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Interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) released by T lymphocytes, plays an important role in immune regulation and is also an important biomarker for the early diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. In this work, an electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/chitosan composite was developed for highly sensitive determination of bovine IFN‐γ. AuNPs/chitosan composite shows high surface area and good hydrophilicity. The bovine IFN‐γ immunosensor was prepared by immobilizing IFN‐γ antibody on AuNPs/chitosan composite‐modified glassy carbon electrode. The immunosensors were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐labeled IFN‐γ antibody as amplification probe, the concentration of bovine IFN‐γ can be monitored via the increasing current signal, which can be attributed to the specific immune binding between bovine IFN‐γ antigen and HRP‐labeled IFN‐γ antibody, as well as the efficient catalysis reaction between thionine and HRP with the presence of H2O2. The developed electrochemical immunosensor exhibited a wide linear range of 0.01 to 30 ng/mL, and low detection limit of 0.003 ng/mL with good specificity and stability. This study provides a simple and promising method for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, which can be expanded to determine other biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Triply Enhanced Immunotherapy via Dual Glycan Reforming Integrated with Perforation" published in the journal Advanced Science. The correction addresses misuses of images in Figures 2, 4, and 5, as well as in the Supporting Information. The corrected figures are presented in the notice. The correction does not affect the results and conclusions of the published article. The article discusses the triple functions of SLO-Gal and SLO-NEU on 4T1 cells, the characterization and degradation of TEID, and the triply enhanced immunotherapy with TEID on tumor-bearing mice. [Extracted from the article]

The enhancement of immunotherapy is an emerging direction to develop highly effective and practical cancer therapeutic methods. Here a triply enhanced immunotherapy drug (TEID) is designed for ingeniously integrating in situ dual glycan reforming with perforation on cell membrane. The TEID is composed of galactose and neuraminidase conjugated streptolysin O (SLO‐Gal and SLO‐NEU), which are encapsulated in a hyaluronic acid (HA) shell for targeted recognition to tumor tissue via cell surface CD44. After targeted delivery and HAase‐mediated degradation in the tumor region, the TEID releases SLO‐Gal and SLO‐NEU, which can easily anchor Gal and NEU on the tumor cell membrane via the perforation of SLO to perform dual glycan reforming for the introduction of Gal and the cleavage of sialic acid. The former can activate immune cells to secret cytokines for immune‐killing, and the latter can weaken the immune inhibition to improve the immunotherapeutic efficacy. Meanwhile, the perforation of SLO can promote the delivery of cytokines into the tumor cells to further enhance the efficacy. The designed triply enhanced immunotherapy strategy opens a significant and promising route to promote clinical immunotherapy of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling self‐discharge has become imperative for developing advanced electrochemical capacitors for periodic energy storage and integrated circuit design with superior cyclability and long lifespan. Carbons with various pore size distributions exhibit distinct self‐discharge performances where the voltage decay rate evolves differently as self‐discharge proceeds. A "three‐stage" self‐discharge model and the concept of two self‐discharge drags are proposed, depicting the evolution of driving forces in different carbons. The trajectory of ion migrating out of the double‐layer structure can be broken down section‐wise and correlated to specific impedance parameters by analyzing the diffusion kinetics data collected throughout the process, which can be further traced back to the structure‐dependent drags. The findings deepen the understanding of self‐discharge behavior and the effects of pore size on ionic diffusion kinetics, which will inspire exploring the underlying mechanism from a structural characteristics perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamical analysis of the incommensurate fractional-order neural network is a novel topic in the field of chaos research. This article investigates a Hopfield neural network (HNN) system in view of incommensurate fractional orders. Using the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) algorithm, the solution of the incommensurate fractional-order Hopfield neural network (FOHNN) system is solved. The equilibrium point of the system is discussed, and the dissipative characteristics are verified and discussed. By varying the order values of the proposed system, different dynamical behaviors of the incommensurate FOHNN system are explored and discussed via bifurcation diagrams, the Lyapunov exponent spectrum, complexity, etc. Finally, using the DSP platform to implement the system, the results are in good agreement with those of the simulation. The actual results indicate that the system shows many complex and interesting phenomena, such as attractor coexistence and an inversion property, with dynamic changes of the order of q0, q1, and q2. These phenomena provide important insights for simulating complex neural system states in pathological conditions and provide the theoretical basis for the later study of incommensurate fractional-order neural network systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clonorchis sinensis is a zoonotic parasite associated with liver fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma development. The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in C. sinensis infection has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, the TLR3 signaling pathway, cytokine expression and liver fibrosis were examined in C. sinensis-infected wildtype (WT) and TLR3-/- mice. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)) was used to treat C. sinensis infections. The results showed that TLR3 deficiency caused severe clonorchiasis with increased parasite burden, exacerbated proinflammatory cytokine expression and liver lesions, promoted the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway and myofibroblast activation, exacerbated liver fibrosis (compared to WT mice). Poly (I:C) intervention increased the body weight, decreased mouse mortality and parasite burden, reduced liver inflammation, and alleviated C. sinensis-induced liver fibrosis. Furthermore, C. sinensis extracellular vesicles (CsEVs) promote the production of IL-6, TNF in WT biliary epithelial cells (BECs) via p38/ERK pathway, compared with control group, while TLR3 deletion induced much higher levels of IL-6 and TNF in TLR3-/- BECs than that in WT BECs. Taken together, TLR3 inhibit IL-6 and TNF production via p38/ERK signaling pathway, a phenomenon that resulted in the alleviation of C. sinensis-induced liver fibrosis. Poly (I:C) is a potential treatment for clonorchiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian trichomonosis is a worldwide and cross-species epidemic, and the infection in pigeons is particularly severe. Although the disease causes a serious threat to poultry health resulting in significant economic losses, the relationship between Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) and host innate immunity is still not clear. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an innate immunity response to parasitic infections. However, whether host cells can produce ETs after T. gallinae infection has not yet been reported. In the present study, the ability of T. gallinae to induce the production of heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) in pigeons was examined. T. gallinae-induced HETs were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the main components of HETs were detected by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were tested during the HETosis. A quantitative analysis of T. gallinae-induced HETs, the role of myeloperoxidase (MPO), store-operated Ca (2+) entry (SOCE), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in T. gallinae-induced HET formation were conducted by inhibitor assays. The results showed that T. gallinae induced ET formation in pigeon heterophils. ETs consisted of a DNA skeleton, neutrophil elastase (NE), MPO, and Histone3 (H3). T. gallinae-induced HETs formation in a dose- and time-dependent process. The release of T. gallinae-induced HETs depends on MPO, SOCE, and NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, after T. gallinae stimulated pigeon heterophils, ROS production was significantly increased, while no significant differences in the LDH activity were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clonorchis sinensis is an important food-borne zoonotic parasite which has been linked to biliary fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. However, the details of the pathogenesis of C. sinensis were unclear. To explore the role and regulatory mechanism of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in C. sinensis-induced biliary fibrosis, we established the C. sinensis-infected C57BL/6 mouse model with TLR2-/- and wild type (WT) mice. The mortality rate, liver lesions, TLR2 and TGF-β1 expression, phosphorylation of Smad2/3, AKT, p38, ERK and p65, and cytokine productions were analyzed. Furthermore, similar parameters were examined in mouse biliary epithelial cells (BECs) co-cultured with C. sinensis excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs). The results showed that TLR2 expression was enhanced significantly in C. sinensis-infected WT mice and mouse BECs. C. sinensis-infected TLR2-/- mice exhibited an increased weight and a decreased mortality rate; significantly alleviated liver lesions and biliary fibrosis, reduced numbers of myofibroblasts; decreased expression of TGF-β1 and phosphorylation level of AKT, p38 and Smad2/3; significantly decreased production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-4, while increased production of IFN-γ compared with C. sinensis-infected WT mice. Furthermore, C. sinensis ESPs could activate TLR2-mediated AKT and p38 pathways to increase the production of IL-6 in mouse BECs. In conclusion, these data indicate that C. sinensis infection activated TGF-β1-Smad2/3 through TLR2-mediated AKT and p38 pathways to promote IL-6 production, which resulted in myofibroblast activation and aggravating biliary fibrosis in mice. Author summary: Clonorchis sinensis is one of the most prevalent and harmful food-borne parasitic diseases in Asian countries and is closely associated with cholangitis, cholecystitis, biliary fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. However, the pathogenesis of biliary fibrosis caused by C.sinensis has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we established a liver fibrosis model using TLR2-deficient mice and TLR2-normal mice to investigate the role and regulatory pathways of TLR2 in regulating biliary fibrosis induced by C. sinensis. A new role of TLR2 in aggravating C. sinensis-induced parasitic liver fibrosis was identified. C. sinensis ESPs activated TLR2-mediated AKT and p38 pathways to increase the production of IL-6 in mouse BECs in vitro. This result supported the finding that TLR2 triggered TGF-β1/Smad2/3 via promoting the production of IL-6 played crucial roles in activating myofibroblasts, which exacerbated liver fibrosis caused by C. sinensis. This study provides a useful mouse model to study the potential mechanisms of parasite-induced liver fibrosis, and explores the role of TLR2 deficiency in liver fibrosis, providing important reference information for understanding liver fibrosis caused by C. sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on long-term lidar (light detection and ranging) observations at Yanqing (40.5°N, 116°E) and Pingquan (41°N, 118.7°E), cloud events occurred in the vicinity of the stratopause above Beijing were reported for the first time. These events occurred with tenuous and sparse layers within the altitude range of 33–65 km, and the maximum VBSC value ranged from 1 × 10 − 10 m − 1 sr − 1 to 5.5 × 10 − 9 m − 1 sr − 1 . Considering temperature and water vapor measurements from SABER/TIMED, the occurrence mechanism of these lidar-observed cloud events was examined. It was found that some cloud layers resulted from the nucleation of water vapor due to the local meteorological changes in the middle atmosphere, while other lidar-observed clouds could comprise floating clusters of cosmic dust, hydrate droplets, volcanic ash, space traffic exhaust, etc. These cloud events are rare cloud-like phenomena in the middle atmosphere observed by lidars at midlatitudes in China; they differ from NLCs and PSCs in terms of altitude distribution and seasonal variation, and the relevant microphysics processes behind their occurrence are likely meaningful to meteorology at midlatitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 650-V/84-mΩ normally-off GaN/SiC cascode device is demonstrated with systematic static and dynamic characterizations. The cascode device features a low-voltage enhancement-mode (E-mode) gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) to enable normally-off gate control, and a 650-V normally-on silicon carbide (SiC) JFET provides the high-voltage blocking capability. The GaN/SiC cascode device exhibits many application-desired behaviors, including reverse conduction capability, avalanche breakdown capability, thermally stable threshold voltage, low input/output capacitances, no dynamic RON degradation, and negligible dynamic VTH shift. In addition, a customized double-pulse test board is built to evaluate the switching performance of this cascode device and other 650-V SiC-based power devices. This cascode device adopting low-voltage GaN HEMT has low QG×RON and exhibits excellent switching performance. The switching losses (EON and EOFF) are much smaller than that of the 650-V Si/SiC cascode device and comparable to that of the state-of-the-art 650-V SiC MOSFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we study the performance guaranteed tracking problem for the uncertain MEMS gyroscope dynamics. A fixed-time nonlinear function and the transformed error are introduced to establish the preset time control property for the closed-loop system. Then, a funnel sliding mode controller is presented to stabilize the system. To compensate for the uncertainty and external disturbance, a novel lumped disturbance observer is proposed. Different from most existing compensation control results for the MEMS gyroscope with antidisturbance that can only achieve uniformly ultimately bounded, the proposed control scheme is able to ensure that the system errors converge to the preassigned compact sets within a given time rather than infinite time and the system outputs track the desired command asymptotically. Simulation verification also confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Specific colonization pattern of key symbionts in MES was firstly investigated. • Co-colonization of EAB and CSB promoted caproate biosynthesis in MES. • CSB and EAB mutually interacted in metabolic activity and enhanced electron transfer. • Ecological mechanism was revealed in terms of MEN analysis and Mantel test. • Economic benefit and carbon emission were preferable via co-colonization. As promising and value-added platform chemicals, the biosynthesis of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, C6-C12) via chain elongation (CE) in microbial electrosynthesis systems (MES) has recently garnered significant attentions due to the unique bioelectrocatalytic behaviors and the reduction of exogenous electron donors (EDs). Caproate-synthesizing bacteria (CSB) played a crucial role in the generation of acetyl-CoA, which subsequently underwent reverse β oxidation to synthesize MCFAs. However, the presence of electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) was also pivotal for MES as they generated hydrogen in the cathodic electron transfer pathways, the specific colonization patterns of key symbionts remained unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the selective colonization of EAB and CSB on the performance of caproate production in MES. The reactors colonized EAB and CSB achieved the maximum caproate concentration of 5332.5 mg COD/L, which was 7.9 and 1.3 times higher compared to that inoculated with either sole EAB or CSB, respectively. Moreover, the