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2. The textual sociology of the Stationers' Registers, 1554-1605

Author

Waring, K

Abstract

The Stationers’ Registers are paradoxical objects. The Stationers’ Company is well-known\ud amongst early modern scholars and the Stationers’ Registers are frequently cited; together,\ud they played a significant role in the narratives of book history that emerge throughout this\ud period. However, given that the Stationers’ Registers are such important texts there have\ud been very few studies concerned solely with them. This thesis, as an individual study of the\ud Stationers’ Registers between 1554 and 1605, aims to redress this absence from the\ud established work in this field.\ud Its fundamental purpose is to explore the textual sociology of the Stationers’ Registers in\ud order to examine its position as a cultural artefact in its own right, with particular emphasis\ud placed upon the social dynamics that were instrumental in shaping the narratives and\ud discourses that surround the registers. Chapters One and Two consider the ways in which\ud concepts of ‘text’ and ‘authorship’ inform and fashion the material and social constructs of\ud the Stationers’ Registers. Very little is known of the procedural aspect of the Company’s\ud record-keeping systems during this period, so Chapter Three is an investigation of the daily\ud procedural and cultural environment of the Stationers’ Company. Chapter Four examines\ud the social function of the Stationers’ Registers, and their role as social documents. For the\ud London book trades the registers had a value beyond that of the commercial, a worth that\ud extended into cultural, social, and political spheres; and in Chapter Five I explore what the\ud registers tell us about the values ascribed to texts.

Published
2022
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3. Logging therapy session data via an upper limb FES rehabilitation system

Author

Sun, M, Kenney, LPJ, Howard, D, Smith, C, Waring, K, and Luckie, HM

Abstract

This paper reports on an approach to capturing real-time therapy session data using an upper limb functional electrical stimulation (FES) system to support our under-standing of its usability in clinical environments and to record therapy delivered. The recently developed ad-vanced FES system, FES-UPP, which is allowed clini-cians to quickly and easily set up controllers to deliver FES-support for patient-specific upper limb functional task practice. One stroke patient participant carried out 7 therapy sessions in clinical environments. Some exam-ple information has been summarized from the logged data and shows a noticeable increase in the efficiency of therapy delivery with using FES-UPP system.

Published
2018

5. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group

Author

Stearne, MR, Palmer, S, Hammersley, MS, Franklin, S, Spivey, R, Levy, J, Tidy, C, Bell, N, Steemson, J, Barrow, B, Coster, R, Waring, K, Nolan, L, Truscott, E, Walravens, N, Cook, B, Lampard, H, Merle, C, Parker, P, McVittie, J, Draisey, I, Murchison, L, Brunt, A, Williams, M, and Pearson, D

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tight control of blood pressure with either a beta blocker or an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor has a specific advantage or disadvantage in preventing the macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial comparing an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) with a beta blocker (atenolol) in patients with type 2 diabetes aiming at a blood pressure of =300 mg/l (5% and 9%). The proportion of patients with hypoglycaemic attacks was not different between groups, but mean weight gain in the atenolol group was greater (3.4 kg v 1.6 kg). CONCLUSION: Blood pressure lowering with captopril or atenolol was similarly effective in reducing the incidence of diabetic complications. This study provided no evidence that either drug has any specific beneficial or deleterious effect, suggesting that blood pressure reduction in itself may be more important than the treatment used.

Published
2016
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6. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group

Author

Stearne, MR, Palmer, S, Hammersley, MS, Franklin, S, Spivey, R, Levy, J, Tidy, C, Bell, N, Steemson, J, Barrow, B, Coster, R, Waring, K, Nolan, J, Truscott, E, Walravens, N, Cook, L, Lampard, H, Merle, C, Parker, P, McVittie, J, Draisey, I, Murchison, L, Brunt, A, Williams, M, and Pearson, D

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tight control of blood pressure prevents macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial comparing tight control of blood pressure aiming at a blood pressure of

Published
2016
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7. Cost effectiveness analysis of improved blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 40

