Search

Interlayer incommensurateness slippage is an excellent pathway to realize superlubricity of van der Waals materials; however, it is instable and heavily depends on twisted angle and super‐smooth substrate which pose great challenges for the practical application of superlubricity. Here, macroscale superlubricity (0.001) is reported on countless nanoscale graphene moiré structure (GMS)‐assembled surface via counterface hydrogen (H) modulation. The GMS‐assembled surface is formed on grinding balls via sphere‐triggered strain engineering. By the H modulation of counterface diamond‐like carbon (25 at.% H), the wear of GMS‐assembled surface is significantly reduced and a steadily superlubric sliding interface between them is achieved, based on assembly face charge depletion and H‐induced assembly edge weakening. Furthermore, the superlubricity between GMS‐assembled and DLC25 surfaces holds true in wide ranges of normal load (7–11 N), sliding velocity (0.5–27 cm −1s), contact area (0.4×104–3.7×104 µm2), and contact pressure (0.19–1.82 GPa). Atomistic simulations confirm the preferential formation of GMS on a sphere, and demonstrate the superlubricity on GMS‐assembled surface via counterface H modulation. The results provide an efficient tribo‐pairing strategy to achieve robust superlubricity, which is of significance for the engineering application of superlubricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew is a severe wheat disease that causes substantial yield losses in wheat production worldwide. The Chinese wheat landrace Changanhongmai (CAHM) exhibits high resistance to the physiological race E09 of powdery mildew. In this study, we characterized the powdery mildew resistance gene in CAHM, and developed molecular markers for wheat marker-assisted selection. To investigate the genetic characteristics of this resistant gene, we developed F1 plants, F2 generation population, and F2:3 families by crossing CAHM with SY225 (Shaanyou '225' as susceptible male parent). Genetic analysis demonstrated that all F1 plants were resistant to the disease, while the ratio of resistant to susceptible plants was 3: 1 in both the F2 population and F2:3 families, indicating that CAHM is inherited in a manner of a single dominant powdery mildew resistance gene, which was tentatively designated as PmCAHM. By using bulk segregation analysis, we constructed a genetic map encompassing Xgwm273, Xwmc626, Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xgdm28, Xgpw7812, Xgpw5195, Xwmc694, and PmCAHM. Among these markers, Xgpw7812 and Xgpw5195 are flanking markers that are tightly linked to PmCAHM at a genetic distance of 2.5 cM and 8.4 cM, respectively. Furthermore, nullisomic-tetrasomic analysis revealed that PmCAHM is located on chromosome 1B. These results indicate that PmCAHM differs from the internationally recognized powdery mildew resistance genes in both location and source. In addition, a new germplasm/line NW1748 with stronger powdery mildew resistance and large grains was developed from the cross and backcross populations of Fengyou1718 (FY1718)/CAHM/5/FY 1718. Therefore, PmCAHM can serve as a novel powdery mildew resistance source for breeding of wheat by using NW1748 as the donor in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We establish well‐posedness theory for the two‐dimensional stationary fluids with gravity and a nonflat bottom. The major purpose in this paper is to study free streamline theory in hydrodynamics of the fluids with gravity in rotational flows. More precisely, given any positive horizontal velocity of incoming flow in the inlet of the nozzle, there exists a smooth fluids with gravity. In addition, there exists a smooth free surface, which goes to infinity. Furthermore, we obtain the asymptotic behavior of the fluids with gravity in upstream and downstream by means of a blow‐up argument. As byproducts, the monotone relationship between the location of the free boundary and the asymptotic height in the inlet are also established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D) is characterized by increased intestinal permeability. Previous studies have shown that the microRNA-29 gene is involved in the regulation of intestinal permeability in patients with IBS-D. NF-κB was proved to play a key role in inflammatory response of intestine and resultant disruption of tight junction integrity, whose activity could be inhibited by TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3 (TRAF3). However, the exact mechanism that induces increased intestinal permeability in IBS-D patients has not been clarified. In this study, we found that microRNA-29b‑3p (miR-29b-3p) was significantly upregulated, while TRAF3 was decreased and the NF-κB-MLCK pathway was activated within the colonic tissue of IBS-D patients. Subsequently, we confirmed the targeting relationship between miR-29b-3p and TRAF3 through a double-luciferase reporter assay. Lentivirus transfection of NCM460 cells with miR-29b-3p-overexpressing and -silencing vectors demonstrated that the expression of TRAF3 was negatively correlated with the level of miR-29b-3p. The NF-κB/MLCK pathway was activated in the miR-29b-3p-overexpressing group and inhibited to some extent in the miR-29b-3p-silencing group. Results in WT and miR-29 knockout mice showed that miR-29b-3p levels were increased, TRAF3 levels were decreased, and the NF-κB/MLCK signaling was activated in the WT IBS-D group as compared with the WT control group. The protein levels of TRAF3 and TJs in the miR-29b-/- IBS-D group were partially recovered and NF-κB/MLCK pathway indicators were, to a certain extent, decreased as compared with the WT IBS-D group. These results suggested that miR-29b-3p deletion enhances the TRAF3 level in IBS-D mice and alleviates the high intestinal permeability. In brief, through the analysis of intestinal tissue samples from IBS-D patients and miR-29b-/- IBS-D mice, we showed that miR-29b-3p is involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal hyperpermeability in IBS-D via targeting TRAF3 to regulate the NF-κB-MLCK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we are concerned with the continuation criteria to the 3D isentropic compressible Navier–Stokes equations in Lorentz spaces. We prove that there exists a positive constant ε$$ \varepsilon $$ such that no blowup occurs at time T$$ T $$ in this system provided that the supernorm of the density is bounded and the space‐time Lorentz spaces norm ‖ρu‖Lp,∞(0,T;Lq,∞)$$ {\left\Vert \sqrt{\rho }u\right\Vert}_{L&amp;#x0005E;{p,\infty}\left(0,T;{L}&amp;#x0005E;{q,\infty}\right)} $$ with 2/p+3/q=1$$ 2/p&amp;#x0002B;3/q&amp;#x0003D;1 $$(3≤q<∞)$$ \left(3\le q&lt;\infty \right) $$ is small. As a direct application, we established some Serrin's blow‐up criteria in the Lorentz spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diamond holds promise for optoelectronic devices working in high-frequency, high-power and high-temperature environments, for example in some aspect of nuclear energetics industry processing and aerospace due to its wide bandgap (5.5 eV), ultimate thermal conductivity, high-pressure resistance, high radio frequency and high chemical stability. In the last several years, p-type B-doped diamond (BDD) has been fabricated to heterojunctions with all kinds of non-metal oxide (AlN, GaN, Si and carbon-based semiconductors) to form heterojunctions, which may be widely utilized in various optoelectronic device technology. This article discusses the application of diamond-based heterostructures and mainly writes about optoelectronic device fabrication, optoelectronic performance research, LEDs, photodetectors, and high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) device applications based on