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This study aims to compare and analyse the similarities and differences in the approaches adopted by Sweden, Great Britain and Taiwan, on the issue of the right to work of disabled people. Drawing from the three welfare models proposed by EspingAndersen (1990, 1999), the study attempts to examine the validity of the three models in explaining the differing approaches taken by the three countries. The historical comparative analysis method is used to answer the three research questions posed in this study. Data was collected mainly by the documentary analysis method. However, to fill the gap in information that the documents did not provide, in-depth interviews, email, postal, and telephone contacts were also carried out as complementary data collection methods This study shows that the welfare models are useful in explaining the differing degrees of inclusiveness in terms of the main policy directions of the three countries. However, a distinction between the 'provision' type and 'market intervention' type of programmes should be made, in order to capture the differences in the power structure and the mechanisms in the differing welfare models. In addition, in all three countries, the role of the disability movement in changing the definitions of disability in the policies has to be highlighted Furthermore, I argue that in all three countries, the labour market programmes specifically designed for disabled people are based on the capitalist value of individual market merits. If this value is not changed fundamentally and if the right to work does not include the right to participate in the labour market and to be included in the society, regardless of an individual's market merits, labour market programmes in all three countnes will continue to promote the right to work of only those groups of disabled people who tend to be more competitive in the labour market.

Wishes and choices being respected, and the right to be supported rather than coerced, have been internationally recognized as the human rights of persons with mental illness. In Taiwan, ‘coerced hospitalization’ has become difficult since the revision of the mental health legislation in 2007. Despite trend towards human rights, the real problem families face when their family members are in mental health crisis is the lack of alternative services. This study aims to explore: 1) When is hospitalization seen as the only solution by family members? 2) What are the barriers for arranging hospitalization, and how are they managed? 3) What have family carers learned, in their experiences of caring for their family members with mental illness? To answer these questions, qualitative approach was adopted, and focus group interviews were taken to collect data. This study includes 24 family carers. The main findings of this research include: First, hospital is the last resort for carers in helplessness. Family carers tend to do everything they could to provide care at home for their family members with mental illness. Carers seek hospitalization only when a patient’s behavior is too violent, weird, and/or abnormal, and beyond their ability to manage. Hospitalization, nevertheless, is never an easy choice. Obstacles emanate from the attitudes of the medical doctors, the restricted areas of ambulance service, and insufficient information from the carers’ part. On the other hand, with some professionals’ proactive assistance, access to medical care while in crisis becomes possible. Some family carers obtained help from the medical doctor, nurse, therapist and social workers. Some experienced good help from policemen, taxi drivers, and security guards at the hospital. The difficulty in accessing medical care prompts carers to work harder on assisting their family members with mental illness to stay in stable states. Carers found different ways of helping the ‘person’ to get along with the ‘illness’ and have better quality of life. Taking back ‘the right to control’ in utilizing medication, from passiveness to negotiating with medical doctors and seeking alternative therapies, are seen in many carers’ efforts. Besides, trying to maintain regular activities in daily life and play normal family roles are also experienced as important. Furthermore, talking with the patient as a person is also important. The authors conclude that in order to protect the human rights of persons with mental illness, it is crucial to make the medical care system more flexible and to make the services more humane: sufficient information should be provided and communicated, and efforts should be made to maintain the person’s social roles and to support the family., {"references":["Chang, J. and Hsu, R. F. (1995). \"The Process of Hospitalization of Persons Who May Have Serious Mental Illness,\" in Chinese Journal of Health, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp.438-445.","Chen, C. Y., Hsu, S. K., Chen, C. C., and Lai, C. H. (1996). \"The Needs and Social Support of the Main Carers of Outpatient Mental Health Patient,\" in Chinese Journal of Health, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp.27-44.","Large, M. Ryan, C. Nielssen, O., & Hayes, R. (2008). \"The danger of dangerousness: why we must remove the dangerousness criterion from our mental health acts\", in Journal of Medical Ethics, 34, 12: 877-81.","Lee, C. B., Hsiao, S. C., Liao, S. C., Lee, Y. L., and Liu, W. Y. (2008). \"A Preliminary Study of the Community Care for Mental Health Patients Program,\" in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 20-27.","Liu, R. T. (2007). \"Care Model of Community Integration of Clients with Mental Disability.\" In Nursing Journal, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 11-17.","Shen, S. H., Shen, S. J., Chang, D. R. and Yen, M. F. (2005). \"The Mental Health Education Needs of The Main Carers of Community Mental Health Patients,\" in Health Promotion and Education, No. 25, pp.89-108.","TaipeiLife of Heart Association, (2011). \"The history of the Mental Health Community Visits,\" Available at: www.心生活.tw/mediafile/.../2011-5%5C2011-5-23-13-56-8-nf1.doc Accessed on 2/18/2017.","Tang, Y. C., Wu, H. C., Chen, S. Y., and Chang, L. S. (2011). \"The Concept of Compulsory Treatment – A Human Rights Perspective,\" in Disability Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-16.","United Nations (1991). Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care. Geneva: United Nations.\n[10]\tWu, H. C., Lin, W. Y, Chang, L. S. and Tang, Y. C. (2012). \"The Function of Review Board for Mental Health Compulsory Hospitalization and Community Treatment – A Study of the Committee Members with Social Work Background,\" in Soochow Journal of Social Work, vol. 23, pp. 9-46.\n[11]\tYang, M. R. (2003). \"The Review and Refinement of Community Rehabilitation Model,\" in Annals of the Taiwan Mental Health Prospects Conference, pp.76-96. \n[12]\tYang, T. T. and Wei, C. W. (2008). \"The New Mental Health Act and Compulsory Treatment,\" in Yuan-Yuan Nursing, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.11-17."]}