reactors colonized with mixed culture exhibited a clear redox peak and preferable electron transfer efficiency. CSB and EAB mutually interacted in metabolic activities, thereby resulting in increased substrate utilization and caproate production. The findings of this study provide a new strategy and insights for value-added chemicals recovery in microbial electrosynthesis platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LGDP/multistage oxygen system exhibits excellent efficiency in BV16 removal. • Multistage oxygen promotes the generation and utilization of reactive species. • A machine learning model for quantifying reactive species contribution is proposed. • Three pathways for BV16 degradation by LGDP/multistage oxygen system are proposed. A multistage oxygen enhanced Liquid Glow Discharge Plasma reactor (LGDP/multistage oxygen, LGDP/M-O 2) was designed to improve the removal efficiency of organic dyes in wastewater. As a result of the multistage oxygen system, the degradation rate constant of Basic Violet 16 (BV16) was enhanced by approximately 18 times, the decolorization rate of BV16 was 97.39 % in 4 min, and the removal rate of TOC was 33.32 % in 10 min. Detailed study of how the system works to help break down pollutants. The reactive species series of experiments showed that multistage oxygen injection strongly promoted reactive species production and utilization. Meanwhile, a machine learning model to quantify the contribution of reactants was proposed. Machine learning indicated the dominating contribution of reactive oxygen species (63.89 %) and reactive chlorine species (21.92 %) in the degradation of BV16. In addition, the transformation intermediates during the degradation of BV16 were monitored. Accordingly, three possible degradation pathways of BV16 in the LGDP/M-O 2 system were proposed, i.e., benzene ring substitution of hydroxyl groups, hydroxyl addition of C=C double bond, and halogenation of benzene rings. This study demonstrates the importance of the LGDP/M-O 2 system for organic dye removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permafrost degradation induces a large number of thawed layers that have high water content, low bearing capacity, and high compressibility, which threaten the stability of infrastructure in permafrost regions. How to reinforce the soft layers of thawed permafrost is very essential for maintaining and repairing such infrastructure. This study investigates the reinforcement effect and mechanism of a polyurethane cement composite (PUC) on the soft soil in the thawed layer (SSTL) of permafrost through mechanical and microscopic tests. The experimental results indicate that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the SSLT initially increases and then decreases with increasing hydrophilic polyurethane (WPU) content, while it increases with higher polymer cement content (PMC). The UCS of the SSLT reinforced with 10% WPU increases by 41.96% and 18.75% in the early and late stages, respectively, compared to a SSLT sample without added WPU at a moisture content of 40%, while the cohesion of the SSLT increases by 7.74%, and the internal friction angle increases by 29.48%. A microscopic analysis reveals that the PUC significantly enhances the microstructure of the SSLT through intricate physical and chemical reactions. PUC-reinforced SSLT provides a new way to address the settlement and deformation that adversely affect subgrade in permafrost regions. • PUC could enhance the mechanical properties of SSLT. • The optimum content of PUC solidified SSLT was obtained. • Clarify the mechanism of PUC solidified SSLT. • Propose a novel approach for addressing frozen soil subgrade settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of four hindered phenolic antioxidants in the short-term heat-oxygen stability of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) was evaluated by the Melt Flow Rate (MFR) and Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) analyses. The results showed that Irganox 1330 and Irganox 1010 had more excellent processing property and oxidation resistance behavior in HDPE than Irganox 1024 and Irganox 3114. The OIT values of HDPE with Irganox 1330 and Irganox 1010 were up to 97.25 min and 89.73 min respectively. The long-term accelerated heat-oxygen stability tests of HDPE containing hindered phenolic antioxidants were carried out at 110°C in deionized water pressurized with pure oxygen at a pressure of 10 MPa. The characterization of the long-term heat-oxygen stability was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and tensile testing. However, the results exhibited that the aging resistance of HDPE containing Irganox 1010 was inferior to that of HDPE containing Irganox 1024 and Irganox 3114, which is quite contrary to their short-term effect on HDPE stabilization. It may be speculated that the ester groups of Irganox 1010 undergo hydrolysis during the long-term heat-oxygen stability tests, leading to the formation of 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl) propanoic acid and pentaerythritol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the impact ionization-induced OFF-state breakdown is revealed and systematically investigated in 100 V Schottky-type p-GaN gate high-electron-mobility transistors. Impact ionization is found to occur in the peak electric-field region at the source-terminated field-plate edge and is initiated by electrons injected from the source-side two-dimensional electron gas channel through the buffer layer. Hot electrons generated from impact ionization, when being captured by surface traps, could lead to redistribution and peak value reduction of electric-field. Consequently, the sudden rise in the OFF-state leakage current by impact ionization could be self-clamped temporally to avoid catastrophic rupture of the device. The impact ionization is further verified by the increase in dynamic OFF-state leakage current and a negative shift in threshold voltage, both of which result from positively charged holes (generated from impact ionization) drifting toward the gated channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A normally-off SiC-JFET/GaN-HEMT cascode device is recently proposed, featuring a cascode configuration that incorporates a high-voltage (i.e., 1200 V) SiC junction field effect transistor (JFET) and a low-voltage GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). This cascode device exhibits superior thermal stability and switching performance compared to the SiC MOSFETs, but also inevitably presents challenge in dv/dt-control as the input gate does not directly control the high-voltage JFET. Since dv/dt-control is of great importance to the management and suppression of electromagnetic interference in power electronics systems, methods of controlling the dv/dt rates of SiC/GaN cascode devices need to be developed. In this article, we conduct systematic investigation on different dv/dt control schemes with theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation. A dv/dt-control method based on diode-clamped external JFET gate resistor is proposed and evaluated by comparing it with other more conventional methods. The proposed dv/dt-control method is verified to provide a balanced dv/dt-control on the device turn-on and turn-off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the improved washing efficiency of clayey soil, utilized magnetization technology was used in this study to enhance the physicochemical properties (e.g., viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle) of the eluent. Lead- and cadmium-contaminated clayey soil was used as the research subject in an experimental study aimed to enhance the heavy metal removal efficiency through a magnetized modified eluent and freezing-thawing effect by using EDTA as the eluent. The magnetization test results indicate that the EDTA solution's viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle decrease after magnetization, thus improving the wettability, enhancing the eluent's full contact with heavy metal pollutants, and consequently increasing the removal rate. The results of the freezing–thawing and washing column test show that magnetization reduced the viscosity of eluent, decreased soil seepage or migration resistance, and increased moisture migration during freezing. After