diamond non-metal oxide (AlN, GaN, Si and carbon-based semiconductor) heterojunction. The discussion in this paper will provide a new scheme for the improvement of high-temperature diamond-based optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is prevalent in the main wheat-producing regions of China, resulting in severe yield losses in recent years. Mining and utilization of resistant genes from wild relatives of wheat is the most environmentally sound measure to control disease. Aegilops geniculata Roth (2n = 2x = 28, UgUgMgMg) is an essential and valuable disease-resistance gene donor for wheat improvement as a close relative species. Results: In this study, to validate powdery mildew resistance locus on chromosome 7Mg, two genetic populations were constructed and through crossing wheat – Ae. geniculata 7Mg disomic addition line NA0973-5-4-1-2-9-1 and 7Mg (7 A) alien disomic substitution line W16998 with susceptible Yuanfeng175 (YF175, authorized varieties from Shaanxi province in 2005), respectively. Cytological examination, in situ hybridization (ISH), and functional molecular markers analysis revealed that the plants carrying chromosome 7Mg showed high resistance to powdery mildew in both F1 and F2 generation at the seedling stage. Besides, 84 specific markers were developed to identify the plants carrying chromosome 7Mg resistance based on the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technique. Among them, four markers were selected randomly to check the reliability in F2 segregating populations derived from YF175/NA0973-5-4-1-2-9-1 and YF175/W16998. In summary, the above analysis confirmed that a dominant high powdery mildew resistance gene was located on chromosome 7Mg of Ae. geniculata. Conclusion: The results provide a basis for mapping the powdery mildew resistance gene mapping on chromosome 7Mg and specific markers for their utilization in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phospholipase C (PLC) is one of the major lipid-hydrolyzing enzymes, involved in lipid-mediating signal pathway. PLCs have been found to play a significant role in the growth and development of plants. In this study, the genome-wide identification and characteristic analysis of CaPLC family genes in pepper were conducted and the expression of two CaPLC genes were investigated. The results showed that a total of 11 CaPLC family genes were systematically identified, which were distributed on five chromosomes and divided into two groups based on their evolutionary relevance. Some cis-elements responding to different hormones and stresses were screened in the promoters of CaPLC genes. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the expression of CaPIPLC1 and CaPIPLC5 in flowers were dozens of times higher than in other tissues. In addition, with the development of flower buds, the relative expressions of CaPIPLC1 and CaPIPLC5 gradually increased in fertile materials R1 and F1. However, no expression of CaPIPLC1 and CaPIPLC5 were detected at all developmental stages of cytoplasmic male sterile lines (CMS) compared with fertile accessions. The study revealed the number and characteristics of the CaPLC family genes, which supplied a basic and systematic understanding of CaPLC family. In addition, these findings provided new insights into the role of CaPLC genes in pollen development and fertility restoration in pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the accurate servo position control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)-driven system under varying external disturbance and unknown mechanical friction. Firstly, to overcome the difficulty of state observer design caused by uncertainties, the interval type-2 fuzzy logic system (IT2 FLS) is introduced to approximate the nonlinear friction. Meanwhile, the nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) is employed to estimate the lumped disturbance. Then aiming to solve the problem of explosion of complexity and filtering error, a finite-time (FT) adaptive IT2 fuzzy output feedback controller is proposed by combining the error compensation mechanism and FT control. In addition, to further improve the performance of the closed-loop system, the adaptive law is updated by the compensation error signal. By means of Lyapunov stability theory, all signals in the closed loop system can be guaranteed to be finite-time stable. Numerical simulations and real-time experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controller. • A kind of finite-time type-2 fuzzy servo position control of PMSM is designed. • A type-2 fuzzy state observer considering the disturbance is designed. • The finite-time control technique is introduced to ensure the finite time bounded. • The adaptive laws ensure the stability of the system by the Lyapunov stability theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is hard to achieve precise displacement for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo systems due to the nonlinear friction and time-varying end-load. This paper proposes an observer-based compensation control strategy to cope with the above issues. First, an adaptive interval type-2 Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy logic system is adopted to estimate the inherent friction. By utilizing the tracking and modeling error, the composite adaptive updating law is constructed to improve the tracking performance. Then, the residual reconstruction errors and the bounded end-load are estimated and compensated by the designed disturbance observer. Estimation of friction and disturbance observer, as compensation terms, are employed in traditional cascade control. Finally, the proposed controller guarantees the tracking error is uniformly ultimately bounded based on Lyapunov theory. Simulations and experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aegilops geniculata Roth is closely related to common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and is a valuable genetic resource for improvement of wheat. Results: In this study, the W19513 line was derived from the BC1F10 progeny of a cross between wheat 'Chinese Spring' and Ae. geniculata SY159. Cytological examination showed that W19513 contained 44 chromosomes. Twenty-two bivalents were formed at the first meiotic metaphase I in the pollen mother cellsand the chromosomes were evenly distributed to opposite poles at meiotic anaphase I. Genomic in situ hybridization demonstrated that W19513 carried a pair of alien chromosomes from the M genome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed detection of variation in chromosomes 4A and 6B. Functional molecular marker analysis using expressed sequence tag–sequence-tagged site and PCR-based landmark unique gene primers revealed that the alien gene belonged to the third homologous group. The marker analysis confirmed that the alien chromosome pair was 3Mg. In addition, to further explore the molecular marker specificity of chromosome 3Mg, based on the specific locus amplified fragment sequencing technique, molecular markers specific for W19513 were developed with efficiencies of up to 47.66%. The W19513 line was inoculated with the physiological race E09 of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) at the seedling stage and showed moderate resistance. Field inoculation with a mixture of the races CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, and CYR34 of the stripe rust fungus (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticii) revealed that the line W19513 showed strong resistance. Conclusions: This study provides a foundation for use of the line W19513 in future genetic research and wheat improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the difficulty of controlling ammonia (NH 3 ) flow in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) nitrogen oxides (NO x ) decomposition (de-NO x ) process with time delay, modeling uncertainties and time-varying parameters, a constrained generalized predictive control (GPC) based on interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) is proposed in this paper. First, the proportional-integral (PI) controller cannot solve the time delay in the SCR de-NO x process due to long de-NO x reaction time, therefore this paper proposes a constrained GPC controller to predict the multistep outlet NO x concentration, where the predictive time domain is greater than the time delay. Second, an accurate process model used in GPC plays an important role in NO x control. Thus, this paper designs a novel IT2FNN model as the SCR de-NO x process model. IT2FNN which adopts interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2FS) could deal with the modeling uncertainties owing to catalyst activity, uniformity of flue gas and other factors. Meanwhile, to cope with the time-varying parameters because of the fluctuation of load, the parameters of the proposed IT2FNN are updated by the derived algorithms in real time. For reducing computational complexity, this paper adopts the Nie–Tan (NT)-type reduction (TR) operation instead of the Karnik–Mendel (KM) method. Third, under the proposed control scheme, it is theoretically proved that the SCR de-NO x system is stable. Finally, the comparative simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiorities of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic sensor array has become increasingly widespread in use. Because of the manufacturing process, magnetic sensors in an array inevitably experience calibration factor errors. Therefore, the calibration of a magnetic sensor array is very important before use. However, it lacks explicit and quantitative measures on how to calibrate a magnetic sensor array. By using magnetic fields produced by a standard magnetic source at different locations, a practicable method was proposed based on the least-squares method to calibrate a magnetic sensor array. The dimensions of sensor array are about $50\times 50\times50$ cm3 and the level of magnetic field aiming to be measured is ~nT. Both the simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in identifying the calibration factor of a magnetic sensor array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we prove that the maximum norm of the deformation tensor of velocity gradients controls the possible breakdown of smooth (strong) solutions for the three dimensional (3D) compressible non-isentropic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations with zero heat-conductivity. Therefore, if the maximum norm of the deformation tensor of velocity gradients remains bounded, it is not possible for other kinds of singularities. Our results are same as Beale-Kato-Majda type criterion for compressible viscous barotropic flows (Huang et al., 2011 [17]), and do not depend on further sophistication of the non-isentropic MHD model, it is independent of the pressure and magnetic field. Furthermore, this extends the corresponding Zhong's results (Zhong, 2019 [46]), and removes the viscous coefficients restriction condition 3 μ > λ and the boundedness of pressure. As a byproduct, the same results also hold for compressible non-isentropic Navier-Stokes equations without heat-conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) air-feed subsystem is usually affected negatively by system uncertainty and unavailable variable. This paper investigates a discrete neural network control with an observer for the oxygen excess ratio (OER) control. The control goal is to avoid oxygen starvation and maintain the optimal net power. Specifically, by utilizing coordinate transformation and Euler approximation, the discrete strict-feedback form is obtained, and the backstepping technique can be applied. To estimate the unavailable variable with the measurable system output, a discrete neural network observer is proposed. Besides, the discrete neural network controller is designed to tackle the system uncertainty and achieve an ideal OER tracking. Finally, the system tracking error is proved to be semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded by Lyapunov stability theory. Numerical simulations and hardware-in-loop (HIL) experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiorities of the proposed controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are still suffering from unfavorable survival. BTB and CNC homology1 (Bach1) is a regulator of oxidative stress and participates in the pathogenesis of multiple lung diseases. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of Bach1 knockdown on fibrosis and inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis (PF) mice and cell models. Bleomycin induced PF mice were constructed and treated with Bach1 siRNA adenovirus (BLM + Bach1 siRNA group), control siRNA adenovirus (BLM + Control siRNA group) or normal saline (BLM group), then lung tissues were collected for Bach1 expression detection, H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Afterwards, collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined. Subsequently, mouse lung fibroblasts (MLFs) were collected from PF mice and treated with TGF-β1 to construct PF cell model, which was treated with Bach1 siRNA adenovirus (TGF-β1 + Bach1 siRNA group) and MAP kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 alone (TGF-β1 + U0126 group) or in combination (TGF-β1 + U0126 + Bach1 siRNA group), then alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin 1 (Fn1), COL1A1, IL-6 expressions and cell viability were detected. Lung tissue Bach1 mRNA and protein expressions were upregulated in PF mice compared to control mice. Bach1 knockdown reduced lung fibrosis (displayed by Masson's trichrome staining) and inflammation (displayed by H&E staining), then downregulated serum and BALF expressions of COL1A1 and IL-6 in PF mice. Subsequently, in PF cell model, Bach1 knockdown blocked ERK pathway, but did not affect Smads, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) or thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1 (Akt) pathways. Further experiments revealed that Bach1 knockdown repressed cell viability, α-SMA, Fn1, IL-6 and COL1A1 expressions in PF cell model, then ERK inhibition by U0126 enhanced these effects. Bach1 is involved in the PF pathogenesis via modulating ERK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The sp2-dominated structural carbon films could achieve macroscale superlubricity. • The curvature and cross-linking degree of graphene basal planes in sp2-dominated carbon films played key role on frictional products. • The carbon films could produce flake-like graphene and nanoparticle-like carbon onion products located strictly at the wear track center in initial friction state. • The wear products could eliminate the cross-interface carbon–carbon interactions and reduce contact area, contributing the ultralow friction. Sp2-dominated structural carbon films exhibit macroscale superlubricity. Nevertheless, the mechanisms governing the superlubricity are still not well comprehended, mainly due to the lack of direct link between graphene (or carbon onion) and superlubricity scale-up. Here, we establish the link by the combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman analyses of the frictional surfaces of sp2-dominated structural carbon films. The friction-induced graphene and carbon onion products locate strictly at the wear track center and take on flake-like and nanoparticle-like morphologies, respectively. Then they eliminate the cross-interface carbon–carbon