Author

Stearne, MR, Palmer, SL, Hammersley, MS, Franklin, SL, Spivey, RS, Levy, JC, Tidy, CR, Bell, NJ, Steemson, J, Barrow, BA, Coster, R, Waring, K, Nolan, L, Truscott, E, Walravens, N, Cook, L, Lampard, H, Merle, C, Parker, P, McVittie, J, Draisey, I, Murchison, LE, Brunt, AHE, Williams, MJ, Pearson, DW, Petrie, XMP, Lean, MEJ, Walmsley, D, Lyall, F, Christie, E, Church, J, Thomson, E, Farrow, A, Stowers, JM, Stowers, M, McHardy, K, Patterson, N, Wright, AD, Levi, NA, Shearer, ACI, Thompson, RJW, Taylor, G, Rayton, S, Bradbury, M, Glover, A, Smyth-Osbourne, A, Parkes, C, Graham, J, England, P, Gyde, S, Eagle, C, Chakrabarti, B, Smith, J, Sherwell, J, Kohner, EM, Dornhorst, A, Doddridge, MC, Dumskyj, M, Walji, S, Sharp, P, Sleightholm, M, Vanterpool, G, Rose, C, Frost, G, Roseblade, M, Elliott, S, Forrester, S, Foster, M, Myers, K, Chapman, R, Hayes, JR, Henry, RW, Featherston, MS, Archbold, GPR, Copeland, M, Harper, R, Richardson, I, Martin, S, Davison, HA, Hadden, DR, Kennedy, L, Atkinson, AB, Culbert, AM, Hegan, C, Tennet, H, Webb, N, Robinson, I, Holmes, J, Bell, PM, McCance, DR, Rutherford, J, Nesbitt, S, Spathis, AS, Hyer, S, Nanson, ME, James, LM, Tyrell, JM, Davis, C, Strugnell, P, Booth, M, Petrie, H, Clark, D, Rice, B, Hulland, S, Barron, JL, Yudkin, JS, Gould, BJ, Singer, J, Badenock, A, Eckert, M, Alibhai, K, Marriot, E, Cox, C, Price, R, Fernandez, M, Ryle, A, Clarke, S, Wallace, G, Mehmed, E, MacFarlane, S, Greenwood, RH, Wilson, J, Denholm, MJ, Temple, RC, Whitfield, K, Johnson, F, Munroe, C, Gorick, S, Duckworth, E, Flatman, M, Rainbow, S, Borthwick, LJ, Wheatcroft, DJ, Seaman, RJ, Christie, RA, Wheatcroft, W, Musk, P, White, J, McDougal, S, Bond, M, Raniga, P, Newton, RW, Jung, RT, Roxburgh, C, Kilgallon, B, Dick, L, Waugh, N, Kilby, S, Ellington, A, Burns, J, Fox, CV, Holloway, MC, Coghill, HM, Hein, N, Fox, A, Cowan, W, Richard, M, Quested, K, Evans, SJ, Paisey, RB, Brown, NPR, Tucker, AJ, Paisey, R, Garrett, F, Hogg, J, Park, P, Williams, K, Harvey, P, Wilcocks, R, Mason, S, Frost, J, Warren, C, Rocket, P, Bower, L, Roland, JM, Brown, DJ, Youens, J, Stanton-King, K, Mungall, H, Ball, V, Maddison, W, Donnelly, D, King, S, Griffin, P, Smith, S, Church, S, Dunn, G, Wilson, A, Palmer, K, Brown, PM, Humphriss, D, Davidson, AJM, Rose, R, Armistead, L, Townsend, S, Poon, P, Peacock, IDA, Culverwell, NJC, Charlton, MH, Connolly, BPS, Peacock, J, Barrett, J, Wain, J, Beeston, W, King, G, Hill, PG, Boulton, AJM, Robertson, AM, Katoulis, V, Olukoga, A, McDonald, H, Kumar, S, Abouaesha, F, Abuaisha, B, Knowles, EA, Higgins, S, Booker, J, Sunter, J, Breislin, K, Parker, R, Raval, P, Curwell, J, Davenport, J, Shawcross, G, Prest, A, Grey, J, Cole, H, Sereviratne, C, Young, RJ, Dornan, TL, Clyne, JR, Gibson, M, O'Connell, I, Wong, LM, Wilson, SJ, Wright, KL, Wallace, C, McDowell, D, Burden, AC, Sellen, EM, Gregory, R, Roshan, M, Vaghela, N, Burden, M, Sherriff, C, Clarke, J, Grenfell, J, Tooke, JE, MacLeod, K, Searnark, C, Rammell, M, Pym, C, Stockman, J, Yeo, C, Piper, J, Leighton, L, Green, E, Hoyle, M, Jones, K, Hudson, A, James, AJ, Shore, A, Higham, A, Martin, B, and Grp, UKPDS

Subjects
General Engineering, HC Economic History and Conditions, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Medicine, R Medicine (General), General Environmental Science
Abstract

Objectives: To estimate the economic efficiency of tight blood pressure control, with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or beta blockers, compared with less tight control in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Design: Cost effectiveness analysis incorporating within trial analysis and estimation of impact on life expectancy through use of the within trial hazards of reaching a defined clinical end point. Use of resources driven by trial protocol and use of resources in standard clinical practice were both considered. Setting: 20 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Subjects: 1148 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes from UK prospective diabetes study randomised to tight control of blood pressure (n=758) or less tight control (n=390). Main outcome measure: Cost effectiveness ratios based on (a) use of healthcare resources associated with tight control and less tight control and treatment of complications and (b) within trial time free from diabetes related end points, and life years gained. Results: Based on use of resources driven by trial protocol, the incremental cost effectiveness of tight control compared with less tight control was cost saving. Based on use of resources in standard clinical practice, incremental cost per extra year free from end points amounted to £1049 (costs and effects discounted at 6% per year) and £434 (costs discounted at 6% per year and effects not discounted). The incremental cost per life year gained was £720 (costs and effects discounted at 6% per year) and £291 (costs discounted at 6% per year and effects not discounted). Conclusions: Tight control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes substantially reduced the cost of complications, increased the interval without complications and survival, and had a cost effectiveness ratio that compares favourably with many accepted healthcare programmes.