three cycles of freezing-thawing and washing, the removal rates for Cd and Pb were 79.35% and 70.38%, respectively. The technology of magnetized eluent is facile to operate and serves as an efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly auxiliary method for increasing the efficiency of freezing–thawing–washing processes, offering a novel approach for soil remediation. • The combined magnetization technology and soil washing method for remediation of heavy metal contaminated clay soils is proposed. • Based on enhance the physicochemical properties of the eluent to improve removal efficiency. • To provide basis for remediating heavy metal by magnetization technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) recovery from wastewaters treated with constructed wetlands (CWs) could alleviate the current global P crisis but has not received sufficient attention. In this study, P transformation in different magnesium-based electrochemical CWs, including micro-electrolysis CW (M-CW), primary battery CW (P-CW), and electrolysis CW (E-CW), was thoroughly examined. The results revealed that the P removal efficiency was 53.0%, 75.8%, and 61.9% in the M-CW, E-CW, and P-CW, respectively. P mass balance analysis showed that P electrode deposition was the main reason for the higher P removal in the E-CW and P-CW. Significant differences were found between the E-CW and P-CW, P was distributed primarily on the magnesium plate in the P-CW but was distributed on the carbon plate in the E-CW. The E-CW had excellent P recovery capacity, and struvite was the major P recovery product. More intense magnesium plate corrosion and alkaline environment increased struvite precipitation in the E-CW, with the proportion of 61.6%. The results of functional microbial community analysis revealed that the abundance of electroactive bacteria was positively correlated with the deposition of struvite. This study provided an essential reference for the targeted electrochemical regulation of electric field processes and microorganisms in CWs to enhance P recovery. [Display omitted] • E-CW significantly improved P removal through the enhancement of electrodeposition. • Excellent P recovery capacity was observed in E-CW and struvite was the major P recovery product. • P was distributed primarily on the magnesium plate in P-CW and the carbon plate in E-CW, respectively. • Enrichment of electroactive bacteria in E-CW was beneficial to struvite precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is a crucial RNA chemical mark which plays important roles in various biological processes. The development of highly multiplexed, cost‐effective, and easy‐to‐operate methodologies for locus‐specific analysis of m6A is critical for advancing our understanding of the roles of this modification. Herein, we report a method which builds upon the principle of the previously reported SELECT approach by significantly improving its efficiency and coupling it to next generation sequencing technology for high‐throughput validation and detection of m6A modification at selected sites (LEAD‐m6A‐seq). Through probing cDNA extension mediated by Bst DNA polymerase at and near target cellular sites by sequencing, we evaluated m6A modification at these sites, and estimated differential methylation levels (0–84 %) upon in vitro demethylation by the m6A demethylase FTO with high reproducibility. We envision that this strategy can be readily used for testing a greater number of sites with a broad dynamic range and modified to study other RNA modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is a crucial RNA chemical mark which plays important roles in various biological processes. The development of highly multiplexed, cost‐effective, and easy‐to‐operate methodologies for locus‐specific analysis of m6A is critical for advancing our understanding of the roles of this modification. Herein, we report a method which builds upon the principle of the previously reported SELECT approach by significantly improving its efficiency and coupling it to next generation sequencing technology for high‐throughput validation and detection of m6A modification at selected sites (LEAD‐m6A‐seq). Through probing cDNA extension mediated by Bst DNA polymerase at and near target cellular sites by sequencing, we evaluated m6A modification at these sites, and estimated differential methylation levels (0–84 %) upon in vitro demethylation by the m6A demethylase FTO with high reproducibility. We envision that this strategy can be readily used for testing a greater number of sites with a broad dynamic range and modified to study other RNA modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic characterizations of a cascode device with a low-voltage enhance-mode (E-mode) p-GaN gate high-electron mobility transistor as the control device and a high-voltage (HV) depletion-mode (D-mode) silicon carbide junction field effect transistor (JFET) as the voltage blocking device are presented in this article. The demonstrated device with a breakdown voltage rating of 1200 V and a static on-resistance (RON) of 100 mΩ features small device capacitances with fast switching speed, avalanche breakdown capability, thermally stable threshold voltage (VTH), and no dynamic RON degradation. To identify its safe operation in the off-state with a high drain bias, the off-state middle point voltage (VM) between the E-mode device drain and D-mode device source is investigated. A relatively low off-state VM is achieved under both static and dynamic modes. In addition to the device-level characterization, a custom-designed double-pulse test circuit is built to evaluate the transient switching performance of the cascode device. Optimal gate drive conditions are proposed to 1) overcome the drain bias induced positive dynamic VTH shift; and 2) suppress the increased dynamic off-state leakage current (IOFF) induced by on-state hole injection. Under 800 V/16 A testing conditions, high switching speed with the drain voltage peak slew rates of 72 V/ns during turn-on and 121 V/ns during turn-off is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1200-V/100-mΩ silicon carbide (SiC) junction field-effect-transistor (JFET)/ gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) hybrid power switch is demonstrated, which features a flip-chip copackaged cascode configuration incorporating a vertical SiC JFET and a lateral GaN-HEMT. The high-voltage SiC-JFET provides the high-voltage blocking capability while the low-voltage GaN-HEMT enables the normally-off gate control with superior switching characteristics. Compared to conventional SiC-JFET/Si-mosfet cascode devices, the SiC-JFET/GaN-HEMT cascode device exhibits fast switching speed, which has been validated by systematic characterizations including static/dynamic device-level measurements and board-level hard-switching tests. Meanwhile, the device is free from several notorious issues of high-voltage GaN power transistors such as dynamic on-state resistance degradation and threshold voltage shift. Such a wide-bandgap semiconductor-based hybrid switch is suitable to be deployed in high-power and high-efficiency power conversion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical responsive carbon dots (CDs) is a rising star in the family of carbon materials. However, high pressure devices are essential for observing mechanical responses of carbon dots, but they limit the widespread application of mechanical responsive CDs. Two kinds of CDs were prepared using pyrene derivative (pyrene-1-butyric acid, PyBA) as carbon source, and had fluorescence enhancement via simply grinding. An apparent 20–30 times emission enhancement can be observed after the treatment of grinding because of CDs packed structure and morphology changes. To the best of our knownledge, it is the first example of mechanical responsive CDs with fluorescence enhancement without the stimulation of any complex pressure instrumentation. This simple approach could be extended to other carbon sources with π-conjugated structure for building new intelligentized CDs, and provide new routes for the applications of CDs toward mechanical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, systematic characterization and the corresponding suppression strategies of dynamic OFF-state leakage current (${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$) in