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2. A STUDY OF RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION IN THE CAVE FOR DEVELOPING THE THROUGH-THE-EARTH APPLICATION.

Author

Jantaupalee, Atawit, Wongsan, Rangsan, Khamsalee, Peerasan, Wannakomol, Akkhapun, and Tansuwan, Kiatsuradech

Subjects
RADIO wave propagation, CAVES, TUNNELS, RADIO waves, RADIO frequency
Abstract

Radio waves are significant for operating in an underground tunnel or a cave, such as two-way radio systems or emergency communication during rescue operations. Most applications used in the tunnels require wired connections because of the high attenuation of the wireless propagation. In particular, the attenuation in caves is higher than in tunnels because of the non-uniform nature of the walls. Therefore, this paper presents a study of the radio wave propagation within a cave. The experiment covers the low-frequency (LF) to ultra-high frequency (UHF) bands that aim to analyze the attenuation and behavior of waves in caves. Study results show that the low frequency and medium frequency (MF) bands can penetrate cave walls due to the deeper skin depth. At the same time, higher frequencies perform well in line-of-sight (LOS) propagation over short distances, albeit encountering significant attenuation in non-uniform cave environments. The skin depth condition obtained in the propagation result led to the Through-the-Earth (TTE) experiment by making two hand-made transceivers in the beginning band of MF at 350 kHz for transmitting and receiving waves between the mountain surface and the cave passage directly through the rock layer. The results of the TTE experiment show that the transceivers can transmit to 571 meters with a received power of -85.0 dBm before encountering an obstacle that makes it impossible to continue. Finally, the results are significant for developing the application of radio frequency within caves or tunnels and improving the application of the TTE technique with more versatility and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Soil and Groundwater Salinization Problems in the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand

Author

Wannakomol, Akkhapun

Abstract

The study area is located in the western part of the Khorat basin, a sub basin of the Khorat Plateau, northeastern Thailand. The aims of the study are to map the distribution of saline soil at the surface of the study area, to correlate presumably salt-related features visible in the remote sensing data with information/indications provided by geophysics or other sources of data, to develop tentative assumptions on relationships between typical salt-related features in the remote sensing imagery and corresponding subsurface conditions, to outline concepts on the development of soil salinity, depending on lithological and structural conditions, and to investigate the differentiation between saline and non-saline soil by differences of their spectral properties. The non-remotely-sensed data, e.g. geophysics, groundwater, borehole logs and GIS data were employed to study the distribution, depth and shape of the rock salt members of the Maha Sarakham Formation, which are supposed to be the major sources of the salinity in this region. Results from geophysical investigations by conducting seismic reflection, resistivity and microgravity investigation indicate that the rock salt beneath the moderately to the severely salt-affected areas is present at a depths range from 80 to 100 m. The rock salt has a relatively flat to broadly anticlinal surface. These results also imply that beneath the elevated areas the rock salt is situated at greater depths than under the low-lying areas, troughs or swampy areas, e.g. in the vicinity of the Khong District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Remotely sensed data including Landsat 5 (TM), Landsat 7 (ETM+) and ASTER covering the study area were used to map the land use and salinity in the study area by means of visual interpretation and digital classification. Based on visual interpretation of land use and existing saline soil maps and two additional field trips investigating the amount of salt crust present at the surface, salt-affected areas in the study area could be categorized into three major types: severely, moderately and slightly salt-affected. Land use classifications of Landsat 7 and ASTER data showed good results in differentiating salt-affected from non salt-affected areas. Especially ASTER data gave high accuracy. Soil salinity classification derived from Landsat 7 by Band Math techniques gave poor results, particularly, when differentiating saline areas from bare ground, while those derived from ASTER data gave higher accuracy. Processing and interpreting ASTER data made it possible to effectively differentiate saline areas from bare ground. The total area of classified salt-affected areas in the study area is 495 km2. Results from reflectance spectra measurements showed that salt crust covering saline areas has specific spectral absorption feature at 1 750 nm wavelength. It is notable that most of the salt affected areas are located where lineaments occur. The dissolved salt rises to the surface using increased permeability along fault and fracture planes which are featured by lineaments on satellite images; salt crusts accumulate along these features and cause salinity later on. Based on hydrogeology, geology and topography, this study classifies the salinity in the study area into three main types: 1) Salinity along weak zones including salinity along a rock boundary, salinity along a lineament and a river course, 2) salinity in depression areas, and 3) salinity affected by reservoir and irrigation systems., Das Untersuchungsgebiet liegt im westlichen Teil des Khorat Beckens in der Khorat Hochebene im nordöstlichen Thailand. Ziel der Studie war, Labor- und Geländeuntersuchungen zur spektralen Unterscheidung zwischen salzigen und nichtsalzigen Böden durchzuführen und die Verteilung von Bodenversalzungen an der Oberfläche des Untersuchungsgebietes zu erfassen. Weiter waren die vermutlich mit dem Steinsalz der Maha Sarakham Formation in Verbindung stehenden und in Fernerkundungsdaten sichtbaren Landschaftsmerkmale durch geophysikalische Untersuchungen, Geländeuntersuchungen und durch Vergleiche mit weiteren Daten zu überprüfen. Konzepte und Modelle waren abzuleiten, welche mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen typischen in Fernerkundungsdaten sichtbaren Gelände- und Versalzungsmerkmalen und den geologischen Verhältnissen im Untergrund, insbesondere mit der Morphologie der Steinsalzoberfläche, erklären. Nichtfernerkundungsdaten, z.B. geophysikalische Daten, Grundwasserdaten, Bohrlochdaten und GIS-Daten wurden eingesetzt, um die Verbreitung, die Tiefenlage und die Morphologie der obersten Steinsalzschicht der Maha Sarakham Formation zu studieren. Diese wird als Hauptquelle für die Boden- und Grundwasserversalzung in der Region angesehen. Resultate der geophysikalischen Untersuchungen (Reflexionsseismik, Geoelektrik und Gravimetrie) zeigen, dass das Steinsalz unter den leicht bis extrem salzhaltigen Böden zwischen 80 und 100 m Tiefe liegt. Eine Ausnahme bildet die Region um Jaturat, in der die Steinsalzoberfläche in den seismischen Profilschnitten sowie in der Bohrung BS25 bei 60 bis 70 m unter der Geländeoberfläche angetroffen wurde. Die Daten aus Bohrungen und Geophysik zeigen weiter, dass unter topographischen Hochlagen das Steinsalz in größeren Tiefen liegt als unter den Geländeniederungen, den Abflusstälern oder den Sumpfgebieten. Letzteres ist insbesondere in der Region Khong, Provinz Nakhon Ratchasima, sichtbar. Fernerkundungsdaten, von Landsat 5 (TM), Landsat 7 (ETM+) und ASTER, wurden für das Untersuchungsgebiet digital verarbeitet und ausgewertet. Durch Anwendung und Erprobung von geeigneten Klassifizierungsmethoden wurden für das Untersuchungsgebiet Karten der Flächennutzung und der Bodenversalzungen abgeleitet. Unter Bezug zur Karte der aktuellen Flächennutzung, den Informationen und Daten zur Bodenversalzung sowie den Ergebnissen von zwei Geländekampagnen zur Überprüfung der Ergebnisse der Fernerkundung konnten die salzbelasteten Bereiche im Untersuchungsgebiet in drei Hauptkategorien streng, gemäßigt und gering salzbeeinflußt eingeteilt werden. Die Ergebnisse der Auswertung von Landsat 7 und von ASTER-Daten zeigen grundsätzlich gute Resultate bei der Unterscheidung zwischen salzbeeinflussten Bereichen und offensichtlich nicht salzführenden Bereichen. Besonders gute Ergebnisse lieferten dabei die ASTER-Daten. Im Gegensatz zu Landsat 7 war es mit ASTER möglich, versalzene Bereiche von nicht vegetationsbedeckten aber salzfreien Böden verlässlicher zu unterscheiden. Resultate der Spektralanalysen zeigten, dass die Salzkruste eine spezifische Absorption der elektromagnetischen Strahlung bei Wellenlängen um 1750 nm aufweist. Das ganze Gebiet der als salzbeeinflußt klassifizierten Zonen im Studienbereich beträgt 495 km2. Es ist bemerkenswert, daß die meisten salzbeeinflußten Bereiche dort lokalisiert wurden, wo Lineamente auftreten. Das gelöste Salz steigt zur Oberfläche vornehmlich in Zonen erhöhter Permeabilität entlang von Störungs- und Bruchflächen auf, die als Lineamente auf Satellitenbildern abgebildet werden. Salzkrusten bilden sich folglich vor allem entlang dieser Zonen aus. Gegründet auf unterstützende Daten zu Hydrogeologie, Geologie und Topographie, stuft diese Studie die Bodenversalzungen im Untersuchungsgebiet in folgende Hauptarten ein: 1) Bodenversalzungen entlang tektonischer Schwächezonen, in Satellitenbildern als Lineamente abgebildet und a Grenzen zwischen Gesteinsformationen, 2) Bodenversalzungen in Geländeniederungen und 3) Bodenversalzungen im Umfeld von Reservoiren und Bewässerungskanälen.