Published
1998
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8. Intraoperative Assessment of Margins in Breast Conserving Therapy: A Systematic review

Author

Butler-Henderson, K., Lee, Andy, Price, R., Waring, K., Butler-Henderson, K., Lee, Andy, Price, R., and Waring, K.

Abstract

Approximately one quarter of patients undergoing breast conserving therapy for breast cancer will require a second operation to achieve adequate clearance of the margins. A number of techniques to assess margins intraoperatively have been reported. This systematic review examines current intraoperative methods for assessing margin status. The final pathology status, statistical measures including accuracy of tumour margin assessment, average time impact on the procedure and second operation rate, were used as criteria for comparison between studies. Although pathological methods, such as frozen section and imprint cytology performed well, they added on average 20e30 min to operation times. An ultrasound probe allows accurate examination of the margins and delivers results in a timely manner, yet it has a limited role with DCIS where calcification is present and in multifocal cancer. Further research is required in other intraoperative margin assessment techniques, such as mammography, radiofrequency spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography.

Published
2014

9. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)

Author

Turner, RC, Holman, RR, Cull, CA, Stratton, IM, Matthews, DR, Frighi, V, Manley, SE, Neil, A, McElroy, K, Wright, D, Kohner, E, Fox, C, Hadden, D, Mehta, Z, Smith, A, Nugent, Z, Peto, R, Adlel, AI, Mann, JI, Bassett, PA, Oakes, SF, Dornan, TL, Aldington, S, Lipinski, H, Collum, R, Harrison, K, MacIntyre, C, Skinner, S, Mortemore, A, Nelson, D, Cockley, S, Levien, S, Bodsworth, L, Willox, R, Biggs, T, Dove, S, Beattie, E, Gradwell, M, Staples, S, Lam, R, Taylor, F, Leung, L, Carter, RD, Brownlee, SM, Fisher, KE, Islam, K, Jelfs, R, Williams, PA, Williams, FA, Sutton, PJ, Ayres, A, Logie, LJ, Lovatt, C, Evans, MA, Stowell, LA, Ross, I, Kennedy, IA, Croft, D, Keen, AH, Rose, C, Raikou, M, Fletcher, AE, Bulpitt, C, Battersby, C, Yudkin, JS, Stevens, R, Stearn, MR, Palmer, SL, Hammersley, MS, Franklin, SL, Spivey, RS, Levy, JC, Tidy, CR, Bell, NJ, Steemson, J, Barrow, BA, Coster, R, Waring, K, Nolan, L, Truscott, E, Walravens, N, Cook, L, Lampard, H, Merle, C, Parker, P, McVittie, J, Draisey, I, Murchison, LE, Brunt, AHE, Williams, MJ, Pearson, DW, Petrie, XMP, Lean, MEJ, Walmsley, D, Lyall, F, Christie, E, Church, J, Thomson, E, Farrow, A, Stowers, JM, Stowers, M, McHardy, K, Patterson, N, Wright, AD, Levi, NA, Shearer, ACI, Thompson, RJW, Taylor, G, Rayton, S, Bradbury, M, Glover, A, Smyth-Osbourne, A, Parkes, C, Graham, J, England, P, Gyde, S, Eagle, C, Chakrabarti, B, Smith, J, Sherwell, J, Oakley, NW, Whitehead, MA, Hollier, GP, Pilkington, T, Simpson, J, Anderson, M, Martin, S, Kean, J, Rice, B, Rolland, A, Nisbet, J, Kohner, EM, Dornhorst, A, Doddridge, MC, Dumskyij, M, Walji, S, Sharp, P, Sleightholm, M, Vanterpool, G, Frost, G, Roseblade, M, Elliott, S, Forrester, S, Foster, M, Myers, K, Chapman, R, Hayes, JR, Henry, RW, Featherston, MS, Archbold, GPR, Copeland, M, Harper, R, Richardson, I, Davison, HA, Alexander, L, Scarpello, JHB, Shiers, DE, Tucker, RJ, Worthington, JRH, Angris, S, Bates, A, Walton, J, Teasdale, M, Browne, J, Stanley, S, Davis, BA, Strange, RC, Hadden, DR, Kennedy, L, Atkinson, AB, Bell, PM, McCance, DR, Rutherford, J, Culbert, AM, Hegan, C, Tennet, H, Webb, N, Robinson, I, Holmes, J, Nesbitt, S, Spathis, AS, Hyer, S, Nanson, ME, James, LM, Tyrell, JM, Davis, C, Strugnell, P, Booth, M, Petrie, H, Clark, D, Hulland, S, Barron, JL, Gould, BC, Singer, J, Badenoch, A, McGregor, M, Isenberg, L, Eckert, M, Alibhai, K, Marriot, E, Cox, C, Price, R, Fernandez, M, Ryle, A, Clarke, S, Wallace, G, Mehmed, E, Lankester, JA, Howard, E, Waite, A, MacFarlane, S, Greenwood, RH, Wilson, J, Denholm, MJ, Temple, RC, Whitfield, K, Johnson, F, Munroe, C, Gorick, S, Duckworth, E, Fatman, M, Rainbow, S, Borthwick, L, Wheatcroft, DJ, Seaman, RJ, Christie, RA, Wheatcroft, W, Musk, P, White, J, McDougal, S, Bond, M, Raniga, P, Day, JL, Doshi, MJ, Wilson, JG, Howard-Williams, JR, Humphreys, H, Graham, A, Hicks, K, Hexman, S, Bayliss, P, Pledger, D, Newton, RW, Jung, RT, Roxburgh, C, Kilgallon, B, Dick, L, Waugh, N, Kilby, S, Ellingford, A, Burns, J, Fox, CV, Holloway, MC, Coghill, HM, Hein, N, Fox, A, Cowan, W, Richard, M, Quested, K, Evans, SJ, Paisey, RB, Brown, NPR, Tucker, AJ, Paisey, R, Garrett, F, Hogg, J, Park, P, Williams, K, Harvey, P, Wilcocks, R, Mason, S, Frost, J, Warren, C, Rocket, P, Bower, L, Roland, JM, Brown, DJ, Youens, J, Stanton-King, K, Mungall, H, Ball, V, Maddison, W, Donnelly, D, King, S, Griffin, P, Smith, S, Church, S, Dunn, G, Wilson, A, Palmer, K, Brown, PM, Humphriss, D, Davidson, AJM, Rose, R, Armistead, L, Townsend, S, Poon, P, Peacock, IDA, Culverwell, NJC, Charlton, MH, Connolly, BPS, Peacock, J, Barrett, J, Wain, J, Beeston, W, King, G, Hill, PG, Boulton, AJM, Robertson, AM, Katoulis, V, Olukoga, A, McDonald, H, Kumar, S, Abouaesha, F, Abuaisha, B, Knowles, EA, Higgins, S, Booker, J, Sunter, J, Breislin, K, Parker, R, Raval, P, Curwell, J, Davenport, H, Shawcross, G, Prest, A, Grey, J, Cole, H, Sereviratne, C, Young, RJ, Clyne, JR, Gibson, M, O'Connell, I, Wong, LM, Wilson, SJ, Wright, KL, Wallace, C, McDowell, D, Burden, AC, Sellen, EM, Gregory, R, Roshan, M, Vaghela, N, Burden, M, Sherriff, C, Mansingh, S, Clarke, J, Grenfell, J, Tooke, JE, MacLeod, K, Seamark, C, Rammell, M, Pym, C, Stockman, J, Yeo, C, Piper, J, Leighton, L, Green, E, Hoyle, M, Jones, K, Hudson, A, James, AJ, Shore, A, Higham, A, Martin, B, Neil, HAW, Butterfield, WJH, Doll, WRS, Eastman, R, Ferris, FR, Kurinij, N, McPherson, K, Mahler, RF, Meade, TW, Shafer, G, Watkins, PJ, Keen, H, Siegel, D, Betteridge, DJ, Cohen, RD, Currie, D, Darbyshire, J, Forrester, JV, Guppy, T, Johnston, DG, McGuire, A, Murphy, M, el-Nahas, AM, Pentecost, B, Spiegelhalter, D, Alberti, KGMM, Denton, R, Home, PD, Howell, S, Jarrett, JR, Marks, V, Marmot, M, Ward, JD, and Grp, UKPDS