Schottky-type p-GaN gate high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are presented based on fast pulsed ${I}$ – ${V}$ measurement and consecutive switching measurement. It is found that the high ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ under dynamic pulse mode without hole injection is a result of the reduced voltage blocking capabilities (both lateral and vertical) with weaker trapping effect in the buffer, and the dynamic ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ induced by ON-state hole injection is caused by further increased lateral conductivity through the buffer from source to drain. The corresponding behaviors under continuous waveforms with different switching conditions are analyzed to identify effective approaches for the suppression of dynamic ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ in practical switching operations. A higher temperature is shown to be beneficial to the reduction of the dynamic ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ induced by ON-state hole injection. To completely eliminate the dynamic ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ caused by ON-state hole injection and minimize the OFF-state power consumption in practical power switching applications, a sufficiently large negative OFF-state gate bias (e.g., ${V}_{\text {GS}, \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}\le -{3}$ V) is recommended in the gate driver turn-off voltage design for the Schottky-type p-GaN gate HEMTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • CuFe 2 O 4 can efficiently activate PMS to produce powerful oxidizing sulfate radical. • More than 90% of NOR was removed by CuFe 2 O 4 /PMS process. • Evolution of inorganic ions and small molecular organic acids was monitored by IC. • Recovered catalyst kept stable and showed good performance during reusability test. Abstract In this study, a magnetically separable nanoscale CuFe 2 O 4 synthesized by co-precipitation-calcination method was employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the generation of powerful oxidizing sulfate radical (SO 4 −). The degradation of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics norfloxacin (NOR) in aqueous solution by CuFe 2 O 4 /PMS system was examined. The effect of experimental parameters, including initial pH, oxidant and NOR concentrations, catalyst dose, and water matrices on NOR removal was systematically investigated. The evolution of inorganic ions (e.g., NO 3 −, F−, and NH 4 +) and low molecular weight organic acids (e.g., formic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, and oxalic acid) during NOR degradation was monitored by using ion chromatography. Experimental results showed that NOR degradation was in accordance with the pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. At pH = 7, more than 90% of 25 μM NOR was removed in 120 min by using 200 mg L−1 CuFe 2 O 4 to activate 0.5 mM PMS. Free radical quenching experiments revealed the dominant role of SO 4 − in oxidizing NOR in CuFe 2 O 4 /PMS system. TOC test indicated that >64% of initial carbon content was removed in 12 h; meanwhile an increasing buildup of carboxylic acids was observed and contributed to 32.9% of initial carbon content in 12 h, suggesting that they were the predominant end products before completely mineralization. The XRD profile of the catalyst before and after the reaction was characterized. It was found that the structure and properties of the catalyst kept stable, and the recovered catalyst exhibited good performance during the reusability test. The result therefore suggested that CuFe 2 O 4 /PMS is a promising alternative as a possible application for treatment of water polluted by norfloxacin antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The Simon task was used to test the effect of response fluency on agency experiences. • Incongruent trials led to lower agency judgments compared to congruent trials. • The influence of response fluency on performance and agency was modulated by trial sequence effects. Abstract Previous research shows that agency experiences are reduced when response selection is dysfluent. Expanding on this work, we report two experiments addressing the influence of Simon response conflict on agency. Participants responded to congruent and incongruent Simon task trials and indicated their experienced agency after each response. Results show that incongruent trials were related to reduced agency experiences, thus replicating earlier work on the response-selection agency-link. Furthermore, the data further showed an interesting sequence effect: The congruency effect on experienced agency mainly emerged when a trial was preceded by a congruent trial. There was however no congruency effect on experienced agency when a trial was preceded by an incongruent trial. These findings are briefly discussed in the context of research on response selection and experiences of agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released in large quantities in trauma are important triggers of post-traumatic immune dysfunction and interest in their potential as therapeutic targets for trauma has increased. Targeting DAMPs such as myoglobin, HMGB1, histones, and nucleic acids have potential for the development of vaccines for trauma. Due to the specific nature of trauma, significant challenges such as the possibility of trauma vaccines causing autoimmune diseases requires further research. The development of trauma vaccines has the potential to establish protection for populations at high risk for trauma and may supplement existing trauma management strategies. Despite advances in medical treatments for severe trauma, it remains a critical condition associated with high mortality. During trauma, the release of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can induce immune dysfunction, leading to sepsis or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Vaccines based on specific pathogen antigens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) contribute largely to the prevention of communicable diseases through the induction of adaptive immune responses. Vaccines developed based on autologous molecules may also promote recovery from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by eliciting appropriate immune responses, as recent clinical trials indicate. Developing new vaccines targeting DAMPs may be an effective pre-protective measure for trauma management. We describe the role of DAMPs in post-traumatic immune dysfunction and discuss the potential of harnessing them for trauma vaccine development as well as the risks and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Inhibiting ferroptosis could alleviate acute kidney injury following crush syndrome. • Iron overload produced by myoglobin degradation is a risk factor for ferroptosis. • HMGB1 and souble-stranded DNA trigger ferroptosis via multiple signaling pathways. • Crosstalk between inflammation and ferroptosis. • Inhibition of ferroptosis by alleviating inflammation and anti-lipid peroxidation. Crush syndrome (CS) is a kind of traumatic and ischemic injury that seriously threatens life after prolonged compression. It is characterized by systemic inflammatory reaction, myoglobinuria, hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury (AKI). Especially AKI, it is the leading cause of death from CS. There are various cell death forms in AKI, among which ferroptosis is a typical form of cell death. However, the role of ferroptosis has not been fully revealed in CS-AKI. This review aimed to summarize the evidence of ferroptosis in CS-AKI and its related molecular mechanism, discuss the therapeutic significance of ferroptosis in CS-AKI, and open up new ideas for the treatment of CS-AKI. One of the main pathological manifestations of CS-AKI is renal tubular epithelial cell dysfunction and cell death, which has been attributed to massive deposition of myoglobin. Large amounts of myoglobin released from damaged muscle deposited in the renal tubules, impeding the normal renal tubules function and directly damaging the tubules with oxidative stress and elevated iron levels. Lipid peroxidation damage and iron overload are the distinguishing features of ferroptosis. Moreover, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecule pattern molecules (HMGB1, double-strand DNA, and macrophage extracellular trap) in renal tissue have been shown to promote ferroptosis. However, how ferroptosis occurs in CS-AKI and whether it can be a therapeutic target remains unclear. In our current work, we systematically reviewed the occurrence and underlying mechanism of ferroptosis in CS-AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we prepared a Mn(II)-coordinated carbon dots (CDs) with fluorescence and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) bimodal properties by a one-pot solvothermal method and separated via silica column chromatography. The quantum yield of the CDs increased greatly from 2.27% to 6.75% with increase of Mn(II) doping, meanwhile the CDs exhibited a higher MR activity (7.28 mM −1 s −1 ) than that of commercial Gd-DTPA (4.63 mM −1 s −1 ). In addition, white light emitting CDs were obtained by mixing the different types of CDs. Notably, these CDs exhibited different fluorescence emissions in different organic solvents and could be used to discriminate organic solvents based on the polarity and protonation of the solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sense of agency refers to feelings of causing one’s own action and resulting effect. Previous research indicates that voluntary action selection is an important factor in shaping the sense of agency. Whereas the volitional nature of the sense of agency is well documented, the present study examined whether agency is modulated when action selection shifts from self-control to a more automatic stimulus-driven process. Seventy-two participants performed an auditory Simon task including congruent and incongruent trials to generate automatic stimulus-driven vs. more self-control driven action, respectively. Responses in the Simon task produced a tone and agency was assessed with the intentional binding task – an implicit measure of agency. Results showed a Simon effect and temporal binding effect. However, temporal binding was independent of congruency. These findings suggest that temporal binding, a window to the sense of agency, emerges for both automatic stimulus-driven actions and self-controlled actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A C-naphthylamine antioxidant (3,3′-(dodecylazanediyl)bis( N-(4-(naphthalen-2-ylamino)phenyl) propanamide)) was successfully synthesized via Michael addition and amidation reactions. The chemical structure was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H NMR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Thermal stability of C-naphthylamine antioxidant was also examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The scavenging capacity of antioxidants was investigated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The efficiency of the antioxidants in thermo-oxidative stabilization of polyethylene (PE) was determined by DSC, FTIR, and tensile testing machine. The results showed that the inhibition percentage of the C-naphthylamine antioxidant was 57.09, the oxidation induction time (OIT) was 157.83 min, and the carbonyl index (CI) was 0.25. In addition, the C-naphthylamine antioxidant had a better antioxidant efficiency in both scavenging test and thermo-oxidative test compared with N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine and N, N′-di-2-naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine. The result for migration of antioxidants from PE indicated that migration content of C-naphthylamine antioxidant was small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular ageing is an important factor in the morbidity and mortality of the elderly. Atherosclerosis is a characteristic disease of vascular ageing, which is closely related to the enhancement of vascular inflammation. Phospholipid oxidation products are important factors in inducing cellular inflammation. Through interactions with vascular cells and immune cells, they regulate intracellular signaling pathways, activate the expression of various cytokines, and affect cell behavior, such as metabolic level, proliferation, apoptosis, etc. Intervention in lipid metabolism and anti-inflammation are the two key pathways of drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis. This review aims to sort out the signaling pathway of oxidized phospholipids-induced inflammatory factors in vascular cells and immune cells and the mechanism leading to changes in cell behavior, and summarize the therapeutic targets in the inflammatory signaling pathway for the development of atherosclerosis drugs. • Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation driven by lipids in the vessel wall and is one of the common diseases of aging. • Oxidized phospholipids play a dual role in atherosclerosis. • The truncated oxidized phospholipid is an important signaling molecule that triggers inflammation. • Regulation of lipid metabolism and anti-inflammation are two key ideas to find drug targets for atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• UV/Cl 2 generated more diverse N-DBPs with higher intensity than chlorination. • UV/Cl 2 led to more hydrophilic, less aromatic, higher Cl-incorporating DBPs than chlorination. • TPI EfOM formed more specific N-DBPs than HPO fraction by both UV/Cl 2 and chlorination. • DBPs with significant rank correlation with cell DNA damage were identified. • UV/Cl 2 reduced the cytotoxicity but enhanced oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. UV/chlorine process is a promising advanced treatment to eliminate pathogen and remove refractory micropollutants for reclamation of municipal secondary effluent. However, effluent organic matter (EfOM) featuring high organic nitrogen content serves as a potential precursor for nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) of health concern. The molecular-level alteration of a hydrophobic (HPO) EfOM fraction and a transphilic (TPI) EfOM fraction isolated from the same municipal effluent and the formation of N-DBPs in the UV/chlorine were tracked by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Compared with chlorination, UV/chlorine induced a significantly greater modification on the molecular composition of EfOM and resulted in formation of unique formulae and chlorinated molecules with higher degree of oxidation, lower aromaticity, and less carbon number due to the involvement of reactive radical species. For both EfOM fractions, UV/chlorine formed more diverse DBPs with higher intensity and Cl-incorporation than chlorination. The TPI fraction of EfOM characterized by higher O/C and N/C ratios generated more N-DBPs with higher intensity clustered in the high O/C region than the HPO fraction of EfOM by both UV/chlorine and chlorination. Totally, 207 and 117 nitrogen-containing chlorinated formulae were recorded after UV/chlorine treatment of TPI and HPO, respectively. Precursor tracking found a greater number of DBPs were originated from raw EfOM through electrophilic substitution pathway rather than chlorine addition. Toxicity bioassays demonstrated that DBPs can trigger oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, while HPO fraction of EfOM dominated the induction of cytotoxicity. However, no correlation could be established between the diversity/abundance of N-DBPs and the level of DNA damage. A total of 22 DBPs with a significant rank correlation with DNA damage were identified, while C 8 H 6 O 5 NCl was found as the N-DBP with the strongest correlation. The potential toxic chlorine-containing formula with the most abundant intensity was assigned to C 5 HO 3 Cl 3. This study suggests that the character and transformation of EfOM and associated toxicity is critical to evaluate the UV/chlorine process toward practical application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clonorchis sinensis is closely associated with cholangitis, cholecystitis, biliary fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. The present study elucidated the role of extracellular vesicles of C. sinensis (CsEVs) in activating Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and regulating inflammatory responses. The results showed that TLR9 expression was increased in the livers of C. sinensis -infected mice. CsEVs were cup-shaped or saucer-shaped and 80–120 nm in diameter. CsEVs activated TLR9 and promoted IL-6 and TNF-α expression