Published
2005

7. PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCK AND MIGRATION IN THE MERGUI BASIN, THE ANDAMAN SEA, THAILAND: PREDICTION FROM AN ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY STUDY USING THE PETROMOD PROGRAM.

Author

Chaina, Nattaya, Wannakomol, Akkhapun, and Terakulsatit, Bantita

Subjects
*PETROLEUM, *GEOCHEMISTRY, *FOSSIL fuels, *EARTH sciences
Abstract

The main objective of this research is to identify petroleum source rock and the petroleum migration path of the Mergui basin, Andaman Sea, Thailand. An assessment of the petroleum generation was performed by a geochemical analysis of the rock and running the basin modelling using commercial computer software named PetroMod, whilst the migration path was determined by the porosity of the Ranong Formation and the thermal maturity of the sediments. The results of the study indicated that source rocks were present in the Yala, Kantang, and Trang Formations but were immature throughout the basin. Only the Yala Formation could be properly exploited to generate petroleum. The petroleum source rock of the Yala Formation is marine shale which has total organic carbon values ranging between 0.5 and 1.5%. Its organic matter is Type III terrestrial, which represents a gas prone kerogen, whilst its thermal maturity has a vitrinite reflectance (R0) range between 0.6 and 1.0; the Tmas of the Yala formation is in the range between 430°C to nearly 450°C and its production index ranges between 0.1 and 0.4. The oil window lies around 2100 m, 3000 m, and 4500 m in the north Mergui basin, main Mergui basin, and Andaman slope areas, respectively. The Oligocene to early Miocene period Yala Formation is mature over most of the basin. From the results of the potential of the reservoir in the Ranong Formation with its thermal maturity, the geothermal gradient in the basin indicated that the hydrocarbons' expulsion and migration were believed to have taken place mainly beginning around the middle Miocene period and still continue today. Hydrocarbons are primarily being generated and are migrating from the deep east Mergui, west Mergui, and Ranong troughs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014

8. A MONOGRAPH FOR PRESSURE AND PRESSURE GRADIENT ESTIMATION USING WIRELINE LOG DATA OF MAE-SOON OIL FIELD, FANG BASIN.

Author

Puewthong, Sattasak and Wannakomol, Akkhapun

Subjects
*PRESSURE measurement, *PROPORTION, *ROCKS, *EARTH resistance (Geophysics), *OIL fields
Abstract

