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Background Endometrial cancer risk stratification may help target interventions, screening, or prophylactic hysterectomy to mitigate the rising burden of this cancer. However, existing prediction models have been developed in select cohorts and have not considered genetic factors. Methods We developed endometrial cancer risk prediction models using data on postmenopausal White women aged 45-85 years from 19 case-control studies in the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium (E2C2). Relative risk estimates for predictors were combined with age-specific endometrial cancer incidence rates and estimates for the underlying risk factor distribution. We externally validated the models in 3 cohorts: Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), NHS II, and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Results Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the epidemiologic model ranged from 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62 to 0.67) to 0.69 (95% CI = 0.66 to 0.72). Improvements in discrimination from the addition of genetic factors were modest (no change in area under the receiver operating characteristic curves in NHS; PLCO = 0.64 to 0.66). The epidemiologic model was well calibrated in NHS II (overall expected-to-observed ratio [E/O] = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.22) and PLCO (overall E/O = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.13) but poorly calibrated in NHS (overall E/O = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.51 to 0.59). Conclusions Using data from the largest, most heterogeneous study population to date (to our knowledge), prediction models based on epidemiologic factors alone successfully identified women at high risk of endometrial cancer. Genetic factors offered limited improvements in discrimination. Further work is needed to refine this tool for clinical or public health practice and expand these models to multiethnic populations.

Background The outbreak of COVID-19 has been a big challenge for senior high school students in China who are facing tremendous pressure of the highly competitive College Entrance Examination. Methods To evaluate the psychological impact of the event in the population, we conducted an anonymous online survey among senior high school students in China between 26 Feb and 4 March, 2020. Information collected included demographic characteristics, attitude toward medical study, infection of COVID-19 in acquaintances, anxiety symptoms evaluated using the GAD-7, and health literacy level measured using the IDSHL. Results Of 21,085 participants, 3,575 (17.0%), 943 (4.5%) and 448 (2.1%) reported with mild, moderate, and severe anxiety. Female, higher academic year, worse self-evaluated academic performance, negative attitude toward medical study, living in Hubei province and having acquaintance infected with COVID-19 were significantly associated with anxiety level, while higher education level of mother and higher IDSHL score were associated with a lower risk. The score of IDSHL, particularly of the domain “infectious disease prevention”, was associated with the GAD-7 score in a linear pattern (β=-0.0371, p

The aim of this study was to investigate the transgenerational associations between exposure to famine in early life and obesity.This study used the longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 to 2015. A total of 1113 fathers and 1207 mothers (946 mother-father pairs) born in 1955 to 1966 and 1895 adult offspring were included. Offspring were classified into subgroups according to the famine exposure of their parents (unexposed, maternal exposed, paternal exposed, parental exposed) and exposure timing (during fetal development, childhood).Maternal exposure to famine in early life was associated with elevated levels of BMI, waist circumference, overweight, and central obesity of their children, whereas paternal exposure was inversely associated with these measurements. Compared with children of unexposed parents (P0M0), the maternal exposed group (P0M1) had higher mean BMI, by 1.3 kg/mFetal and early childhood exposure to famine in parents may be associated with their children's risk of obesity during adulthood. A better understanding of the transgenerational associations is important for developing strategies to reduce obesity risk in future generations.

An optimal risk-scoring system enables more targeted offers for colonoscopy in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. This analysis aims to develop and validate scoring systems using parametric and non-parametric methods for average-risk populations.Screening data of 807,695 subjects and 2806 detected cases in the first-round CRC screening program in Shanghai were used to develop risk-predictive models and scoring systems using logistic-regression (LR) and artificial-neural-network (ANN) methods. Performance of established scoring systems was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration, sensitivity, specificity, number of high-risk individuals and potential detection rates of CRC.Age, sex, CRC in first-degree relatives, chronic diarrhoea, mucus or bloody stool, history of any cancer and faecal-immunochemical-test (FIT) results were identified as predictors for the presence of CRC. The AUC of LR-based system was 0.642 when using risk factors only in derivation set, and increased to 0.774 by further incorporating one-sample FIT results, and to 0.808 by including two-sample FIT results, while those for ANN-based systems were 0.639, 0.763 and 0.805, respectively. Better calibrations were observed for the LR-based systems than the ANN-based ones. Compared with the currently used initial tests, parallel use of FIT with LR-based systems resulted in improved specificities, less demands for colonoscopy and higher detection rates of CRC, while parallel use of FIT with ANN-based systems had higher sensitivities; incorporating FIT in the scoring systems further increased specificities, decreased colonoscopy demands and improved detection rates of CRC.Our results indicate the potentials of LR-based scoring systems incorporating one- or two-sample FIT results for CRC mass screening. External validation is warranted for scaling-up implementation in the Chinese population.