The investigations of interaction processes between ion beams and gas and between ion beams and plasma play important roles in atomic physics, astrophysics, high energy density physics, and inertial confinement fusion.The atomic density of target is one of the key experimental parameters which may determine the interaction mechanism and experimental results.How to precisely diagnose the atomic density of target in different matter states, like gas phase and plasma phase, is challenging work on the experiments in laboratory.Conventionally the vacuum gauges are used to measure the pressure inside the gas target, but the accuracy is limited for a complex target system and they can hardly work in a strong radiation surrounding, especially in plasma where the high temperature can physically damage the gauges.Therefore we propose a new method to measure the atomic densities for both gas target and plasma target based on the heavy ion beam accelerator facility at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.In our experiment the protons are extracted from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) and accelerated to 100 keV then transmitted to the target.A two-stage differential pumping system is constructed to keep 10-7 mbar order of magnitude in beam line when the gas is filled into the target area where the pressure could increase to higher than 1 mbar.A 45 dipole magnet is used to bend the protons which have passed through the gas.The energy is determined by the different positions of protons at the position-sensitive detector which is placed at the end of magnet.Consequently the energy losses of protons at different pressures are obtained.There have been proposed many theories for calculating the energy loss of protons in gas, and we chose the very popular code named SRIM to simulate the experimental case. Finally the effective linear atomic density of target along the ion beam trajectory in the target area is obtained.For comparison, the conventional vacuum gauges (one is the hot cathode gauge-IonIVac ITR 90 and the other is capacitance diaphragm gauge-Varian CDG-500) are simultaneously used in the experiment.The results show that the recalibrated effective pressure obtained by the energy loss is close to the pressure measured by Varian CDG-500 but much lower than the pressure from IonIVac ITR 90.Only after the detection efficiency correction, could the corrected results of IonIVac ITR 90 be coincident with the effective pressure obtained according to energy loss.Moreover we find that the effective atomic density determined by the protons energy loss shows that these advantages over the conventional gauges are not only the high accuracy and reliability but also the in-situ measurement, high temporal resolution and the ability to work in the complex radiation and hot plasma environment.These properties may play a great role in the experimental researches and relevant topics.

Charge state distribution of 0.8MeV/u uranium ions after transmission through a thin carbon foil has been studied. It is observed that the charge state distribution is equilibrated after the uranium ions have passed through a 15 μg/cm2 carbon foil. The equilibrated average charge state is 33.72 and the charge equilibration time of uranium ions in carbon foil is less than 5.4fs.

The relative sputtering yield induced by highly charged Arq+ impacting on Nb surface is investigated. The yield increases drastically as the incidence angle increases. A formula Y=A* tan(B) (theta) + C, developed from classical sputtering theory, fits well with the yield. By analysing a series of coefficients A and C extracted by curve fitting, the results demonstrate the presence of a synergy of the linear cascade collision and potential energy deposition.