Subjects
General Medicine
Published
1998

10. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group

Author

Stearne, MR, Palmer, SL, Hammersley, MS, Franklin, SL, Spivey, RS, Levy, JC, Tidy, CR, Bell, NJ, Steemson, J, Barrow, BA, Coster, R, Waring, K, Nolan, J, Truscott, E, Walravens, N, Cook, L, Lampard, H, Merle, C, Parker, P, McVittie, J, Draisey, I, Murchison, LE, Brunt, AHE, Williams, MJ, Pearson, DW, Petrie, XMP, Lean, MEJ, Walmsley, D, Lyall, MJ, Christie, E, Church, J, Thomson, E, Farrow, A, Stowers, JM, Stowers, M, McHardy, K, Patterson, N, Wright, AD, Levi, NA, Shearer, ACI, Thompson, RJW, Taylor, G, Rayton, S, Bradbury, M, Glover, A, Smyth-Osbourne, A, Parkes, C, Graham, J, England, P, Gyde, S, Eagle, C, Chakrabarti, B, Smith, J, Sherwell, J, Kohner, EM, Dornhurst, A, Doddridge, MC, Dumskyj, M, Walji, S, Sharp, P, Sleightholm, M, Vanterpool, G, Rose, C, Frost, G, Roseblade, M, Elliott, S, Forrester, S, Foster, M, Myers, K, Chapman, R, Hayes, JR, Henry, RW, Featherston, MS, Archbold, GPR, Copeland, M, Harper, R, Richardson, I, Martin, S, Davison, HA, Hadden, DR, Kennedy, L, Atkinson, AB, Culbert, AM, Hegan, C, Tennet, H, Webb, N, Robinson, I, Holmes, J, Bell, PM, McCance, DR, Rutherford, J, Nesbitt, S, Spathis, AS, Hyer, S, Nanson, ME, James, LM, Tyrell, JM, Davis, C, Strugnell, P, Booth, M, Petrie, H, Clark, D, Rice, B, Hulland, S, Barron, JL, Yudkin, JS, Gould, BJ, Singer, J, Badenock, A, Eckert, M, Alibhai, K, Marriot, E, Cox, C, Price, R, Fernandez, M, Ryle, A, Clarke, S, Wallace, G, Mehmed, E, MacFarlane, S, Greenwood, RH, Wilson, J, Denholm, MJ, Temple, RC, Whitfield, K, Johnson, F, Munroe, C, Gorick, S, Duckworth, E, Flatman, M, Rainbow, S, Borthwick, LJ, Wheatcroft, DJ, Seaman, RJ, Christie, RA, Wheatcroft, W, Musk, P, White, J, McDougal, S, Bond, M, Raniga, P, Newton, RW, Jung, RT, Roxburgh, C, Kilgallon, B, Dick, L, Waugh, N, Kilby, S, Ellingford, A, Burns, J, Fox, CV, Holloway, MC, Coghill, HM, Hein, N, Fox, A, Cowan, W, Richard, M, Quested, K, Evans, SJ, Paisey, RB, Brown, NPR, Tucker, AJ, Paisey, R, Garrett, F, Hogg, J, Park, P, Williams, K, Harvey, P, Wilcocks, R, Mason, S, Frost, J, Warren, C, Rocket, P, Bower, L, Roland, JM, Brown, DJ, Youens, J, Stanton-King, K, Mungall, H, Ball, V, Maddison, W, Donnelly, D, King, S, Griffin, P, Smith, S, Church, S, Dunn, G, Wilson, A, Palmer, K, Brown, PM, Humphriss, D, Davidson, AJM, Rose, R, Armistead, L, Townsend, S, Poon, P, Peacock, IDA, Culverwell, NJC, Charlton, MH, Connolly, BPS, Peacock, J, Barrett, J, Wain, J, Beeston, W, King, G, Hill, PG, Boulton, AJM, Robertson, AM, Katoulis, V, Olukoga, A, McDonald, H, Kumar, S, Abouaesha, F, Abuaisha, B, Knowles, EA, Higgins, S, Booker, J, Sunter, J, Breislin, K, Parker, R, Raval, P, Curwell, J, Davenport, H, Shawcross, G, Prest, A, Grey, J, Cole, H, Sereviratne, C, Young, RJ, Dornan, TL, Clyne, JR, Gibson, M, O'Connell, I, Wong, LM, Wilson, SJ, Wright, KL, Wallace, C, McDowell, D, Burden, AC, Sellen, EM, Gregory, R, Roshan, M, Vaghela, N, Burden, M, Sherriff, C, Clarke, J, Grenfell, J, Tooke, JE, MacLeod, K, Searnark, C, Rammell, M, Pym, C, Stockman, J, Yeo, C, Piper, J, Leighton, L, Green, E, Hoyle, M, Jones, K, Hudson, A, James, AJ, Shore, A, Higham, A, Martin, B, and Grp, USPDS

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tight control of blood pressure prevents macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial comparing tight control of blood pressure aiming at a blood pressure of