In general, the pressure is directly proportional to the depth caused by the continual pressured stress of rock. From resistivity log data, a monograph indicating the relationship between increasable resistivity and depth can be created. In this study, resistivity log data of Mae-Soon oil field had been estimated its trend by applying Microsoft Office Excel 2003. This trend could be used for pressure gradient estimation by using an invented resistivity related pressure monograph. As a result, a monograph for pressure gradient estimation for Mae-Soon oil field, located in Fang basin, was created. Result from created the pressure estimation monograph testing indicated that the erroneous percentage of pressure estimation of Mae-Soon oil field was (+4.47333) to (-4.28667). Moreover, pressure gradient estimation of Mae-Soon oil field by using the created monograph was quite accurate with very low erroneous percentage as (+0.00082) to (-0.00068). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012

9. USING LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE TO REDUCE INTERFACIAL TENSION OF CRUDE OIL.

Author

Pipatpongsanon, Pipat and Wannakomol, Akkhapun

Subjects
*LINEAR alkylbenzene sulfonate, *INTERFACIAL stresses, *PETROLEUM, *SURFACE active agents, *OIL fields
Abstract

Interfacial tension (IFT) is one of the main causes of crude oil movement obstruction in oil reservoirs. To enhance oil recovery, a reduction in crude oil interfacial tension is needed. This research aimed to study the reduction of interfacial tension by adding a surfactant solution into crude oil. Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) was selected to use as an IFT reducing additive. The effects of the LAS concentration (5%, 10%, and 15% of concentration by volume) and temperature (40°C-90°C) on IFT of crude oil samples from the Sansai oil field, located in the Fang basin, were measured by the ring and plate method based on the ASTM D971-99 standard. As a result, it was found that a maximum reduction of 20% crude oil IFT occurred after adding the LAS solution at 10% by volume at 70°C. IFT was decreased from 26.53 dynes/cm to 21.1 dynes/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012

10. WATER ALTERNATING GAS INJECTION FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY IN THE PHITSANULOK BASIN.

Author

Jaturakhanawanit, Suphattra and Wannakomol, Akkhapun

Subjects
*OIL field flooding, *GEOLOGICAL basins, *HYDROCARBON reservoirs, *PRESSURE, *PETROLEUM production
Abstract

There are many methods that can be applied to increase recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Water alternating gas injection (WAG) is one of them, which combines the advantages of the waterflooding and gas injection methods. Repetition of the WAG process can further improve the sweep efficiency on a micro scale. In this study, application of WAG was studied for conditions of an oil field in the Phitsanulok Basin by reservoir simulation using Eclipse 300. The sandbox model with both a production and an injection well is set up at S MMSTB. The miscibility flood is also set up for the WAG reservoir simulation setting. The reservoir was set the bottom hole pressure of production above 2165 psia for hydraulic pressure and 90% water cut as limitation in producing period. Results from the simulation testing indicate that the cumulative oil production was 3.35 MMSTB (4.44 MMRB) at the end of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011

11. FILTRATION AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX ADDED DRILLING FLUID.

Author

Riyapan, Thanarit and Wannakomol, Akkhapun

Subjects
*FILTERS & filtration, *RHEOLOGY, *HEVEA, *RUBBER additives, *DRILLING mud testing, *ROTARY drilling, *BIOPOLYMERS
Abstract

Drilling fluids play a very important role in rotary drilling activities. It is necessary to control their properties to optimize and to enhance efficiency of drilling operation. The objective of this study is to measure filtration and rheological properties of water-based mud using natural rubber latex (NRL) additive which is derived from the Hevea brasiliensis tree. This ecologically-friendly biopolymer water-based mud was tested by API RP 13B standard procedure for testing water-based drilling fluids. The effects of NRL concentration and temperature on filtration properties were investigated. The test results can be summarized as follows; (1) The presence of NRL containing mud had better static filtration properties compared to base bentonite mud, (2) The influence of elevated temperature showed negative effects on filtration properties by increasing fluid loss rate, (3) The rheological parameters of NRL containing mud increased with an increase of NRL concentration and temperature except plastic viscosity which slightly decreased with increasing temperature, and (4) The NRL could be used as drilling fluid additive for borehole having bottom hole temperature up to 80°C without thermal degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011

