanical properties of cellular structures by inputting various geometric parameters. Secondly, parametric modeling on the three cellular structures is executed. Then, attribute assignments of material, load and constraint properties are set based on Python program. Based on this, the plug-in tool is utilized to output geometric models automatically and acquire target output data employed to draw curves by MATLAB. Then, quasi-static compression tests on RHH are performed to verify the accuracy of parametric models generated by plug-in tool. Eventually, multi-condition impact mechanical properties of RHH and the influences of structural parameters on mechanical properties of the SH are investigated based on the developed plug-in tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Molten chlorides can be recycled to extract heavy metals from fly ash effectively. • The migration and reaction of Cd, Cu, Pb in molten salt differ from those of Zn. • Heavy metal oxide and chloride in molten salt can be converted into each other. • Zn2+ can react with Si 2 O 7 6- formed by O2– and SiO 2 , to be stabilized as Ca 2 ZnSi 2 O 7. • For recovery, heavy metals can be enriched in the slags of molten salt. Molten salt thermal treatment has been demonstrated to be effective in dissolving heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. However, the complex thermochemical reactions of various heavy metals during the process remain unclear. This study investigated the migration and transformation mechanisms of typical heavy metals during molten salt (NaCl-CaCl 2) cyclic thermal treatment of fly ash at 600–750 °C, as well as the leaching characteristics and recovery methods of heavy metals in the reacted products. Molten chlorides could be recycled to extract heavy metals from fly ash, which reduced the leaching toxicity of heavy metals in the reacted slags. Over 64.3% of Cd, Cu and Pb in fly ash were transferred to molten salt while the migration rate of Zn was restrained to only 32.3% during the cyclic process at 750 °C. Regarding Cd, Cu, and Pb in molten salt, the chlorination and dissolution of their oxides were significant, while the combination of their chlorides with free O2– to form oxides precipitation was weak. However, the above reaction characteristics of Zn were the opposite. Furthermore, Zn2+ could be stabilized into hardystonite (Ca 2 ZnSi 2 O 7) in molten salt by reacting with Si 2 O 7 6- generated from the combination of O2– and SiO 2. Besides, increasing the reaction temperature facilitated the chlorination and dissolution of heavy metals. For recovery, heavy metals could be concentrated on the insoluble matters of molten salt, with a maximum concentration of approximately 5 times that in fly ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of ion dynamics in radio-frequency (rf) biased, high-density plasma sheaths are needed to predict ion bombardment energies in plasma simulations. To test these models, we have measured ion energy distributions (IEDs) in pure CF[sub 4] discharges at 1.33 Pa (10 mTorr) in a high-density, inductively coupled plasma reactor, using a mass spectrometer equipped with an ion energy analyzer. IEDs of CF[sup +, sub 3], CF[sup +, sub 2], CF[sup +], and F[sup +] ions were measured as a function of bias frequency, bias amplitude, and inductive source power. Simultaneous measurements by a capacitive probe and a Faraday cup provide enough information to determine the input parameters of sheath models and allow direct comparison of calculated and measured IEDs. A rigorous and comprehensive test of one numerical sheath model was performed. The model, which includes a complete treatment of time-dependent ion dynamics in the sheath, was found to predict the behavior of measured IEDs to good accuracy over the entire range of bias frequency, including complicated effects that are observed when the ion transit time is comparable to the rfbias period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which described a procedure for calculating ion energy distributions from radio frequency plasmas. Experimental apparatus; Kinetic model description; Conclusion.

Provides information on study which observed the capacitive coupling mode and an inductive coupling mode in pulse-modulated inductively coupled plasmas. Suggestions for pulsed power modulation of high-density plasmas; Apparatus used in the experiment; Results and discussion.