Published
1998

11. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group

Author

Stearne, MR, Palmer, SL, Hammersley, MS, Franklin, SL, Spivey, RS, Levy, JC, Tidy, CR, Bell, NJ, Steemson, J, Barrow, BA, Coster, R, Waring, K, Nolan, L, Truscott, E, Walravens, N, Cook, BL, Lampard, H, Merle, C, Parker, P, McVittie, J, Draisey, I, Murchison, LE, Brunt, AHE, Williams, MJ, Pearson, DW, Petrie, XMP, Lean, MEJ, Walmsley, D, Lyall, F, Christie, E, Church, J, Thomson, E, Farrow, A, Stowers, JM, Stowers, M, McHardy, K, Patterson, N, Wright, AD, Levi, NA, Shearer, AGI, Thompson, RJW, Taylor, G, Rayton, S, Bradbury, M, Glover, A, Smyth-Osbourne, A, Parkes, C, Graham, J, England, P, Gyde, S, Eagle, C, Chakrabarti, B, Smith, J, Sherwell, J, Kohner, EM, Dornhorst, A, Doddridge, MC, Dumskyj, M, Walji, S, Sharp, P, Sleightholm, M, Vanterpool, G, Rose, C, Frost, G, Roseblade, M, Elliott, S, Forrester, S, Foster, M, Myers, K, Chapman, R, Hayes, JR, Henry, TW, Featherston, MS, Archbold, GPR, Copeland, M, Harper, R, Richardson, I, Martin, S, Davison, HA, Hadden, DR, Kennedy, L, Atkinson, AB, Culbert, AM, Hegan, C, Tennet, H, Webb, N, Robinson, I, Holmes, J, Bell, PM, McCance, DR, Rutherford, J, Nesbitt, S, Spathis, AS, Hyer, S, Nanson, ME, James, JM, Tyrell, JM, Davis, C, Strugnell, P, Booth, M, Petrie, H, Clark, D, Rice, B, Hulland, S, Barron, JL, Yudkin, JS, Gould, BJ, Singer, J, Badenock, A, Eckert, M, Alibhai, K, Marriot, E, Cox, C, Price, R, Fernandez, M, Ryle, A, Clarke, S, Wallace, G, Mehmed, E, MacFarlane, S, Greenwood, RH, Wilson, J, Denholm, MJ, Temple, RC, Whitfield, K, Johnson, F, Munroe, C, Gorick, S, Duckworth, E, Flatman, M, Rainbow, S, Borthwick, LJ, Wheatcroft, DJ, Seaman, RJ, Christie, RA, Wheatcroft, W, Musk, P, White, J, McDougal, S, Bond, M, Raniga, P, Newton, RW, Jung, RT, Roxburgh, C, Kilgallon, B, Dick, L, Waugh, N, Kilby, S, Ellingford, A, Burns, J, Fox, CV, Holloway, MC, Coghill, HM, Hein, N, Fox, A, Cowan, W, Richard, M, Quested, K, Evans, SJ, Paisey, RB, Brown, NPR, Tucker, AJ, Paisey, R, Garrett, F, Hogg, J, Park, P, Williams, K, Harvey, P, Wilcocks, R, Mason, S, Frost, J, Warren, C, Rocket, P, Bower, L, Roland, JM, Brown, DJ, Youens, J, Stanton-King, K, Mungall, H, Ball, V, Maddison, W, Donnelly, D, King, S, Griffin, P, Smith, S, Church, S, Dunn, G, Wilson, A, Palmer, K, Brown, PM, Humphriss, D, Davidson, AJM, Rose, R, Armistead, L, Townsend, S, Poon, P, Peacock, IDA, Culverwell, NJC, Charlton, MH, Connolly, BPS, Peacock, J, Barrett, J, Wain, J, Beeston, W, King, G, Hill, PG, Boulton, AJM, Robertson, AM, Katoulis, V, Olukoga, A, McDonald, H, Kumar, S, Abouaesha, F, Abuaisha, B, Knowles, EA, Higgins, S, Booker, J, Sunter, J, Breislin, K, Parker, R, Raval, P, Curwell, J, Davenport, H, Shawcross, G, Prest, A, Grey, J, Cole, H, Sereviratne, C, Young, RJ, Dornan, TL, Clyne, JR, Gibson, M, O'Connell, I, Wong, LM, Wilson, SJ, Wright, KL, Wallace, C, McDowell, D, Burden, AC, Sellen, EM, Gregory, R, Roshan, M, Vaghela, N, Burden, M, Sherriff, C, Clarke, J, Grenfell, J, Tooke, JE, MacLeod, K, Searnark, C, Rammell, M, Pym, C, Stockman, J, Yeo, C, Piper, J, Leighton, L, Green, E, Hoyle, M, Jones, K, Hudson, A, James, AJ, Shore, A, Higham, A, Martin, B, and Grp, USPDS

Subjects
cardiovascular diseases, circulatory and respiratory physiology
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tight control of blood pressure with either a beta blocker or an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor has a specific advantage or disadvantage in preventing the macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial comparing an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) with a beta blocker (atenolol) in patients with type 2 diabetes aiming at a blood pressure of =300 mg/l (5% and 9%). The proportion of patients with hypoglycaemic attacks was not different between groups, but mean weight gain in the atenolol group was greater (3.4 kg v 1.6 kg). CONCLUSION: Blood pressure lowering with captopril or atenolol was similarly effective in reducing the incidence of diabetic complications. This study provided no evidence that either drug has any specific beneficial or deleterious effect, suggesting that blood pressure reduction in itself may be more important than the treatment used.

Published
1998

12. Delays in treating endometrial cancer in the South West of England

Author

Johnson, N, primary, Miles, T, additional, Bailey, D, additional, Tylko-Hill, K, additional, Das, N, additional, Ahson, G, additional, Waring, K, additional, Acheson, N, additional, Voss, M, additional, Gordon, J, additional, Keates-Porter, S, additional, Hughes, G, additional, Golby, S, additional, Fort, E, additional, Newton, L, additional, Nallaswamy, V, additional, Murdoch, J, additional, and Anderson, R, additional

Published
2011
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19. λ and γ reversal: The dissociation-limit region of the B [sup 3]Σ[sub u][sup -] state of O[sub 2].

Author

Waring, K., Lewis, B. R., Baldwin, K. G. H., and Gibson, S. T.