interactions and reduce contact area, thereby promoting the achievement of macroscale superlubricity. Atomistic simulations reveal the key role of the curvature and cross-linking degree of graphene basal planes in the sp2-dominated carbon films on their frictional products. The results answer the question how the nanoscale tribology of graphene and carbon onion can be scaled up to macroscale superlubricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 disease in humans, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. This disease has quickly developed into a global pandemic, resulting in over 350,000 deaths worldwide and over 5 million confirmed infections in a matter of 6 months. Although the genome of this novel viral RNA was sequenced quickly and testing kits were manufactured to assist in combatting COVID-19, the diagnosis and treatment will remain relatively unsuccessful until the pathology of this disease is fully understood. Histotechnology plays an important role in understanding the pathology of many diseases, including COVID-19. The first postmortem biopsy of a COVID-19 patient was collected on 27 January 2020, and the pathology finding was published in mid-February 2020. Since then, more studies have been published in scientific literatures as the global outbreak continues. This mini-review summarizes the published articles in which histotechnology aspects were utilized with the intent to understand the pathology of COVID-19. In addition, it is anticipated there will be more molecular and immunohistochemical studies to further understand the mechanism of the disease in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we establish a weak Serrin‐type blowup criterion for the Cauchy problem of the three‐dimensional (3D) compressible barotropic Navier–Stokes equations in the whole space. It shows that the strong or smooth solution exists globally if the velocity satisfies the weak Serrin's condition and the L∞(0,T;Lα0)‐norm of the density is bounded, where α0 is positive constant. Therefore, if the weak Serrin norm of the velocity remains bounded, it is not possible for other kinds of singularities (such as vacuum states vanish or vacuum appears in the non‐vacuum region or even milder singularities) to form before the density becomes unbounded. Furthermore, the initial data can be arbitrarily large and contain vacuum states. The proof is based on the new a priori estimates for 3D compressible Navier–Stokes equations. In particular, this extends the corresponding Huang et al.'s results (SIAM J. Math. Anal. 43 (2011) 1872–1886). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell system is usually affected negatively by external disturbance, model uncertainties and unmeasured variables. In this paper, a robust composite adaptive neural network controller using high-gain observer is proposed to achieve stable oxygen excess ratio control for PEM fuel cell air management system. First, the derivatives of system output, which are unavailable due to the limited sensors, are estimated via high-gain observer. Then, a neural network is adopted to estimate the unknown system dynamics and the additional robust term is used to attenuate the compound disturbance including unknown external disturbance and neural network approximation error. Finally, a composite adaptive updating laws are constructed by utilizing estimated tracking error and modeling error to improve the tracking performance. In contrast to the existing controllers applied in PEM fuel cell air management system, this controller has a better control performance in the practical application. By means of Lyapunov stability analysis, it is theoretically proved that the system tracking error is uniformly ultimately bounded. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed controller are validated by hardware-in-loop experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BaseScope™ assay is a novel, highly sensitive RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) technique, allowing detection of short RNA sequences as well as discrimination between single-nucleotide alterations. Multiplexing BaseScope™ ISH with immunofluorescence assay has proven challenging because the diffusion of colorimetric dyes such as Fast Red in aqueous solutions degrades spatial resolution. In this study, we explore alkaline phosphatase-based fluorescent signal detection methods and integrate it with BaseScope™ RNA ISH. We found that Fast Blue BB/NAMP can be used in BaseScope™ ISH for signal detection. Additionally, we found that the calcium binding fluorochromes calcein and xylenol orange can be used to localize alkaline phosphatase activity in both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and BaseScope™ ISH assays. When applied to mouse brain and intestine tissue sections, we successfully detected circular RNA molecules and cell proliferation antigen Ki-67 proteins. This technological advance expanded the substrate selection of alkaline phosphatase-based BaseScope™ RNA ISH to allow researchers and clinical professionals accurately assess RNA targets with immunofluorescent multiplexing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the mathematical theory of two-dimensional injection of incompressible, irrotational, and inviscid fluids issuing from two infinitely long nozzles into a free stream. In general, there is a free interface with constant jump of the Bernoulli constant on it, which is different and more difficult than the previous related works. Physically, it is called the collision fluid. The main result in this paper is that for given two co-axis symmetric infinitely long nozzles, imposing the incoming mass fluxes in the two nozzles, there exists a unique piecewise smooth collision fluid, such that the free interface of the collision fluid is a C 1 curve, and the pressure is continuous across the interface. As byproducts, the asymptotic behaviors, the positivity of the vertical velocity, monotone relationship between the location of the interface and the incoming mass fluxes are also established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'friction-induced graphitization' mechanism for hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films has been postulated, but it requires concrete analyses at specific conditions. Here, we have discussed the reason for higher sp2 bond content on the interface of self-mated fullerene-like a-C:H films when the relative humidity (RH) increases from dry N 2 to 70%. The reason is the failure of the role of FL structures and the change of interface structure evolution. Before RH 50%, FL structures work properly, and the films remain low graphitization to form nanoparticle-like debris having onion-like structures. After RH 50%, the failure of the role of FL structures leads to the abruptly increasing wear, and the formation of larger flake-like debris. Higher sp2 content, is not only caused by formation of longer and order graphene sheets than the original surfaces, but also linked with the increase of C O bonds. This is unlike the general friction-induced graphitization that higher sp2 content indicates higher graphitization. The result reminds us to further understand friction-induced graphitization mechanism at special condition. Unlabelled Image • The 'friction-induced graphitization' mechanism for hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films is discussed. • Higher graphitization induced higher friction is observed under higher humidity condition. • The reason for higher graphitization is the failure of FL structure and the change of interface structure evolution. • Higher sp2 bonds' content is caused by formation of graphitic sheets and increase of C O bonds at higher humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an