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Since the beginning of 2019 all organisations, including non-profit organisations, have had to learn how to deal with completely new challenges caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Our paper aims to show to what extent the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the mission models of NGOs in areas such as types of beneficiaries, type of services, channels of communication, funding streams, key activities, and key partners. In order to reach this aim, we conducted a theoretical analysis of the charitable giving and models of NGOs activity and adopted a questionnaire survey methodology. A total of 575 NGOs from Poland, Croatia, and Lithuania participated in the study. Our study has found that the impact of the pandemic on NGO mission models varies and that pandemic can have a dual effect on the financial situation of NGOs. Despite the difficulties, some organizations gained from the pandemic (mainly those operating in the health and social care), and others lost.

The purpose of the paper is to describe the process of creating institutional settings in three post-communist countries and analyze the change of the social trust in these countries in line with the development of legal and accounting rules and norms for NGOs. The design and methodology include a literature analysis and the inductive method to analyze historical data for each country. The countries that were selected for the research are Lithuania – one of the Baltic states, which is in the last place in the World Giving Index (WGI) ranking, Poland with the average result in WGI ranking, and Croatia – the best post-communist country in the WGI ranking. Research limitations include the use of the descriptive method and the small number of countries included in the analysis. The originality and value of this paper lie in the fact that the problem of low social trust in NGOs in post-communist countries is analyzed by linking it with the development of NGO accountability and civil control over them. Celem artykułu jest analiza procesu tworzenia otoczenia instytucjonalnego sektora organizacji pozarządowych w trzech wybranych krajach postkomunistycznych oraz analiza zmian zaufania społecznego w tych krajach w odniesienu do zmian norm prawnych i rachunkowości dla organizacji pozarządowych. Metodologia badań obejmuje analizę literatury i indukcyjną metodę analizy danych historycznych dla wybranych krajów postkomunistycznych. Do badań wybrano trzy kraje postkomunistyczne: Litwę – jeden z krajów bałtyckich, zajmujący ostatnie miejsce w rankingu World Giving Index, Polskę i Chorwację – dwa najlepsze kraje postkomunistyczne w rankingu World Giving Index. Ograniczenia badawcze wynikają z zastosowania metody opisowej i niewielkiej liczby krajów objętych analizą. Oryginalność i wartość niniejszego opracowania polega analizie problemu niskiego zaufania społecznego do organizacji pozarządowych w krajach postkomunistycznych w kontekście rozwoju otoczenia instytucjonalnego organizacji pozarządowych oraz wzrostu ich rozliczalności i cywilnej kontroli nad nimi.

The debate on cohesion policy has recently intensified due to the increasing tensions within the EU and requires constant inputs with regards to various instruments which are applied. In Poland, a unique mechanism for guarantee distribution was adopted – the guarantees are mainly distributed through NGOs (nonbanking organisations granting guarantees – NOGG). Thus, the article aims to investigate the relationship between the level of regional development, the experience of nonbanking organisations granting guarantees and their performance which leads to observations and recommendations with regards to the functioning and assessment of guarantees as cohesion policy instruments. We have used panel regression for 156 observations covering 26 NOGG in Poland. The results confirm that there exist positive associations between the level of regional development, NOGG size (measured with guarantee capital) and experience and some financial performance measures. We posit, that a prerequisite for the high performance of these organisations is to ensure that they have an adequate level of guarantee capital and experience. We call for future EU-wide comparative research allowing deeper understanding of various guarantee distribution mechanisms performance. El debate sobre la política de cohesión se ha intensificado recientemente debido a las crecientes tensiones en el seno de la UE y requiere constantes aportaciones en relación con los distintos instrumentos que se aplican. En Polonia, se adoptó un mecanismo único para la distribución de garantías: las garantías se distribuyen principalmente a través de las ONG (organizaciones no bancarias que conceden garantías - NOGG). Así pues, el artículo pretende investigar la relación entre el nivel de desarrollo regional, la experiencia de las organizaciones no bancarias que conceden garantías y su rendimiento, lo que da lugar a observaciones y recomendaciones con respecto al funcionamiento y la evaluación de las garantías como instrumentos de la política de cohesión. Hemos utilizado una regresión de panel para 156 observaciones que cubren 26 NOGG en Polonia. Los resultados confirman que existen asociaciones positivas entre el nivel de desarrollo regional, el tamaño de la NOGG (medido con el capital de la garantía) y la experiencia y algunas medidas de rendimiento financiero. Afirmamos que un requisito previo para el alto rendimiento de estas organizaciones es asegurar que tengan un nivel adecuado de capital de garantía y experiencia. Pedimos que en el futuro se realicen investigaciones comparativas en toda la UE que permitan comprender mejor el rendimiento de los distintos mecanismos de distribución de garantías.

