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Objective: This study aimed to realize the high-value utilization of biological active ingredients and anti-inflammatory peptides from the Pinctada martensii meat. Methods: The hydrolysis process of the P. martensii meat was optimized by single factor test and response surface test with degree of hydrolysis (DH) as the index. The amino acid composition and anti-inflammatory activity of P. martensii meat hydrolysate peptides were evaluated and analyzed. Results: The results showed that neutral protease was the optimal enzyme, and the optimal hydrolysis conditions were solid-liquid ratio 1∶1 (g/mL), temperature 46.3 ℃, hydrolysis time 1.4 h, and substrate ratio 0.3%. The hydrolysis degree was 22.88%, which was not significantly different from the theoretical value, and the regression model was reliable. The hydrolysates including 19.84% of essential amino acids, 21.19% of hydrophobic amino acids and 10.46% of positively charged amino acids. In LPS induced RAW264.7 anti-inflammatory model of mouse macrophages, the hydrolyzed peptide of P. martensii had no cytotoxicity and was beneficial to the proliferation of macrophages in the mass concentration range of 0~4.0 mg/mL. At the mass concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, hydrolyzed peptide could effectively inhibit the production of NO and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β; the inhibition rate of NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β was 70.00%, 83.01%, 85.04% and 83.11%, respectively. Conclusion: Hydrolytic peptide of P. martensii has a complete range of amino acids, which can effectively inhibit the production of NO and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in RAW264.7 macrophages, showing good anti-inflammatory activity.

Professor Huang Jiasi is the founder of biomedical engineering in China. He advocated and established the biomedical engineering discipline in China, strengthen the international exchanges, and push the development of biomedical engineering in-depth. He made outstanding contribution in the rise, opening up and development of biomedical engineering in China.

BACKGROUND Organic matter is the most important component in shale, and organic pore is an important reservoir space of shale gas. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), the mainstream microscopic analysis and detection technology, has become an important means of shale research. The comprehensive study of organic matter is gradually becoming an important part of shale gas exploration and development. OBJECTIVES To summarize the microscopic morphology of organic matter in organic shale of the Longmaxi Formation and discuss its hydrocarbon generation and reservoir ability according to its internal structure and composition characteristics. METHODS The organic shale of the Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery were polished with argon ion, and the samples were examined by high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope under the condition of low voltage and close working distance. RESULTS There were three main microscopic forms of organic matter in the organic shale of the Longmaxi Formation, which were structure-type sedimentary organic matter, differentiated symbiotic organic matter and interstitial migration organic matter. The structural sedimentary organic matter formed in the stage of sedimentation and early diagenetic evolution, and retained some biological structure characteristics or sedimentary directional structure. Differentiated symbiotic organic matter interacted with clay minerals and underwent evolutionary differentiation, forming a 'granitic structure' similar to that in magmatic rocks. On the other hand, the interstitial migration organic matter was formed in the high evolution stage of late diagenetic organic matter, and the liquid hydrocarbon filled in the intergranular of authigenic minerals, and the surrounding minerals had euhedral characteristics. The shale of the Longmaxi Formation was dominated by organic matter pores-rich interstitial migration organic matter and differentiated symbiotic organic matter, which were the high-quality gas parent materials of the Longmaxi Formation shale, with high reservoir performance. CONCLUSIONS The research results provide deep-level micro-information for the theory of shale gas formation and the evaluation of exploration and development in the Longmaxi Formation in China.