12. UNDISCOVERED HYDROCARBON RESOURCES OF CHONNABOT PROSPECT, NORTHEAST THAILAND.

Author

Glumglomjit, Sakchai and Wannakomol, Akkhapun

Subjects
*HYDROCARBONS, *CARBONATES, *COMPUTER software, *PETROLEUM industry
Abstract

The objective of this research is to assess the undiscovered hydrocarbon resources in the Chonnabot prospect, an important Permian carbonate hydrocarbon source and reservoir rock of northeast Thailand. The study area covers the area of Chonnabot, Waeng Yai, and Waeng Noi districts, Khon Kaen province in the southwestern part of northeastern region of Thailand. The assessment of undiscovered hydrocarbon resources in the Chonnabot prospect was performed by using play analysis, probability theory approach, and FASPU computer program. The resulting mean estimates are 15.02 MMbbl of undiscovered oil and 657.53 Bcf of undiscovered non-associated gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011

13. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR NATURAL GAS FIELD POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT AT CHONNABOT PROSPECT, NORTHEASTERN THAILAND.

Author

Ruksutjaritkul, Kanjana, Trisarn, Kriangkrai, and Wannakomol, Akkhapun

Subjects
*PETROLEUM prospecting, *COMPUTER software, *MICROSOFT Visual Basic (Computer program language), *MONTE Carlo method, *INTERNAL rate of return, *NATURAL gas reserves
Abstract

The article presents a study which aims to develop Petroleum Potential Assessment (PPA) computer program using Microsoft Visual Basic version 6.0 for the potential assessment of natural gas field at Chonnabot Prospect in Northeastern Thailand. The study used probability of success theory and Monte Carlo simulation. Study reveals the estimated gas recoverable and in place resources, as well as the Profit to Investment Ratio (PIR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

Published
2012

14. Geochemical indices and palynology comparison used for paleoproductivity and paleoredox conditions of the Huai Hin Lat formation in part of Loei-Petchabun Fold Belt in central Thailand.

Author

Arsairai, Boonnarong, Feng, Qinglai, Chonglakman, Chongpan, Wannakomol, Akkhapun, and Vattanasak, Hathaichanok

Subjects
*OROGENIC belts, *SHALE, *GEOCHEMISTRY, *PETROLOGY, *BEDS, *GEOCHEMICAL surveys, *CHROMIUM isotopes
Abstract

Petrography and geochemistry analyzing Dat Yai section can describe paleoproductivity and past-redox condition. Paleoproductivity proxies consisted of AOM, phytoclast, TOC, excess SiO2, Ba/Al, and P/Al as high values through sections which similarly indicate high productivity. High productivity in Beds 3 and 27 showed lower peak TOC which is explained by poorer preservation. Lower productivity of Bed 18 showed a high TOC peak indicating good preservation. Paleoredox condition was evaluated using Ni/Co, U/Th, V/Cr, V/(V+Ni), Ni/V, and (Cu+Mo)/Zn. Values for V/(V+Ni) ranged from 0.67 to 0.85 exceeding the cutoff value of 0.46 for a reducing environment. The average value of V/Cr (2.07) exceeded 2.0 of anoxic. Bed 9 consisted of the highest peak of TOC that does not reflect the excellent preservation resulting from dominantly high paleoproductivity. Bed 21 exhibited lower productivity and lowest TOC which indicated a poverty-reducing effect. AOM and phytoclasts were supplied and kept in the benthic floor by extreme redox. Sediments became black shale which expelled oil and some gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020

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