active equalization method based on redundant battery is proposed. A redundant battery is added to a battery pack consisting of several series batteries. According to the capacity and SOC (state-of-charge) of series batteries in the battery pack, one of these batteries is in parallel with the redundant battery in a certain time period. On the one hand, the energy is transferred between the redundant battery and the equalized batteries. On the other hand, during the charging or discharging process, the redundant battery acts as a power source, which reduces the current of the equalized battery. By adjusting the length of time that redundant battery and series batteries are connected in parallel, the purpose of battery equalization will be achieved. The balance current is limited only by the maximum charge–discharge ratio of the batteries. As long as the sum of the difference of series batteries capacity is less than the redundant battery capacity, the balance of all batteries can be achieved. Compared with other active equalization methods, the energy storage element (redundant battery) is used to be the main component of the equalization circuit in this method. It not only has the advantages of simple equalization circuit and large equalization current, but also has higher energy density of battery pack. In this paper, the equalization circuit is given, and the equalization strategy with accurate battery parameters and uncertain battery parameters is proposed. The experimental results also verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The H content in carbon films can indicate the content of curved graphite structures. • The FTIR is an effective method to obtain the content of sp2 carbon forms. • Quantitative analysis of nanostructures enriches the understanding of carbon films. Abstract The introduction of curved graphite fragments into hydrogenated amorphous carbon films has been studied, and their contents are always estimated by TEM and Raman. Here, we detailedly discussed the advantage and disadvantage of TEM and Raman fit method. Combined with FTIR results, we claified the chemical structures of the structural films and the bonded sites of doped H. The curved graphite structures included hexahydric carbon rings, and amorphous carbon (a-C) structures had rich olefinic groups and H. Finally, the differences among TEM, Raman, FTIR and H analysis in terms of the contents of curved graphite fragments were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-mated fullerene-like hydrogenated carbon films (FL-C:H films) realized the conversion from low friction (~0.012) to super-low friction (~0.006) state due to the increasing normal load. The structure changes in the conversion and the effect of environments (N 2 and humid air) on the structure changes were discussed by the combination of SEM, TEM, Raman and XPS spectra. With the increasing normal load, smaller wear scar area (or contact area) and thicker tribofilm could be observed. At smaller scale (such as nanoscale), not only more perfect graphitic structure can be formed, but newly formed longer graphitic sheets also tended to curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous control of the pressure and oxygen excess ratio (OER) plays an important role in improving the performance and safety of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Nevertheless, the coupling characteristics and nonlinearity existing in the PEMFC air management system need to be solved. To this end, the original coupled nonlinear PEMFC air management system is first transformed into the cathode pressure and OER subsystems by using input–output linearization. For the cathode pressure subsystem, the neural network (NN) control scheme is proposed to maintain the stable tracking of cathode pressure. For the OER subsystem, a prescribed performance function (PPF) is proposed and therefore, the overshoot and steady state of OER tracking error is guaranteed within the quantitative boundary. Moreover, the restriction that the initial error is within the performance function bound is relaxed by proposing a tuning function. Finally, the Lyapunov stability theory, numerical simulations and hardware-in-loop (HIL) experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Compared with the proportional integral derivative (PID) controller, NN controller without PPF and NN controller with conventional PPF, the NN controller with the proposed PPF can realize the quantitative adjustment of OER and give more improvements to the system safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerene-like hydrogenated carbon films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) as compared with other methods can attain super-low friction and wear. But they often have bad adhesion to steel substrate and their structures are tailored by non-metal elements as F, N etc. In this work, we have prepared the films on steel balls by the combination of PECVD and plasma nitriding, among which iron nitride particles are sputtered and introduced in the films. The films have longer wear life and better adhesion to the steel substrate due to the N diffusion from iron nitride particles to the atom matrix of the ball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we carried out the transition experiments of graphite-like (GL) to fullerene-like (FL) structures by placing high temperature steel substrates in the depositing environment which can form FL hydrogenated carbon films. We investigated the changes of bond mixtures, H content, aromatic clusters and internal stress at the transition process, and proposed the transformation mechanism inferred from Raman, TEM cross-section, FTIR and XPS results. It was found that the size of aromatic clusters and accordingly graphene planes and the formation of edge dangling bonds were the key steps. H + bombardment leaded to the splitting of large graphene planes (at GL stage) into more and smaller planes (at FL stage) and the formation of edge dangling bonds; Some of these dangling bonds were reduced by the formation of pentagons and subsequent curving of the smaller planes, which were an indicator of FL structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerene-like hydrogenated carbon films have outstanding mechanical and frictional properties, but their structures have never enjoyed elaboration. In this study, we investigate the relation between nano-hardness and elasticity and fullerene-like clusters by changing energy supply form (direct current and pulse) and H 2 concentration in the feedstock. It is found that the films have a network of H-rich amorphous carbon and H-poor or -deficient fullerene-like carbon, and the network change can affect hardness and elastic recovery. This is due to the energy minimization process of the film growing system in a very short pulse period at low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we prepared hydrogenated amorphous carbon films on steel balls and Si substrates (steel ball- and Si substrate-films) with different deposition time, and discussed their carbon nanostructural evolutions and tribological behaviors. The steel ball-film structure started to be graphite-like structure and then gradually transformed into fullerene-like (FL) structure. The Si substrate-film structure began in FL structure and kept it through the thickness. The difference may be result from the competition between high starting substrate temperature after additional nitriding applied on the steel balls (its supply power is higher than that in the film deposition), and relaxation of compressive stress from energized ion bombardment in film deposition process. The FL structural film friction couples could achieve ultra-low