The article aims to answer the questions of whether public intervention in the form of financial aid for guarantee funds is necessary. This study examines the consequences of the financial aid for guarantee funds in Poland at the beginning of the 2014-2020 EU budget in the light of state intervention theory. We investigate three possible effects for organizations providing guarantees for SMEs: changes in output (the value and number of guarantees), changes in the transaction scale (average guarantee) and changes in efficiency. We use a panel regression analysis to verify the existence of such effects. The results show that grants lead neither to an increase in output (the number of guarantees or the total value of guarantees) nor to the improvement of multiplier or default ratios. We observe the positive impact of grants on the transaction scale and cost efficiency. We continue the discussion on the justification of state intervention in the market and the consequences of the public aid.The research shows that state intervention through public support for guarantee schemes has both advantages and disadvantages. In order to enhance the efficiency of the guarantee schemes, government intervention on behalf of private investors should be limited. Our research has some limitations. The sample does not cover all the functioning guarantee funds, as there were financial statements that were not available and our study does not concern the whole EU budget period (2014-2020). The consequences of public financial aid for organizations providing guarantees for SMEs are rarely studied, therefore, the paper fills the research gap on the influence of public aid on guarantee funds functioning in European Union countries.&nbsp

The article aims to answer the questions of whether public intervention in the form of financial aid for guarantee funds is necessary. This study examines the consequences of the financial aid for guarantee funds in Poland at the beginning of the 2014-2020 EU budget in the light of state intervention theory. We investigate three possible effects for organizations providing guarantees for SMEs: changes in output (the value and number of guarantees), changes in the transaction scale (average guarantee) and changes in efficiency. We use a panel regression analysis to verify the existence of such effects. The results show that grants lead neither to an increase in output (the number of guarantees or the total value of guarantees) nor to the improvement of multiplier or default ratios. We observe the positive impact of grants on the transaction scale and cost efficiency. We continue the discussion on the justification of state intervention in the market and the consequences of the public aid. The research shows that state intervention through public support for guarantee schemes has both advantages and disadvantages. In order to enhance the efficiency of the guarantee schemes, government intervention on behalf of private investors should be limited. Our research has some limitations. The sample does not cover all the functioning guarantee funds, as there were financial statements that were not available and our study does not concern the whole EU budget period (2014-2020). The consequences of public financial aid for organizations providing guarantees for SMEs are rarely studied, therefore, the paper fills the research gap on the influence of public aid on guarantee funds functioning in European Union countries.

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the significance of the activity run by philanthropic organizations in Poland for the benefit of society and the economy in the light of the social welfare of governmental organizations. Verification of hypotheses was conducted using different research methods: regression analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, trend analysis, and comparative analysis. The results did not demonstrate a significant relationship between local governments' expenditures on grants for philanthropic organizations fulfilling tasks on social welfare and local GDP. Despite the fact that the level of expenditure of public entities on social welfare goes up with the growth of the number of PBOs, as do their costs and revenues, the figures do not depend on each other.

Many private institutions serving public purposes use volunteer work that they must disclose in their reports. In this paper, 315 public benefit organizations in Poland (PBOs) and 315 charities in the UK are analyzed using statistical methods. Differences in the level of disclosure and the degree to which PBOs’ financial results depend on the number of volunteers are also described. The conclusion the research has offered is that UK PBOs operate on a wider scale and use volunteer work more frequently and that the Polish. Moreover, UK PBOs are not significantly different than Polish regarding the relationship between their financial results and the number of volunteers supporting their activities.

Książka prezentuje dostępne dla małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw źródła finansowania z instytucji pozabankowych z uwzględnieniem wsparcia niefinansowego niezbędnego dla prawidłowego wykorzystania otrzymanych środków pieniężnych. Wskazano warunki, na jakich przedsiębiorca może uzyskać wsparcie z instytucji prowadzących fundusze pożyczkowe, poręczeniowe, fundusze zalążkowe oraz pomoc z inkubatorów i parków technologicznych. Książka prezentuje nie tylko zasady funkcjonowania pozabankowych instytucji not-for-profit oferujących instrumenty finansowe dla przedsiębiorców, ale i aspekty ewidencyjno-sprawozdawcze zarówno dla tych instytucji jak i klientów funduszy. Omawiane zagadnienia są wsparte poprzez badania własne autorki na temat wpływu instrumentów finansowych udzielanych przez tego typu organizacje na lukę kapitałową oraz czynników decydujących o liczbie i wartości przyznawanego wsparcia. Wydawnictwo Difin

The article aims to establish whether Polish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are important providers of social welfare services, and whether local authorities perceive them as partners in the implementation of this type of projects. The significance of NGOs is measured with the amount of social welfare grants they received between 2006 and 2011 and with the number of NGOs offering social welfare services that were active in that period. To test the research hypotheses, a trend analysis and a panel regression model are used. The research findings show that NGOs are becoming increasingly important to local governments as their partners in the field of social welfare, as well as a strong correlation between the number of NGOs in the area and the level of local governments’ grants for NGOs on the one hand and economic indicators such as GDP and the rate of unemployment on the other.