The X-ray emission spectra produced by 2.4-6.0 MeV Xe20+ ions impacting on vanadium surface were measured. The V K-shell X-ray production cross sections were extracted from the experimental yield data and compared with the theoretical predictions of the binary encounter approximation (BEA), the plane wave born approximation (PWBA), and the energy-loss coulomb-repulsion perturbed-stationary-state relativist (ECPSSR). In order to predict reasonably the inner-shell ionization induced by highly charged heavy ions during the asymmetric collisions at near the Bohr velocity, the corrections of BEA model are discussed. It is found that the X-ray production cross section induced by highly charged heavy ions moving at near the Bohr velocity is on the magnitude of 1 barn, which is almost four orders of magnitude larger than that induced by proton. The ECPSSR, which is regarded as the best model to simulate the inner-shell ionization by light ions, may underestimate the experimental data at least three orders of magnitude. The PWBA model presents a prediction to the results on an order of magnitude better than the ECPSSR simulation, but gives a worse tendency than the BEA model. The BEA calculations, corrected both by Coulomb repulsion and effective nuclear charge, present the best agreement with the experimental results. It is proposed, that in the energy region near the Bohr velocity, during the asymmetric collisions of Xe20+ ions with V atoms, the K-shell electron of V is ionized by direct ionization, and that it can be described by the binary encounter process between the xenon ions and the bound electrons. The X-ray production cross section can be simulated by BEA model, but the corrections of Coulomb repulsion and effective nuclear charge must be considered.