friction in open air. In particular, the Si substrate-film with 3 h, against the steel ball-film with 2 h and 3 h, exhibited super-low friction (∼0.009) and superlong wear life (∼5.5 × 10 5 cycles). Our result could widen the superlubricity scope from previously high load and velocity, to middle load and velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the mathematical theory of the collision problem of two-dimensional incompressible inviscid fluids issuing from two given nozzles. The main result reads that for given two co-axis symmetric semi-infinitely long nozzles with arbitrary variable sections, imposing the incoming mass fluxes in two nozzles, there exists a smooth impinging outgoing jet, such that the two free boundaries of the impinging jet initiate smoothly at the endpoints of the nozzles and approach to some asymptotic direction in downstream, and the pressure on the free surface remains a constant. Furthermore, we show that there exists a unique smooth surface separating the two nonmiscible fluids and there exists a unique stagnation point in the fluid region and its closure. Moreover, some results on the uniqueness and the estimates of the location of the impinging outgoing jet are also established. Finally, the asymptotic behaviors, the precise estimate to the deflection angle and other properties to the impinging outgoing jet are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In this study, 11 SNPs in the previous Rf gene mapping region near the 3' end of chromosome 6 were used to develop the competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) molecular markers. • At last, KS23 was proposed to relate to the Rf genes with the restoring genotype A/A and the maintaining genotype G/G. There were 91.6% in consistency between the genotyping results of KS23 and F 2 individuals. • In addition, KS23 achieved 100% among six restorer lines and 67.8% among 44 inbred lines in universalities, respectively. • These results provided an efficient and labor saving KASP marker related to Rf, which will be beneficial for the breeding of restorer lines and accelerate the utility of CMS/Rf system in the production of F 1 hybrid seed in pepper. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and Restorer-of-fertility (Rf) breeding systems can save the cost of the production of F 1 hybrid seed in crops. However, the breeding of the restorer lines is not easy and the current molecular markers related to Rf gene is not very versatile because of diverse genes regulating the restoration. In this study, 11 SNPs in the previous Rf gene mapping region near the 3' end of chromosome 6 of pepper were used to develop the competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) molecular markers. The results showed that KS23 was proposed to relate to the Rf genes with the restoring genotype A/A and the maintaining genotype G/G. There were 91.6% in consistency for KS23 between the genotyping results in F 2 individuals. In addition, the accuracy of KS23 achieved 100% among six restorer lines and 67.8% among 44 inbred lines in universalities, respectively. These results provided an efficient and labor saving KASP marker related to Rf , which will be beneficial for the breeding of restorer lines and accelerate the utility of CMS/Rf system in the production of F 1 hybrid seed in pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the global strong solution to the three-dimensional (3D) full compressible Navier-Stokes systems with vacuum. The authors provide a sufficient condition which requires that the Sobolev norm of the temperature and some norm of the divergence of the velocity are bounded, for the global regularity of strong solution to the 3D compressible Navier-Stokes equations. This result indicates that the divergence of velocity fields plays a dominant role in the blowup mechanism for the full compressible Navier-Stokes equations in three dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Scan strategy has a significant effect on the temperature of the build part. • Temperature distribution will affect the deformation of workpiece. • The temperature distribution under different scan strategies could be predicted. • The virtual negative power heat source method is utilized to consider the heat diffusion for the tracks that has been scanned. This study proposes an analytical model to predict the transient temperature distribution and melt pool size in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process with different scan strategies. The scan strategies are divided into discontinuous scan path and continuous scan path. The moving Gaussian surface heat source solution and the instantaneous Gaussian surface heat source transient solution are applied for these two different scan strategies. The residual temperature linear superposition is adopted to consider the multi-track effect on the temperature distribution. The virtual negative power heat source method is utilized to consider the heat diffusion for the tracks that has been scanned of the build part. The image heat source method is used to consider the zero-flux boundary condition at the lateral surface of the build part. The proposed model is validated by the experimental data of the melt pool in single-track LPBF process. The analytical models of these two different scan strategies are verified by the comparison of the melt pool size. Based on the validated analytical model, it is extended for the multiple scan strategies combination processes. The temperature and melt pool predicted by the analytical model show good consistency with the FEM results. The analytical model method is much more efficient than FEM, which is about 120 times faster than FEM for the calculation of round-corner part. Due to the satisfied efficiency and accuracy in the prediction of melt pool size and the thermal history, the proposed analytical model has great potential application in optimization of the scan path planning and avoidance of the undesired residual temperature accumulation in the part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerene-like nanostructural hydrogenated amorphous carbon (FL-C:H) films were prepared by dc- and pulse- plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique (PECVD). Both the films exhibit relatively stresses (0.63 GPa) in spite of their FL features and nanostructural bonding configurations, especially the pentagonal carbon rings. The creation of pentagonal rings is not fully driven by thermodynamics, but is closely related to compressive stress determined by the ion bombardment at the discharged state of the pulse- and dc- discharged plasmas methods. The dc method leads to FL's basal planes which contain less cross-linkages, and causes amorphous strongly hydrogenated structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a tracking control problem for Steer-by-Wire (SbW) systems with unmeasurable states, model uncertainty, and limited communication resources. An interval type-2 fuzzy logic system (IT2 FLS)-based fixed-time state observer are proposed to estimate the unavailable state. Different from the accurate model-based state observers and the observers with some additional assumptions, under the proposed observer, the extra conditions can be removed and the fixed-time convergence of observation error can be guaranteed. To save communication resources of the controller-to-actuator channels and achieve the prescribed tracking performance, an event-triggered prescribed performance control (PPC) scheme is proposed. Compared with these existing PPC methods, the computational complexity is reduced and a new prescribed performance function with fixed-time convergence is suggested to improve the steady-state and transient performance of the