Subjects
*OXYGEN, *DISSOCIATION (Chemistry)
Abstract

Using narrow-bandwidth vacuum-ultraviolet radiation generated by difference-frequency four-wave mixing in Xe, the O[sub 2] photoabsorption cross section in the Schumann–Runge system B [sup 3]Σ[sub u][sup -]←X [sup 3]Σ[sub g][sup -], near the dissociation limit of the B state, is measured with a resolution of ∼0.1 cm[sup -1] full-width at half-maximum. The rotational structure of B-X(22,0) is assigned for the first time, and evidence is found for transitions into the F[sub 1] levels of B(v=23). Experimental values for the triplet-splitting constants λ and γ for B(v=22) are found to be inconsistent with the rising trend observed for v≤19, due to a change in the sense of the perturbation of the B-state levels by the C[sup ′] [sup 3]Π[sub u] levels near B(v=20). A new value for the dissociation energy of the B state, D(B)=57 136.2±0.3 cm[sup -1], determined from an analysis of the observed and missing lines near the dissociation limit, is in excellent agreement with previous values arising from the observation of rotational thresholds in the Schumann–Runge continuum. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001
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24. High accuracy meets high throughput for near full-length 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing on the Nanopore platform.

Author

Lin X, Waring K, Ghezzi H, Tropini C, Tyson J, and Ziels RM

Abstract

Small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing is a foundational method in microbial ecology. Currently, short-read platforms are commonly employed for high-throughput applications of SSU rRNA amplicon sequencing, but at the cost of poor taxonomic classification due to limited fragment lengths. The Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) platform can sequence full-length SSU rRNA genes, but its lower raw-read accuracy has so-far limited accurate taxonomic classification and de novo feature generation. Here, we present a sequencing workflow, termed ssUMI , that combines unique molecular identifier (UMI)-based error correction with newer (R10.4+) ONT chemistry and sample barcoding to enable high throughput near full-length SSU rRNA (e.g. 16S rRNA) amplicon sequencing. The ssUMI workflow generated near full-length 16S rRNA consensus sequences with 99.99% mean accuracy using a minimum subread coverage of 3×, surpassing the accuracy of Illumina short reads. The consensus sequences generated with ssUMI were used to produce error-free de novo sequence features with no false positives with two microbial community standards. In contrast, Nanopore raw reads produced erroneous de novo sequence features, indicating that UMI-based error correction is currently necessary for high-accuracy microbial profiling with R10.4+ ONT sequencing chemistries. We showcase the cost-competitive scalability of the ssUMI workflow by sequencing 87 time-series wastewater samples and 27 human gut samples, obtaining quantitative ecological insights that were missed by short-read amplicon sequencing. ssUMI, therefore, enables accurate and low-cost full-length 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on Nanopore, improving accessibility to high-resolution microbiome science., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.)

Published
2024
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25. A balancing act: Principles, criteria and indicator framework to operationalize social-ecological resilience of forests.

Author

Nikinmaa L, Lindner M, Cantarello E, Gardiner B, Jacobsen JB, Jump AS, Parra C, Plieninger T, Schuck A, Seidl R, Timberlake T, Waring K, Winkel G, and Muys B

Subjects
Europe, Norway, Climate Change, Ecosystem, Forests
Abstract

Against a background of intensifying climate-induced disturbances, the need to enhance the resilience of forests and forest management is gaining urgency. In forest management, multiple trade-offs exist between different demands as well as across and within temporal and spatial scales. However, methods to assess resilience that consider these trade-offs are presently lacking. Here we propose a hierarchical framework of principles, criteria, and indicators to assess the resilience of a social-ecological system by focusing on the mechanisms behind resilience. This hierarchical framework balances trade-offs between mechanisms, different parts of the social-ecological system, ecosystem services, and spatial as well as temporal scales. The framework was developed to be used in a participatory manner in forest management planning. It accounts for the major parts of the forest-related social-ecological system and considers the multiple trade-offs involved. We demonstrate the utility of the framework by applying it to a landscape dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Central Europe, managed for three different management goals. The framework highlights how forest resilience varies with the pursued management goals and related management strategies. The framework is flexible and can be applied to various forest management contexts as part of a participatory process with stakeholders. It thus is an important step towards operationalizing social-ecological resilience in forest management systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Published
2023
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26. A Three-Site Clinical Feasibility Study of a Flexible Functional Electrical Stimulation System to Support Functional Task Practice for Upper Limb Recovery in People With Stroke.