Epeorus (Caucasiron) extraordinarius sp. nov. Nymph (in ethanol): body length 8.0– 10. 0 mm, caudal filaments 13.0–15.0 mm. Head capsule yellowish brown dorsally but paler near anterior and lateral margins, upper portion of ocelli pale, basal portion dark. Anterior margin of head capsule evenly convex with row of dense setae; posterior lateral margins strongly narrowed giving a concave appearance to lateral margins, with maxillary palpi visibly projecting beyond margins in dorsal view (Figs. 1, 31–33), female capsule slightly rounder than male but their shape pattern similar (Fig. 35); posterior margin of capsule weakly convex, with submedian tufts of setae posterior to eyes (Figs. 1, 31, 33, 35). Labrum 0.25 as wide as head capsule, apical margin concave but without median emargination; ventral surface with setae, those near anterolateral margins longer; submedian bristles on dorsal surface (Figs. 2–3). Mandibles with tuft of bristles on inner margin (Figs. 4–5); outer incisor larger and stronger than inner incisor, margins serrated; ventral margin of inner incisor serrated; each incisor with a row of bristles on ventral margin; prostheca represented by a tuft of fine setae (Fig. 6). Maxillae without armature on crown of galea-lacinia, apex terminating in triad of stout canines; ventral surface with submedian row of setae and mesal margin with a row of dense setae, basal setae longer than others; maxillary palpi 2 -segmented, basal segment expanded slightly; apex of apical segment acute, about 1. 2 X length of basal segment, with brush composed of dense small pectinate spines (Fig. 7); a row of sparse setae on dorsal surface (Fig. 8). Hypopharynx with lingua rounded at apex, lateral corner slightly projected into small lobes; superlinguae slightly expanded laterally, with dense row of setae at apex, lateral margins pigmented in purple or even dark (Fig. 10). Labium with U-shaped separation between glossae, paraglossae moderately expanded laterally, glossae and paraglossae with dense setae dorsally; apical segment of labial palpi subequal in length to basal segment, with subapical setae dorsally and a row of pectinate spines ventrally (Fig. 9). Pro- and mesonota brown to dark brown, with irregular pale dots and stripes dorsally (Figs. 1, 31). Femora of all legs gray, with distinct dark median marking, base and apex of femora pigmented slightly darker; femora with row of long hair on dorsal margin interspersed with pectinate setae and small spine-like setae; femora surface with scattered, mostly spatulate setae (Figs. 11–14). Foretibiae slightly longer than forefemora, mid tibiae subequal to mid femora, and hind tibiae slightly shorter than hind femora; all tibiae and tarsi with a row of setae on dorsal margins (Figs. 11–13). Claws with 3–4 denticles (Fig. 15). Abdominal terga 1–10 with median row of setae dorsally, 2 large pale submedian maculae occupying most of each tergum surrounded by dark area (Figs. 1, 31); a row of spines along posterior margins of terga (Figs. 1, 20); posterolateral portions of terga 2–7 elongated into 2 strong projections (Figs. 1, 16, 31–32). Sterna pale, sterna 2–9 with longitudinal reddish brown median band, band paler on sternum 1 (Figs. 16, 32). Gills on abdominal segments 1–7; gills 1 with outer margins and basal area of inner margin weakly sclerotized, outer margin and ventral surface covered with dense setae; lamellae enlarged and expanded anteriorly to overlay each other beneath mesothorax; fibrilliform portion absent (Figs. 16, 32). Gills 2–6 similar in shape and structure but progressively smaller posteriorly, lamellae of each gill with fibrilliform portions, fibrilliform threads progressively fewer posteriorly (Figs. 18, 32). Gills 7 similar to gills 2–6 in structure but smaller, lamellae folded (Figs. 19, 32). Cerci with dorsal setae on several basal segments, articulations of cerci with very small spines (Figs. 1, 21, 31). Male imago (in ethanol): body length 11. 0 mm, forewing 12. 5 mm, hindwing 4. 5 mm, foreleg 13. 0 mm, mid leg 6. 6 mm, hind leg 7. 4mm, cerci 36. 0 mm. Body purple-brown to dark, with various pale dots and stripes. Vertex of head dark brown, basal half of compound eyes dark, apical half pale. Eyes occupying most of head, dorsally eyes not contiguous, distance between eyes less than width of median ocellus. Thorax dark brown. Wings transparent but stigma area semi-hyaline. Veins of hind wings thinner than those of forewing (Figs. 22–23). Forelegs: ratios of femora: tibiae: tarsi = 3: 4: 6, order of tarsal segments arranged in descending length 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, basal segment slightly longer than second; femora pale brown, with median and apical dark markings; tibiae dark brown; basal segment of tarsi slighter darker than others (Fig. 24). Mid legs: ratios of femora: tibiae: tarsi =2. 6: 2. 2:1. 8, order of tarsal segments arranged in descending length 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 (Fig. 25). Hind legs: ratios of femora: tibiae: tarsi = 2. 8: 2. 6: 2. 0, order of tarsal segments arranged in descending length 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 (Fig. 26). Color pattern of mid legs and hind legs similar to forelegs but much paler. Claws of all legs dissimilar: one blunt, pad-like; other apically hooked (Figs. 24–26). Genitalia (Figs. 28–29, 34): Styliger plate with convex posterior margin. Forceps segment 1 very short, segment 2 long, combined length of segment 3–4 subequal to half of segment 2. Penes fused at base and divergent in apical half, ventral surface sclerotised, each penis lobe with a small, distinct titillator. Female (in ethanol): Body length 11. 0 mm, forewings 15. 0 mm, hind wings 5. 0 mm, cerci 30. 0 mm. Length of femora, tibiae and tarsi of midlegs = 3. 0, 2. 2 and 1. 8, ratio of hind legs = 3. 0, 2. 5 and 2. 0 [fore legs broken off and missing]. Body color pattern similar to that of male but much paler (Fig. 38). Posterior margin of sternum 7 expanded and extended to posterior margin of sternum 8, apex of sternum 9 extended slightly, shallowly concave, color pattern as in Fig. 30 and Fig. 39. Male subimago (in ethanol): Body length 10. 0 mm, forewings 12. 0 mm, hind wings 4. 0 mm, cerci 15. 0, Length ratio of femora, tibiae and tarsi of forelegs = 2. 0, 3. 0 and 2. 2, length ratio of mid legs = 3. 0, 2. 2 and 1. 8, and that of hind legs = 3. 0, 2. 5 and 2. 0. Body color pattern as in male imago but much paler. Wings opaque, crossveins circled with dark pigments. Etymology. The epithet extraordinarius (adjective, means strange, outstanding) is from the Latin, in reference to the nymphal some unique head capsule. Discussion and diagnosis. To date, 12 species have been placed in the subgenus: E. (C.) alpestris (Braasch, 1979) (nymph and imago), E. (C.) caucasicus (Tshernova, 1938) (imago and nymph), E. (C.) fuscus (Sinitshenkova, 1976) (nymph), E. (C.) guttatus (Braasch & Soldán, 1979) (nymph and imago), E. (C.) insularis (Braasch, 1983) (imago), E. (C.) longimaculatus (Braasch, 1980) (nymph and subimago), E. (C.) magnus (Braasch. 1978) (nymph and imago), E. (C.) nigripilosus (Sinitshenkova, 1976) (nymph and imago), E. (C.) paraguttatus (Braasch, 1983) (nymph and imago), E. (C.) sinitshenkovae (Braasch & Zimmermann, 1979) (nymph and imago), E. (C.) soldani ( Braasch, 1979) (nymph and imago), E. (C.) znojkoi (Tshernova, 1938) (nymph and imago) (Braasch 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983 a-b, 2006 a; Braasch & Soldan 1979; Braasch & Zimmermann 1979; Sinitshenkova 1976; Tshernova 1938). In addition, the species Iron suspicatus Braasch (2006) seems to belong to this subgenus based on figures and description (Braasch 2006 b). E. (C.) extraordinarius sp. nov. can be distinguished from all described species of Epeorus (Caucasiron) by the following combination of characters. In the imago, 1) presence of dark macula on all femora; 2) broad, median reddish band on abdominal sterna 1–9, divergent on sternum 9 of female (Figs. 30, 37, 39), and 3) short titillators on penes (Figs. 28, 29, 34). In the nymph, 1) presence of dark macula on all femora; 2) head capsule broadly expanded apically with lateral concavity in males and females (although concavity weaker in females); 3) gills 1 without fibrilliform threads (Fig. 17); 4) protuberance in basal third of gills 2–6 (Figs. 18, 19, 32), and 5) claws with 3–4 small denticles. The dorsal color pattern of abdomen and the presence of setal tufts posterior to the eyes would also appear to characterize the new species, but this suggestion is based only on published figures and the setae may have been previously overlooked. E. (C.) extraordinarius sp. nov. looks like E. (C.) alpestris, E. (C.) caucasicus, E. (C.) nigripilosus and E. (C.) sinitshenkovae because of similar nymphal head capsules and imaginal color patterns. But the males of E. (C.) caucasicus, E. (C.) nigripilosus and E. (C.) sinitshenkovae have stronger titillators and no broad pigmented band on ventral surface of nymphal abdomens. E. (C.) extraordinarius sp. nov. appears most similar to E. (C.) alpestris. But the nymphs of the latter species have a weakly concave lateral margin of head capsule. The males of E. (C.) alpestris have pigmented stripes or spots on sterna 1–8, while the males of E. (C.) extraordinarius sp. nov. have a broad pigmented band on sterna 1–9.