closed-loop system. The Zeno behavior of the event-triggered communication can be avoided. Simulations and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerene-like hydrogenated carbon (FL-C:H) films as carbon materials were prepared by direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (dc-PECVD) technique. The content of FL nanostructure was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), visible Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of fullerene-like nanostructure on the friction behavior of the films was studied using a reciprocating ball-on-flat tribometer in humid environment. It is concluded that the curved FL nanostructure provide the film excellent mechanical properties and friction performance. Interestingly, combining with the results of Raman analyses of the wear debris, we find that new FL nanostructure form during the friction process. These new FL nanostructure may originate from the rapid annealing and stress relaxation of unstable carbon clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Characterization of the crosstalk between M3R and EGFR has been investigated in some human malignancies. In the current study, we sought to investigate whether EGFR mimic immunization could alleviate the abnormal immune responses in an experimental SS-like model triggered by M3R peptides. After immunization with the combination of mimotope and M3R peptide, the active immunization targeting EGFR induced by the mimotope could reduce the marked infiltration of mononuclear cells, the high titer of antibodies against M3R and the accumulation of crucial pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice immunized with M3R peptide. Mechanistic analysis showed that mimotope immunization could alleviate the autoimmune response through inhibiting mitochondrion-mediated anti-apoptosis and up-regulating the FAS apoptosis pathway. These results may help to clarify the role of M3R in the pathogenesis of SS and suggested that transactivation of the EGFR signaling pathway may help M3R activate the autoimmune response in the pathogenesis of SS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an indispensable tool for astronauts on lunar surface, the lunar roving vehicle (LRV) is of great significance for manned lunar exploration. An LRV moves on loose and soft lunar soil, so the mechanical property of its wheels directly affects the mobility performance. The wheels used for LRV have deformable and mesh pattern, therefore, the existing mechanical theory of vehicle wheel cannot be used directly for analyzing the property of LRV wheels. In this paper, a new mechanical model for LRV wheel is proposed. At first, a mechanical model for a rigid normal wheel is presented, which involves in multiple conventional parameters such as vertical load, tangential traction force, lateral force, and slip ratio. Secondly, six equivalent coefficients are introduced to amend the rigid normal wheel model to fit for the wheels with deformable and mesh-pattern in LRV application. Thirdly, the values of the six equivalent coefficients are identified by using experimental data obtained in an LRV’s single wheel testing. Finally, the identified mechanical model for LRV’s wheel with deformable and mesh pattern are further verified and validated by using additional experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cutoff frequency of filter has a great influence on the image quality of positron emission tomography (PET). Understanding this physical phenomenon and developing some intelligent strategies to effectively determine cutoff frequency have both theoretical and practical significance. This paper proposes a new algorithm for automatically choosing filter cutoff frequency using neuro-fuzzy system. In the proposed method, wavelet theory is used to extract noise information which enhances the accuracy of cutoff frequency calculation and improves filtering performance. A neuro-fuzzy system is developed for modeling cutoff frequency function and adjusting weight values using gradient descent scheme. As a general method, the proposed approach is tested by using typical window functions. Results show that proposed techniques are effective and efficient for automatically determining cutoff frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-methyl d -aspartate receptor (NMDA) subunit 2B (NR2B)-containing NMDA receptors and mitochondrial protein cyclophilin D (CypD) are well characterized in mediating neuronal death after ischemia, respectively. However, whether and how NR2B and CypD work together in mediating synaptic injury after ischemia remains elusive. Using an ex vivo ischemia model of oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in hippocampal slices, we identified a NR2B-dependent mechanism for CypD translocation onto the mitochondrial inner membrane. CypD depletion (CypD null mice) prevented OGD-induced impairment in synaptic transmission recovery. Overexpression of neuronal CypD mice (CypD +) exacerbated OGD-induced loss of synaptic transmission. Inhibition of CypD-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening by cyclosporine A (CSA) attenuated ischemia-induced synaptic perturbation in CypD + and non-transgenic (non-Tg) mice. The treatment of antioxidant EUK134 to suppress mitochondrial oxidative stress rescued CypD-mediated synaptic dysfunction following OGD in CypD + slices. Furthermore, OGD provoked the interaction of CypD with P53, which was enhanced in slices overexpressing CypD but was diminished in CypD-null slices. Inhibition of p53 using a specific inhibitor of p53 (pifithrin-μ) attenuated the CypD/p53 interaction following OGD, along with a restored synaptic transmission in both non-Tg and CypD + hippocampal slices. Our results indicate that OGD-induced CypD translocation potentiates CypD/P53 interaction in a NR2B dependent manner, promoting oxidative stress and loss of synaptic transmission. We also evaluate a new ex vivo chronic OGD-induced ischemia model for studying the effect of oxidative stress on synaptic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The event-triggered tracking control is studied for the steer-by-wire (SbW) system with actuator fault, inaccurate dynamic model, and external disturbance. First, an adaptive sliding mode control based on event-triggering mechanism is proposed. The lumped nonlinearity, including friction torque and self-aligning torque of SbW systems, is approximated by an adaptive robust radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Robust terms of sliding mode control attenuate the negative effects of the actuator fault, modeling error, external disturbance, and event-triggering error on control performance. More importantly, the sliding-mode high-frequency switching control appears in the high-order derivative of sliding variable without increasing the input–output relative degree, thereby eliminating chattering. Furthermore, the designed method can achieve the practical finite-time stability. The proposed event-triggering mechanism can strictly exclude Zeno behavior and economize the communication resources. Finally, simulations and experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of highly reliable, low-friction, durable lubrication materials and technologies applicable to the space environment will be of great importance to improve the lubrication status and life of space equipment. Fullerene-like films exhibit excellent ultra-low friction and wear resistance under atmosphere and vacuum, and are considered to be one of the most promising materials for space lubrication. In this work, the effect of vacuum atomic oxygen on the mechanism of action and tribological properties of fullerene-like carbon and MoS 2 films were