in mouse biliary epithelial cells (BECs), and TLR9 siRNA interference reduced the secretion of the two cytokines. CsEV stimulation promoted the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, AKT, and p65, and TLR9 siRNA interference regulated the phosphorylated ERK, AKT and p65 levels. The ERK inhibitor decreased the CsEVs-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. The present study elucidated for the first time that CsEVs induced IL-6 and TNF-α production in BECs via the TLR9-mediated ERK pathway. [Display omitted] • The extracellular vesicles of Clonorchis sinensi s were isolated and identified. • TLR9 can be significantly activated by C. sinensis and CsEVs in vivo and vitro. • CsEVs promoted IL-6 and TNF-α secretion via TLR9-ERK pathway in BECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A great deal of robustness is allowed when visual tracking is considered as a classification problem. This paper combines a finite number of weak classifiers in a SMC framework as a strong classifier. The time-varying ensemble parameters (confidence of weak classifiers) are regarded as sequential arriving states and their posterior distribution is estimated in a Bayesian manner. Therefore, both the adaptiveness and stability are kept for the ensemble classification in handling scene changes and target deformation. Moreover, to increase the tracking accuracy, weak classifiers including Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Large Margin Distribution Machine (LDM) are combined as a hybrid strong one, with adaptiveness to the sample scales. Comprehensive experiments are performed on benchmark videos with various tracking challenges, and the proposed method is demonstrated to be better than or comparable to the state-of-the-art trackers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel La-A-HC was successfully applied as modified substrate in CW to enhance P removal. • The addition of La-A-HC promoted the metabolism of phosphorus accumulating bacteria. • Hydrothermal method prevent P release from the raw material of biochars. • La-O-P inner-sphere complexation was the primary mechanism of enhanced P removal in La-CW. The defective phosphorus (P) removal performance of biochar (BC) inhibited its application in constructed wetland (CW). In this study, a novel Lanthanum-ammonia-modified hydrothermal biochar (La-A-HC) was prepared and used as a modified substrate for CW to enhance its P removal. Results showed that La-A-HC had satisfactory P adsorption ability (q m = 43.1 mg P/g) under various pH, ionic strength, and competing ions. TP removal rate of La-A-HC modified CW (i.e. , La-CW) was 14.8% higher than CW modified with BC, which was mainly attributed to the formation of La-O-P inner-sphere complexation. Substrate adsorption accounted for 90.9% of P removal in La-CW. Furthermore, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) of La-A-HC promoted the growth of γ-Proteobacteria and the proliferation of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO s, 4.02 ± 0.03 × 105 copy numbers g−1). The plants in La-CW also showed higher photosynthesize rate since La-A-HC enhanced its tolerance to stronger light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many studies consider visual tracking as a two-class classification problem. The key problem is to construct a classifier with sufficient accuracy in distinguishing the target from its background and sufficient generalize ability in handling new frames. However, the variable tracking conditions challenges the existing methods. The difficulty mainly comes from the confused boundary between the foreground and background. This paper handles this difficulty by generalizing the classifier's learning step. By introducing the distribution data of samples, the classifier learns more essential characteristics in discriminating the two classes. Specifically, the samples are represented in a multiscale visual model. For features with different scales, several large margin distribution machine (LDMs) with adaptive kernels are combined in a Baysian way as a strong classifier. Where, in order to improve the accuracy and generalization ability, not only the margin distance but also the sample distribution is optimized in the learning step. Comprehensive experiments are performed on several challenging video sequences, through parameter analysis and field comparison, the proposed LDM combined ensemble tracker is demonstrated to perform with sufficient accuracy and generalize ability in handling various typical tracking difficulties. © 2016 SPIE and IS&T [DOI: 10.1117/1.JEI.25.4.043006] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies argue that integrating multiple cues in an adaptive way increases tracking performance. However, what is the definition of adaptiveness and how to realize it remains an open issue. On the premise that the model with optimal discriminative ability is also optimal for tracking the target, this work realizes adaptiveness and robustness through the optimization of multi-cue integration models. Specifically, based on prior knowledge and current observation, a set of discrete samples are generated to approximate the foreground and background distribution. With the goal of optimizing the classification margin, an objective function is defined, and the appearance model is optimized by introducing optimization algorithms. The proposed optimized appearance model framework is embedded into a particle filter for a field test, and it is demonstrated to be robust against various kinds of complex tracking conditions. This model is general and can be easily extended to other parameterized multi-cue models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical model for a novel triple reduced surface field (RESURF) lateral double-diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor (LDMOS) field-effect transistor with a low on-resistance n-type top (N-top) layer is proposed in this paper. The analytical model for surface potential and electric field distributions of the novel triple RESURF LDMOS is presented by solving the 2-D Poisson’s equation, which can also be applied in single, double, and conventional triple RESURF structures. The vertical and lateral breakdown voltages are formulized to quantify the breakdown characteristic. Besides, the optimal integrated charge of the N-top layer ( Q\textrm {ntop} ) is derived which can give a guidance for the dose of N-top layer. The triple RESURF LDMOS with a low on-resistance N-top layer is designed and manufactured according to the analytical model. All the analytical results can be well verified by numerical and measured results, showing the validity of the presented model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work designs a functional dendrimer probe to conveniently identify newly generated sialic acid groups in vivo with a dual-color imaging strategy, which achieves in situ semiquantitative evaluation of the sialylation difference between tumor and normal tissues to reveal sialylation-related biological events and promote clinical tumor diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel 1200-V ultra-thin partial silicon-on-insulator (PSOI) lateral double-diffusion metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) with n-type buried (n-buried) layer (NBL PSOI LDMOS) is proposed in this paper. The new PSOI LDMOS features an n-buried layer underneath the n-type drift (n-drift) region close to the source side, providing a large conduction region for majority carriers and a silicon window to improve self-heating effect (SHE). A combination of uniform and linear variable doping (ULVD) profile is utilized in the n-drift region, which alleviates the inherent tradeoff between specific on-resistance ( R on,sp ) and breakdown voltage (BV). With the n-drift region length of 80 μm, the NBL PSOI LDMOS obtains a high BV of 1243 V which is improved by around 105 V in comparison to the conventional SOI LDMOS with linear variable doping (LVD) profile for the n-drift region (LVD SOI LDMOS). Besides, the 1200-V NBL PSOI LDMOS has a lower maximum temperature ( T max ) of 333 K at a power ( P ) of 1 mW/μm which is reduced by around 61 K. Meanwhile, R on,sp and T max of the NBL PSOI LDMOS are lower than those of the conventional LVD SOI LDMOS for a wide range of BV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural and anthropogenic arsenic (As) contamination of water sources pose serious health concerns, especially for small communities in rural areas. This study assessed the applicability of three industrial byproducts (coal fly ash, lignite, and green waste compost) as the low-cost adsorbents for As(V) removal under various field-relevant conditions (dissolved oxygen, As(V)/Fe ratio, solution pH, and presence of competing species). The physico-chemical properties of the adsorbents were characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, and NMR analysis. Batch experiments demonstrated that coal fly ash could provide effective As(V) removal (82.1%–95%) because it contained high content of amorphous iron/aluminium hydroxides for As(V) adsorption and dissolvable calcium minerals for calcium arsenate precipitation. However, the addition of lignite and green waste compost was found unfavourable since they hindered the As(V) removal by 10%–42% possibly due to dissolution of organic matter and ternary arsenate-iron-organic matter complexes. On the other hand, higher concentrations of dissolved iron (comparing As(V)/Fe ratios of 1:1 and 1:10) and dissolved oxygen (comparing 0.2 and 6 mg/L) only marginally enhanced the As(V) removal at pH 6 and 8. Thus, addition of dissolved iron, water aeration, or pH adjustment became unnecessary because coal fly ash was able to provide effective As(V) removal under the natural range of geochemical conditions. Moreover, the presence of low levels of background competing (0.8 or 8 mg/L of humic acid, phosphate, and silicate) imposed little influence on As(V) removal, possibly because the high adsorption capacity of coal fly ash was far from exhaustion. These results suggested that coal fly ash was a potentially promising adsorbent that warranted further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a worldwide problem, and there is no effective drug to eliminate AKI. The death of renal cells is an important pathological basis of intrinsic AKI. At present, targeted therapy for TEC death is a research hotspot in AKI therapy. There are many ways of cell death involved in the occurrence and development of AKI, such as apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. This article mainly focuses on the role of pyroptosis in AKI. The assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is a key event in the occurrence of pyroptosis, which is affected by many factors, such as the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, mitochondrial instability and excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome can trigger its downstream inflammatory cytokines, which will lead to pyroptosis and eventually induce AKI. In this paper, we reviewed the possible mechanism of pyroptosis in AKI and the potential effective inhibitors of various key targets in this process. It may provide potential therapeutic targets for novel intrinsic AKI therapies based on pyroptosis, so as to develop better therapeutic strategies. [Display omitted] This review mainly describes the possible signaling pathways of pyroptosis in acute kidney injury, focusing on the potential effective inhibitors of each molecular target in these signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper made major research on the target representation problem, which plays a significant role in visual tracking, but has received little attention in most researches. In order to fulfill the requirements of tracking robustness and effectiveness in practical conditions, a dynamic appearance model is constructed. Due to particle filter''s excellent characteristics, it is employed in this paper not only to estimate target''s state, but also to construct the dynamic observation model integrated by multiple cues. In the proposed method, a dynamic multi-cue integration model is constructed for particle filter framework. And a systematic study is done on evaluating cue''s weight. Specially, a particle filter based weight tracker is designed to update multi-cue''s integrating manner online, so as to adapt the observation model to target''s appearance changes. In such a way, a double-particle-filter based tracking framework is formed, and it is field tested on a variety of videos in different tracking conditions. In the experiments and comparisons, the applicable conditions of the proposed dynamic model are discussed, and its robustness and effectiveness are demonstrated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A normally-off SiC-JFET/GaN-HEMT cascode device is recently proposed, featuring a cascode configuration that incorporates a high-voltage (HV, e.g., 1200 V) silicon-carbide (SiC) junction field effect transistor (JFET) delivering the HV blocking capability and a low-voltage (LV) enhanced-mode (E-mode) gallium-nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) providing the normally-off gate control. This all-wide-bandgap device exhibits superior thermal stability and high switching speed compared to its counterparts, e.g., the SiC/Si cascode device. In this article, we study short-circuit (SC) characteristics of a 1200-V/80-mΩ SiC/GaN cascode device by considering the interactions between the SiC and GaN devices. The single-event SC withstand time (SCWT) of the demonstrated SiC/GaN cascode device is tested to be ∼3 μs under a dc-bus voltage (Vdc) of 600 V when the turn-on gate voltage (VG-on) is set to 5 V. The SC failure occurs due to the formation of hot spots induced by thermal-runaway leakage currents inside the SiC JFET. The SCWT of the cascode device could be improved by applying a moderate VG-on (e.g., SCWT = ∼6.5 μs at VG-on = 3.5 V under v dc = 600 V) without affecting the on-state resistance (r on). However, it is identified that current oscillations tend to be triggered during the SC period when VG-on is too low (e.g., lower than 3 V). The oscillation behavior is attributed to the energy stored in the interconnection parts between the SiC and GaN devices. The harmful oscillations could be suppressed by applying higher VG-on, which drives the SiC JFET into low-transconductance mode by modulating the drain-to-source voltage (VDS-G) of the LV GaN HEMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new electrochemical method for the determination of aloe polysaccharide based on its interaction with alizarin red s was established on a pretreated glassy carbon electrode in pH 3.5 Britton–Robinson buffer solution by linear sweep voltammetry in this work. The decrease of the second order derivative linear sweep voltammetric reductive peak current of alizarin red s is in proportion to aloe polysaccharide concentration due to the formation of a complex between them in the range from 0.032 to 0.448μmolL−1, and the detection limit is 0.0051μmolL−1 (3σ). The binding ratio and the binding constant of the complex were calculated as 1:1 and 2.75×104, respectively. Different kinds of complex samples of aloe polysaccharide were detected satisfactorily by this method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Dayside corona aurora is the main form of aurora at magnetic noon, which is generated by the dynamics process of the interaction of the sun and earth's magnetosphere. Hence the study of dayside corona aurora is of great importance to the analysis of ionosphere and its dynamic feature. This paper proposes a novel aurora texture extraction method based static image classification of dayside aurora, in which X-grey level aura matrices are designed to extract the features of the original aurora images. Besides, a dayside aurora classification algorithm for dayside aurora based on feature selection is proposed to handle the large quantities of aurora samples. To eliminate the effect of noise and solve the problem of high feature dimensionality, the ReliefF is adopted to select the effective feature vector. For classification, texture models are learned by using the support vector machine, then a given texture of aurora image can be classified into one of the pre-learned classes. All of the aurora images in the experiment are obtained from the all-sky aurora image system in the Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station. The experimental results illustrate the high effectiveness of the proposed dayside aurora classification algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]