Energy loss of protons with energy 100 keV penetrating the partially ionized hydrogen plasma target was measured. The plasma target was created by electric discharge in the hydrogen gas, the state of the plasma target was diagnosed by using the laser interferometry method: the free electron density is up to 1016 cm-3, temperature is about 1-2 eV, and the plasma target may exist at the microsecond level. It is found that the energy loss of protons is closely related to the free electron density, and the energy loss data enable us to infer the value of the Coulomb logarithm (10.8) for the stopping power of the free electrons. This agrees well with the theoretical prediction which is 4.3 times higher than that given by the Bethe formula for neutral hydrogen, which is a little bigger than Hoffmann's result but much smaller than Jacoby's result. Comparing our result with Hoffmann's, the energy we used is only 100 keV, much lower than 1.4 MeV/u, and the low-energy regime we applied could be the cause of the increase in the enhancement factor. However, in the comparison between our result and the Jacoby's, the effective charge for protons is almost constant, unlike the Kr+ impact in wihch the enhanced ion charge state induces the giant enhancement factor. Compared to the gas target, the energy loss enhancement factor in plasma target is 2.9.

Fe K-shell ionization cross sections by 2.4-6.0 MeV Xe20+ impact were investigated. It was found that the BEA model corrected both by the Coulomb repulsion and the effective nuclear charge gives the best agreement with the experimental data.

The L-shell X-rays of iodine induced by 3MeV Iq+(q=20,22,25,26) ions impacting on Fe target were measured. The results indicated that, in addition to the ionization of L-shell, the projectile M- and N-shell were multiply ionized. The ratios of the sub-shell X-ray relative intensity were also investigated.