BACKGROUND AnYe-1 well is a geological survey parameter well implemented by China Geological Survey. It has achieved shale gas breakthrough in the Wuling complex structural area outside the southern basin of China. BAOBJECTIVES To quantitatively characterize micro-and nano-pore structure and development characteristics of organic matter, by researching organic matter pore on Longmaxi shale of AnYe-1 well. METHODS Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope was used to study the reservoir type of the organic-rich shale of the Longmaxi Formation at the periphery of the basin in the Upper Yangtze region, and the PerGeos digital rock treatment system was introduced into the organic pores quantitative analysis. RESULTS The organic pore is the most important reservoir space of the organic-rich shale of the Longmaxi Formation in Anye-1 well. It is characterized by organic matter interstitially forming in the authigenic siliceous organic matter with uniform sponge-like pore structure, or organic matter that interacts with clay minerals with a bubble-like pore structure. Pores in two different types of organic matter are extremely developed. The PerGeos digital rock system reveals that the pore sizes of the two organic pores show a bimodal distribution, in which the pore size of the organic pores with the sponge-like structure is 5 to 10 nm, and the pore size of the organic pores with the bubble-like structure is 51 to 100 nm. The organic pores are mainly in the mesopore to macropore category. CONCLUSIONS The abundant development of organic matter pores in the Longmaxi Formation in AnYe-1 well indicates that the Longmaxi Formation shale in the periphery of the basin has experienced a strong hydrocarbon generation process and has a good storage capacity, showing a potential for development in the future.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in Lactarius sect. Deliciosi produce valuable edible mushrooms. Market supplies are harvested from natural populations. Sustainable cultivation could increase commercial crop production. The first step in EMF cultivation is the production of host seedlings well colonised by the target species. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of vegetative versus spore inoculum for controlled mycorrhizal synthesis between Lactarius and Pinus species native to China. Inoculated seedlings were incubated in a glasshouse for up to 14 months. Mycorrhizae were synthesised, using vegetative inoculum, for 13 distinct combinations of five Pinus and five Lactarius species, 12 of these unprecedented. Spore inoculation was not successful. The successful mycorrhization presented here provides a foundation for establishing mushroom orchards, with L. deliciosus x P. yunnanensis or P. radiata, L. hatsudake x P. yunnanensis or P. tabuliformis, and L. vividus x P. massoniana or P. radiata appearing as promising symbionts for cultivation. Beginning 5 months following inoculation, mycorrhizal seedlings underwent extensive insect grazing. Adult forms of Bradysia impatiens were the most frequent insects caught on sticky traps, while their larvae were observed foraging through roots. The control of insects in the nursery will be critical to large-scale production of mycorrhizal seedlings. Key words: Lactarius section Deliciosi, Pinus, mycorrhizal synthesis, insect damage, Bradysia impatiens. Lactarius sect. Deliciosi regroupe des champignons ectomycorhiziens (CEM) qui produisent des champignons comestibles de valeur. Le marche est approvisionne par des champignons recoltes parmi les populations naturelles. L'exploitation durable pourrait accroitre la production commerciale. La premiere etape dans la culture des CEM est la production de semis de l'hote adequatement colonises par l'espece de champignon desiree. L'objectif de cette etude consistait a comparer l'efficacite de l'inoculum vegetatif versus les spores pour obtenir la synthese mycorhizienne controlee entre des especes de Lactarius et de Pinus indigenes en Chine. Les semis inocules ont ete incubes jusqu'a 14 mois en serre. Les mycorhizes ont ete synthetisees a l'aide d'inoculum vegetatif dans le cas de 13 combinaisons differentes impliquant cinq especes de Pinus et cinq especes de Lactarius, dont 12 etaient sans precedent. L'inoculation avec des spores n'a pas fonctionne. Les syntheses mycorhiziennes presentees ici fournissent les bases pour etablir des vergers de champignons avec L. deliciosus x P. yunnanensis ou P. radiata, L. hatsudake x P. yunnanensis ou P. tabuliformis et L. vividus x P. massoniana ou P. radiata qui semblent etre des symbiotes prometteurs pour la culture. A partir de cinq mois suivant l'inoculation, les semis mycorhizes ont subi un important broutage par les insectes. Les stades adultes de Bradysia impatiens sont les insectes les plus frequemment captures dans des pieges englues, tandis que leurs larves ont ete observees en train de s'alimenter au niveau des racines. La maitrise des insectes en pepiniere sera essentielle pour produire des semis mycorhizes a grande echelle. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : Lactarius sect. Deliciosi, Pinus, synthese mycorhizienne, dommage cause par les insectes, Bradysia impatiens., Introduction Forest mushrooms that belong to Lactarius section Deliciosi (Fr.: Fr.) Redeuilh, Verbeken & Walleyn are harvested worldwide for food and income. These fungi live in mycorrhizal symbiosis with a [...]