The dataset presents the raw data collected through an online survey of senior high school students and their parents from 24 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions (96 cities) of China. We conducted the online survey using electronic self-administered questionnaires designed as student-version and parent-version during 26th February and 4th March of 2020. The questionnaires were designed using the online survey tool Sojump (Shanghai Information Co.), and released through WeChat platform (Tencent Corp) following principals-head teachers-students/parents approach. All the students and the parents were asked to answer the questions voluntarily and anonymously after reading informed consent at the fore page of the questionnaires. The information collected from students included: 1) demographic characteristics, including sex, date of birth, name of high school, academic year, and self-evaluated performance level; 2) educational levels and occupations of parents; 3) degree preferences, including the willingness to learn medicine (prior and post COVID-19 outbreak), preferred medical career (clinician, public health practitioner, pharmacist, nurse or others), and main motivations for selecting or unselecting medical study; 4) infection of COVID-19 in acquaintances; 5) health literacy level on infectious diseases assessed using the Infectious Disease-specific Health Literacy Scale (IDSHL), and 6) anxiety level evaluated using the Chinese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7). Information collected from parents included sex of their children and name of high school attended by their children, as well as their own educational level, occupation, anxiety symptoms, attitude toward their children's studying medicine, and main reasons for supportive or unsupportive attitudes, which were similar to the main motivations or de-motivations for medical study listed in the student-version questionnaire. Date and time for completion of the questionnaire were auto-recorded by the Sojump system. The dataset was established at the early stage of pandemic of COVID-19, and is valuable for understanding the instant psychological impacts of the outbreak of an emerging fatal infectious disease on senior high school students and their patents, and can provide evidence for policymakers on mental health intervention and medical education in China. The data are provided with this article.

Using the data that include the past data, the different rate of past data and the different rate of past data's different rate and relying on the inverse fuzzy number function and the predictor function we built, we preliminarily establish the theoretical framework of the F5, the set of fuzzy time series forecasting model. F5(\(\mu\)) is one common element of the F5, and also it is the predictor function. We used F5(0.000001), a common prediction model, to study the problem about the forecast of tourism income in Sanya. F5(0.000001) offers a new approach to the problem about the forecast of the fuzzy time series.

Background Low birth weight (LBW) has been associated with subsequent risks of obesity and certain chronic diseases, but evidence for the associations is limited for the Chinese population. Methods In this study we analyzed data from two population‐based prospective cohort studies, the Shanghai Women's Health Study and the Shanghai Men's Health Study, to examine the associations between LBW and the risk of obesity and chronic diseases. Birth weight was self‐reported at baseline; anthropometric measurements were made at study enrollment. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnoses were self‐reported, whereas hypertension diagnoses were based on self‐report and blood pressure measurements at baseline and follow‐up surveys. Results Birth weight was available for 11 515 men and 13 569 women. Non‐linear associations were observed for birth weight with baseline body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist: hip ratio (WHR), and waist: height ratio (WHtR; P, Highlights Low birth weight was linked with lower body mass index, a smaller waist circumference, and larger waist: hip and waist: height ratios in the Chinese population.The non‐linear pattern of associations between birth weight and body size in adulthood in this population, as well as the higher risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension in men and women with low birth weight, suggest that nutrition in early life is of considerable importance to health in later life.

Figure S1. HRs (95%CIs) between BMI (kg/m2) and the risk overall cancer in male T2DM patients with age younger than 60 years, and pre-existing hypertension allowing for non-linear effects. The shape of the association between BMI and overall cancer risk was compared with or without the variable of smoking status in male with Pre-existing hypertension, and age younger than 60 years old. The reference BMI for these plots (with HR fixed as 1.0) was 25 kg/m2. Left: No adjustment for smoking; Right: Adjustment for smoking; (the effect of smoking after controlling for other variables, p = 0.064). (DOCX 197 kb)

The 70-year experience of China in fighting against non-communicable diseases (NCDs) can be classified into three distinct periods: 1) the disease-oriented strategy period (from 1950 to 1994); 2) the risk factor-focused strategy period (from 1995 to 2008); and 3) the social and policy priority strategy period (since 2009). A number of projects were successful and valuable experience and lessons were accumulated during the three periods. Due to the underestimation of the ‘explosive’ epidemic of NCDs, however, it took China quite a long time to find the right path to curb the upward trend in these diseases. In this commentary, the authors review the evolution of strategies and the healthcare service system, examine advances and challenges, and summarize experience and lessons in NCD control in China. In view of development, China’s experience may have valuable implications for other low- and middle-income countries.