The aim of the article is to evaluate financial results of 64 charity organizations in Poland that were the biggest beneficiaries of 1% tax of companies and individuals. The author used evaluation model proposed by the Charity Navigator, American organization founded to evaluate the results of the charities. The conclusions drawn by the author should be the introduction to the professional discussion about the purpose of the financial reports of the charities. The research is the continuation and extension of the research done in 2010.

Charity organization is a type of not-for-profit organization, however special purpose of this organization is not only nonfinancial, but to act for other people's benefit or the whole environ- ment. Capital companies prepare financial statements for their investors. Charity organization has not investors, but donors. Its revenues come from individuals, governmental institutions or private organizations, that don't expect the return from their „investments" . The charity organization doesn't have to guarantee to reach the particular goal, but only the good intention. However, the donor can expect that his money will be used effectively, that chosen group of people will be supported. The problem appears, when the goals of managers or employees of the charity is different than the goal of the donor (entrepreneur, individual or governmental institution). The differences can influence and cause the agency cost. The aim of the paper is to find the answers some questions, among which the most important is: how the regulations of the financial reporting and financial control of the charities can change the agency costs and if the financial statement prepared by the charities is a significant document for the donors.

Public benefit organizations pursue non-financial and socially useful objectives that serve the well-being of individuals or wider public. Business corporations address their financial reports to investors who provide them with capital. A public benefit organization does not have any investors and uses grants and donations to attain its objectives without giving any guarantees that it will be successful, but only promising its motivation, efforts, determination and intention to assist the target group of beneficiaries. The paper aims to assess the importance of the information presented in the public benefit organizations’ financial and business reports for their stakeholders, as well as the impact of the organizations’ financial results on their capacity for raising funds in the next periods. Investigating the sample of 84 Polish public benefit organizations the authors intended to find out whether financial information determines the amounts of grants and financial donations the organizations receive. They also attempted to establish which financial factors make donors contribute to the given organization. Another objective of the study was to show whether the Polish donors examine the organizations’ financial reports and use information thus obtained to donate.

Małe i średnie firmy z racji ograniczonego zakresu prowadzonej przez siebie działalności, będącego istotnym czynnikiem zwiększającym z punktu widzenia banków ryzyko niewypłacalności, mają wysoce utrudniony dostęp do zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania. Pomimo iż rynek usług bankowych oferuje coraz to korzystniejsze warunki i produkty dla MSP, uzyskanie kredytu wiąże się nie tylko z dużą trudnością, ale i z wysokim stopniem formalizmu oraz zbiurokratyzowaniem procedur. Jednym z rozwiązań mogących pomóc małym i średnim przedsiębiorcom ominąć bariery w dostępie do zewnętrznego kapitału są fundusze poręczeń kredytowych, poręczające od 50–70% wartości kredytu lub pożyczki udzielanej małemu lub średniemu przedsiębiorcy. Celem rozdziału jest wskazanie korzyści oraz kosztów związanych z zawarciem umowy poręczenia dla poręczyciela, beneficjenta i dłużnika oraz uregulowań (i ich niedoskonałości) w zakresie ujawniania informacji na temat udzielanych i uzyskiwanych poręczeń. Publikacja dofinansowana przez STOWARZYSZENIE KSIĘGOWYCH W POLSCE ZARZĄD GŁÓWNY W WARSZAWIE ODDZIAŁ OKRĘGOWY W ŁODZI, ul. Narutowicza 35, 90-125 Łódź; tel. 042-631-95-23, 042-631-95-29, fax 042-630-26-37; www.skwp-lodz.pl, biuro@skwp-lodz.pl.

Realizacja projektów wymaga właściwie zaprojektowanego systemu rachunkowości dostosowanego do potrzeb informacyjnych realizowanych projektów oraz wysokiej jakości sprawozdań finansowych prezentujących sytuację finansową jednostki. Zarządzanie projektami realizowanymi przez organizacje niedziałające dla zysku jest utrudnione ze względu na nieprzystosowanie systemów rachunkowości tych organizacji do realizacji projektów, zwłaszcza dofinansowanych z UE. Ponadto brak bądź trudny dostęp do specjalistów, wykwalifikowanych pracowników, którzy mogliby podjąć się przygotowania wniosku o dofinansowanie oraz wdrożenie projektu, powoduje odkładanie projektów w czasie i niewykorzystywanie środków unijnych w dostatecznym stopniu. Celem rozdziału jest przybliżenie problemów związanych z oceną sytuacji finansowej organizacji not-for-profit na podstawie prezentowanych informacji w sprawozdaniach finansowych i oceną przykładowych projektów przez nie realizowanych, a także wskazanie jakości udostępnianych danych finansowych oraz specyfiki rachunkowości tych organizacji. Publikacja dofinansowana przez STOWARZYSZENIE KSIĘGOWYCH W POLSCE ZARZĄD GŁÓWNY W WARSZAWIE ODDZIAŁ OKRĘGOWY W ŁODZI, ul. Narutowicza 35, 90-125 Łódź; tel. 042-631-95-23, 042-631-95-29, fax 042-630-26-37; www.skwp-lodz.pl, biuro@skwp-lodz.pl.