Presents information on a study of mass analyzed ion-energy distributions (IEDs) and ion flux densities. Use of the gaseous electronics conference (GEC) radio-frequency (RF) reactor; Role of ion bombardment in the plasma etching of semiconductor materials; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

• A novel apple MYB-like protein, MdMYBDL1, is highly similar to AtMYBD. • MdMYBDL1 is a downstream target of MdHY5 and promotes anthocyanin accumulation in response to light. • Both MdHY5 and MdMYBDL1 inhibit the expression of MdMYB16/308 , which encode anthocyanin inhibitors. Light is an important environmental factor affecting plant growth and development. Additionally, HY5 is a central factor that coordinates light signal transduction and regulates the expression of flower color-related genes. However, there are few reports describing the co-regulation of apple fruit coloration by MdHY5 and MYB transcription factors. In this study, we detected a light-inducible gene, MdMYBDL1 , which encodes a MYB-like domain and is homologous to AtMYBD in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, we observed that MdHY5 binds to the G-box element of the MdMYBDL1 promoter to upregulate expression. The overexpression of MdMYBDL1 enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in apple calli and inhibited the expression of MdMYB16 and its homolog, MdMYB308. Furthermore, MdMYB16 can form a dimer with MdMYB308 and functions as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Interestingly, MdMYB16 and MdMYB308 promoter activities were inhibited by MdMYBDL1 and MdHY5. These findings imply that MdHY5 responds to light signals and functions upstream of different types of MYB transcription factors, ultimately regulating anthocyanin accumulation in apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We re-examine the nonlinearity of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA calculable capacitor (CC) which is used for realizing the capacitance unit. The dominant error originates from the electrode nonuniformity. We use a boundary perturbation technique to develop a convolution method for estimating capacitance nonlinearity due to the electrode nonuniformity. We conclude that an improved accuracy can be achieved by avoiding the end effect and operating the CC in a shortened range from 0.2 to 0.6 pF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins in apple species are important secondary metabolites that are beneficial for human health. Previous studies revealed that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) promotes anthocyanin accumulation by up-regulating the transcription of related genes. In this study, we isolated a jasmonate (JA)-induced apple MYB gene, MdMYB24-like (MdMYB24L). The encoded nuclear protein contains a conserved R2R3 domain and is homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana AtMYB24. Additionally, MdMYB24L was observed to interact with JA signaling factors (MdJAZ8, MdJAZ11, and MdMYC2) in yeast and in planta. The MdMYC2 protein was also targeted by MdJAZ8 and MdJAZ11, which are rapidly degraded under MeJA treatment. The overexpression of MdMYB24L resulted in higher anthocyanin contents in the transgenic apple 'Orin' calli than in the wild-type control calli. Moreover, the expression levels of the anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes MdUFGT and MdDFR were up-regulated in the transgenic calli. Furthermore, MdMYB24L positively regulated the transcription of MdDFR and MdUFGT by binding to the MYB-binding site motifs in their promoters. Interestingly, the interaction between MdMYC2 and MdMYB24L further enhanced the transcription of MdUFGT , whereas MdJAZ8 and MdJAZ11 attenuated this effect. We herein provide new details regarding the molecular mechanism by which MYB transcription factors help regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis via JA signaling pathways. • A R2R3 MYB transcription factor, MdMYB24L, is homologous to AtMYB24. • MdMYB24L is nuclear-localized and positively regulated by methyl jasmonate. • MdMYB24L interact with JA signaling factors. • MdMYB24L overexpression promoted anthocyanin accumulation in apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MYB transcription factors are important for many aspects of plant stress responses. In this study, we isolated and identified an apple MYB gene, MdMYB108L , whose expression is induced by light and cold stresses. An analysis of MdMYB108L -overexpressing transgenic apple calli revealed that MdMYB108L enhances cold tolerance in apple by upregulating MdCBF3 expression. Interestingly, the expression of MdHY5 , which encodes an integrator of light and cold signals, was significantly downregulated in transgenic calli. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that MdMYB108L positively regulates cold tolerance by binding to the MdCBF3 promoter. Additionally, MdHY5 functions upstream of MdMYB108L , and the resulting increase in MdMYB108L abundance downregulates MdHY5 transcription. The results of this study elucidate a new pathway for the regulation of apple cold tolerance via a feedback mechanism involving MdMYB108L and MdHY5. • MdMYB108L is responsive to light and cold stresses. • MdMYB108L positively regulates cold tolerance by directly binding to the MdCBF3 promoter. • MdMYB108L-mediated negative feedback regulates MdHY5 transcription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • ZnTe nanosheets were synthesized via an improved physical vapour deposition method. • The thickness of as-synthesized ZnTe nanosheets thin to tens of nanometers. • The as-synthesized ZnTe nanosheets show a typical p-type conductivity. • Photodetectors based on individual ZnTe nanosheets show high photoresponsivity. Abstract Low-dimensional semiconductor nanomaterials with novel properties hold great promise for potential electronics and photonics applications. Here we report the growth of high quality ultra-thin ZnTe nanosheets by a space-confined physical vapour deposition route. The as-prepared ZnTe nanosheets are well crystallized and exhibit the zinc-blende crystal structure, with lateral dimension up to tens of micrometers and thickness thin to tens of nanometers. P-type conductivity was confirmed by field-effect transistors based on the individual nanosheet. Photodetectors constructed by the high-quality ZnTe nanosheets exhibit high photoresponsivity (453.9 A/W), excellent stability and reliability. These results reveal that such high-quality ZnTe nanosheets are excellent candidates for optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin biosynthesis is induced by cytokinins, and is regulated by MYB transcription factors. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully characterised. In the present study, red-fleshed apple callus were induced from the leaves of an R6/R6 homozygous line, which was the hybrid offspring of Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana and 'Fuji'. We analysed the callus anthocyanin contents in response to different cytokinin concentrations. We observed that cytokinin treatments upregulated the expression of anthocyanin structural genes MdDFR and MdUFGT and transcription factor genes MdMYB10 and MdbHLH3. Additionally, the expression of MdMYBL2 , which encodes the bHLH and EAR motifs, was inhibited by cytokinin treatments. The MdMYBL2 -overexpressing callus had lower anthocyanin contents than the wild-type controls. We noted that the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes MdDFR and MdUFGT and transcription factor genes MdMYB10 and MdbHLH3 were strongly suppressed in the transgenic callus. Subsequent yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and pull-down assays indicated that MdMYBL2 interacts with MdbHLH3, which may influence the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes. Our findings may provide new insights into how MYB transcription factors influence the cytokinin-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed apples. During the cultivation of fruit trees, the rational application of hormones based on different environmental conditions can improve the appearance and nutritional value of fruit crops. Herein, we discussed the involvement of cytokinin in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which may have implications for the development of new cultivation techniques aimed at improving fruit coloration under diverse environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanogranular FeCoTiO magnetic films have been deposited on Si substrates by magnetron sputtering. An in-plane uniaxial anisotropy field was induced by either applying in situ biasing magnetic field ($H_{\mathrm {bias}}$) during growth or tilting the substrate to a certain oblique angle. It was found that a stable anisotropic field close to 80 Oe could be induced by an $H_{\mathrm {bias}}$ field as small as 15 Oe. Permeability spectrum measurements show that both the ferromagnetic resonance frequency and the effective damping factor ($\alpha _{\mathrm {eff}}$) are insensitive to the magnitude of Hbias for $H_{\mathrm {bias}} \le 900$ Oe. Although the oblique sputtered FeCoTiO films show a larger coercive field than those deposited under $H_{\mathrm {bias}}$ , smaller $\alpha _{\mathrm {eff}}$ can be obtained upon selecting a proper oblique angle. Therefore, the overall high-frequency magnetic loss of oblique sputtered FeCoTiO films is still much smaller than those deposited under in situ $H_{\mathrm {bias}}$ in a frequency range between 200 MHz and 2 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]