Tapered Roller Screen is the necessary equipment for Thermal Power Plant. Applying intact vague sets method, we research the problem of transmission for main structure of tapered roller screen design. That is a new attempt. We proposed a set of similarity measure formula for vague sets (value), and presented more than two ways that was transformed from interval data to vague data. Two kinds of proposed formulas are two technical supports for optimization algorithm of vague scheme. The proposed formulas and optimization algorithm of vague scheme can provide a useful way for the application examples.

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of obesity and how they related to chronic diseases among middle aged and elderly men in urban Shanghai.A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from a baseline survey from an on-going cohort study of 61 500 men between 40 - 74 of age in urban Shanghai. Study subjects were recruited from 8 communities of an urban district in Shanghai during 2002 to 2006. General obesity was measured by body mass index (BMI/= 28) and, central obesity by waist to hip ratio (WHR/= 0.9). Unconditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of chronic diseases associated with obesity after adjustment for potential confounding factors.The aged-adjusted prevalence rates of overweight, overall obesity and central obesity were 36.8%, 7.7% and 49.7% respectively. In this population, 66.7% subjects had ever been diagnosed with one or more kinds of chronic diseases, in which hypertension ranked first with an age-adjusted prevalence rate of 26.5%. After mutual adjustment for WHR and BMI, obesity (BMI/= 28) appeared to be associated with increased prevalence rates of hypertension, coronary heart disease, gallstone, urinary tract calculus and stroke comparing to men having normal BMI (18.5/ = BMI24) with ORs ranged from 1.16 to 3.13. However, to the lowest quartile, the ORs associated with the highest WHR were between 1.20 and 1.69 for these 5 diseases. All P values for trend tests were less than 0.05. WHR was positively associated with diabetes, with OR as 2.40 (95%CI: 2.14 - 2.70) for the highest quartile comparing to the lowest quartile. BMI was unrelated to the diabetes prevalence. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease decreased with increasing BMI, but increased with WHR. The corresponding OR was 0.87 (95%CI: 0.77 - 0.98) for the obese men compared to those with normal BMI while 1.26 (95%CI: 1.14 - 1.40) for the subjects with the highest WHR comparing to those with the lowest WHR.The prevalence rates of hypertension, gallstone, urinary tract calculus, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were higher in obesity men. Central obesity seemed to be related to high prevalence of diabetes.

In this paper, a series of new formulas for similarity measure between vague sets (values), as well as a direct transforming formula from single-valued datums to the vague-valued datums are presented. The application example in a field of psychology proves these formulas to be practicable.

This academic paper put forward the transformation formula and new similarity measure formula from single value data to vague data, and makes it the basis of vague integrative optimization evaluation methods. And make use of vague sets to optimize and evaluate four natural rubber species which planted widely in Hainan synthetically. Finally request to protect the natural rubber species of all kinds, breeding and promotion of new breed of high productivity and high resisting adversity property through science and technology innovation, and ultimately promote yield of natural rubber.

The definition and criterion from the single valued data into the vague valued data were presented, and the two transforming formulas from the single valued data to the vague valued data were proposed. The examples make known that the distinct formulas have distinct characters.

To assess whether the polymorphisms of CYP17 MspA(1)I are associated with the susceptibility of endometrial cancer.The allelic discrimination of the CYP17A1 gene polymorphisms were assessed with the ABI PRISM 7900 Sequence Detection Systems using TaqMan genotyping assay. Unconditional logistic regression was applied to assess odds ratio and 95% CI and evaluate the association between different genotypes and endometrial cancer development.The frequencies of wild-type, heterozygote and homozygote for the CYP17 MspA(1)I in control women in Shanghai were 17.8%, 49.3% and 32.9%, respectively. No significant difference was found in the distribution of various genotypes of CYP17 MspA(1)I between patients and controls. Pregnancy was associated with reduced risk of endometrial cancer in pre-menopausal women with A2 allele, OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.44 approximately 0.99. In post-menopausal women with A2 allele, more pregnancies (2) and shorter time of menstruation (or = 32 yrs) were associated with reduced risk of endometrial cancer.No significant relationship was found between CYP17 MspA(1)I genotypes and endometrial cancer risk.