investigated. After atomic oxygen irradiation, the content of odd-membered rings in the fullerene-like carbon films decreased, the sp2 carbon converted to sp3. Besides, the total proportion of carbon atoms in the form of oxides did not increase significantly (from 11.3% to 13.0% only), and the hydrogen content in the films did not change significantly due to the existence of the cage-like structure of the fullerene-like carbon films. After atomic oxygen irradiation, it was more difficult to form fullerene-like nanostructures at the interface of the friction surface during the friction process, resulting in the increase of friction coefficient. For the MoS 2 film, the hardness was drastically decreased after atomic oxygen irradiation, causing it to wear out quickly under high contact stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the aging population increases in China, the incidence of osteoporosis increases as well. Because of the progress in osteoporosis study, the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has increasingly drawn attention in the recent years. In the traditional concept, the cause of osteoporosis includes endocrine disturbance, metabolic disturbance, and mechanical factor. However, the concept of osteoimmunology has been suggested recently. It is considered that immune system and immune factor play an important role in the development of osteoporosis. Osteoimmunology is a field of research dedicating to the study of the interactions between the immune system, the hemopoietic system, and the bone. The cells in the immune system that regulate bone cells and the hemopoietic function are T lymphocytes. These cells secrete inflammatory cytokines and Wnt ligands that promote bone resorption and stimulate bone formation. In addition, T cells regulate bone homeostasis by cross talking with BM stromal cells and osteoblastic cells via CD40 ligand (CD40L) and other costimulatory molecules. This article describes the effect of immune factor on the development of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO) is a rare primary form of osteoporosis of unknown etiology that develops in a previously healthy child. IJO is characterized by repeated fractures, including vertebral compression fractures. It is usually a self-limiting disease that spontaneously resolves after puberty, but in some cases it may result in severe deformities and functional impairment. There are probably the following reasons about etiological factors and pathogenesis in IJO: 1) Imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption; 2) Adolescent growth burst and bone mass increase; 3) Abnormal metabolic regulation factors of bone; 4) Abnormal collagen synthesis. IJO runs an acute course, usually over a period of 2 to 4 years, during which time there is growth arrest and multiple fractures, and then the disease remits. Both the axial and the appendicular skeleton are affected. The severe cases may have fractures of the vertebrae and the long bones, particularly in the metaphyses, that lead to pain in the back, foot, hip and extremities, muscle weakness, limitation of free movement, deformity, and unique gait because of difficulty in walking. The diagnosis of IJO is based both on the exclusion of other diseases and on its own positive features. The diagnosis of IJO is best made from its X-ray features, which include multiple vertebral compression fractures and fractures of the long bones, especially around the weight-bearing joints. Treatment of IJO is extremely complicated. The basic strategy of treatment is to protect the spine and to avoid the occurring of fractures and deformity until remission occurs. Supportive care is instituted promptly in anticipation of spontaneous recovery with the onset of puberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cummings et al proposes direct-goal therapy of osteoporosis (OP) and regards bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk, and bone turnover markers (BTM) as important parameters in order to optimize treatment strategies. The establishment of the goal plays an important role in clinical application, which improves reasonable choice of initial drug therapy and follow-up on treatment, also improves assessment of potent effects on BMD and fracture risk. In addition, it helps clinicians to decide when to switch and when to stop. Once the goal has been established, treatment should follow it. We should choose the treatment that has a reasonable probability of reaching that goal and periodically follow-up to approach the goal as most appropriate programs. Although there are still many problems and issues to be discussed, direct-goal therapy of OP has become an inevitable trend and has far-reaching significance. This paper reviews the direct-goal therapy of osteoporosis and current research consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is considered to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Although recent evidence indicates that diabetes exaggerates pathologic features of AD, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To determine whether mitochondrial perturbation is associated with the contribution of diabetes to AD progression, we characterized mouse models of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes and transgenic AD mouse models with diabetes. Brains from mice with STZ-induced diabetes revealed a significant increase of cyclophilin D (CypD) expression, reduced respiratory function, and decreased hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP); these animals had impaired spatial learning and memory. Hyperglycemia exacerbated the upregulation of CypD, mitochondrial defects, synaptic injury, and cognitive dysfunction in the brains of transgenic AD mice overexpressing amyloid-β as shown by decreased mitochondrial respiratory complex I and IV enzyme activity and greatly decreased mitochondrial respiratory rate. Concomitantly, hippocampal LTP reduction and spatial learning and memory decline, two early pathologic indicators of AD, were enhanced in the brains of diabetic AD mice. Our results suggest that the synergistic interaction between effects of diabetes and AD on mitochondria may be responsible for brain dysfunction that is in common in both diabetes and AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is considered to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Although recent evidence indicates that diabetes exaggerates pathologic features of AD, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To determine whether mitochondrial perturbation is associated with the contribution of diabetes to AD progression, we characterized mouse models of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes and transgenic AD mouse models with diabetes. Brains from mice with STZ-induced diabetes revealed a significant increase of cyclophilin D (CypD) expression, reduced respiratory function, and decreased hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP); these animals had impaired spatial learning and memory. Hyperglycemia exacerbated the upregulation of CypD, mitochondrial defects, synaptic injury, and cognitive dysfunction in the brains of transgenic AD mice overexpressing amyloid-β as shown by decreased mitochondrial respiratory complex I and IV enzyme activity and greatly decreased mitochondrial respiratory rate. Concomitantly, hippocampal LTP reduction and spatial learning and memory decline, two early pathologic indicators of AD, were enhanced in the brains of diabetic AD mice. Our results suggest that the synergistic interaction between effects of diabetes and AD on mitochondria may be responsible for brain dysfunction that is in common in both diabetes and AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]