Author

Smith C, Sun M, Kenney L, Howard D, Luckie H, Waring K, Taylor P, Merson E, Finn S, and Cotterill S

Abstract

Introduction: Of those people who survive a stroke, only between 40 and 70% regain upper limb dexterity. A number of reviews have suggested that functional electrical stimulation (FES) may have a beneficial effect on upper limb motor recovery. In light of the promise offered by FES and the limitations with current systems a new system was developed (FES-UPP) to support people with stroke (PwS) to practice a range of voluntary controlled, FES-assisted functional activities. Objective: This paper reports on a three center clinical investigation with the primary aim of demonstrating compliance of the new FES system with relevant essential requirements of the EU Medical Device Directive, namely to evaluate whether use of the FES-UPP enables PwS to perform a wider range of functional activities, and/or perform the same activities in an improved way. Design: Clinical investigation and feasibility study. Settings: An in-patient stroke unit, a combined Early Supported Discharge (ESD) and community service, and an outpatient clinic and in-patient stroke unit. Participants: Nine therapists and 22 PwS with an impaired upper limb. Intervention: Every PwS was offered up to eight sessions of FES-UPP therapy, each lasting ~1 h, over a period of up to 6 weeks. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The operation, acceptability, and feasibility of the interventions were assessed using video rating and the Wolf Motor Function Test Functional Ability Scale (WMF-FAS), direct observations of sessions and questionnaires for therapists and PwS. Results: The system enabled 24% (Rater A) and 28% (Rater B) of PwS to carry out a wider range of functional tasks and improved the way in which the tasks were performed (mean scores of 2.6 and 2.2 (with FES) vs. mean scores 1.5 and 1.3 (without FES) ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: The FES-UP proved feasible to use in three different clinical environments, with PwS who varied widely in their impairment levels and time since stroke. Therapists and therapy assistants from a wide range of backgrounds, with varying degrees of computer and/or FES knowledge, were able to use the system without on-site technical support.

Published
2019
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27. Prediction of setup times for an advanced upper limb functional electrical stimulation system.

Author

Smith C, Kenney L, Howard D, Waring K, Sun M, Luckie H, Hardiker N, and Cotterill S

Abstract

Introduction: Rehabilitation devices take time to don, and longer or unpredictable setup time impacts on usage. This paper reports on the development of a model to predict setup time for upper limb functional electrical stimulation., Methods: Participants' level of impairment (Fugl Meyer-Upper Extremity Scale), function (Action Research Arm Test) and mental status (Mini Mental Scale) were measured. Setup times for each stage of the setup process and total setup times were recorded. A predictive model of setup time was devised using upper limb impairment and task complexity., Results: Six participants with stroke were recruited, mean age 60 (±17) years and mean time since stroke 9.8 (±9.6) years. Mean Fugl Meyer-Upper Extremity score was 31.1 (±6), Action Research Arm Test 10.4 (±7.9) and Mini Mental Scale 26.1 (±2.7). Linear regression analysis showed that upper limb impairment and task complexity most effectively predicted setup time (51% as compared with 39%) (F(2,21) = 12.782, adjusted R 2 = 0.506; p  < .05)., Conclusions: A model to predict setup time based on upper limb impairment and task complexity accounted for 51% of the variation in setup time. Further studies are required to test the model in real-world settings and to identify other contributing factors., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Published
2018
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28. FES-UPP: A Flexible Functional Electrical Stimulation System to Support Upper Limb Functional Activity Practice.

Author

Sun M, Smith C, Howard D, Kenney L, Luckie H, Waring K, Taylor P, Merson E, and Finn S

Abstract

There is good evidence supporting highly intensive, repetitive, activity-focused, voluntary-initiated practice as a key to driving recovery of upper limb function following stroke. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) offers a potential mechanism to efficiently deliver this type of therapy, but current commercial devices are too inflexible and/or insufficiently automated, in some cases requiring engineering support. In this paper, we report a new, flexible upper limb FES system, FES-UPP, which addresses the issues above. The FES-UPP system consists of a 5-channel stimulator running a flexible FES finite state machine (FSM) controller, the associated setup software that guides therapists through the setup of FSM controllers via five setup stages, and finally the Session Manager used to guide the patient in repeated attempts at the activities(s) and provide feedback on their performance. The FSM controller represents a functional activity as a sequence of movement phases. The output for each phase implements the stimulations to one or more muscles. Progression between movement phases is governed by user-defined rules. As part of a clinical investigation of the system, nine therapists used the FES-UPP system to set up FES-supported activities with twenty two patient participants with impaired upper-limbs. Therapists with little or no FES experience and without any programming skills could use the system in their usual clinical settings, without engineering support. Different functional activities, tailored to suit the upper limb impairment levels of each participant were used, in up to 8 sessions of FES-supported therapy per participant. The efficiency of delivery of the therapy using FES-UPP was promising when compared with published data on traditional face-face therapy. The FES-UPP system described in this paper has been shown to allow therapists with little or no FES experience and without any programming skills to set up state-machine FES controllers bespoke to the patient's impairment patterns and activity requirements, without engineering support. The clinical results demonstrated that the system can be used to efficiently deliver high intensity, activity-focused therapy. Nevertheless, further work to reduce setup time is still required.

Published
2018
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29. A novel method of using accelerometry for upper limb FES control.

Author

Sun M, Kenney L, Smith C, Waring K, Luckie H, Liu A, and Howard D

Subjects
Gravitation, Humans, Accelerometry instrumentation, Electric Stimulation Therapy instrumentation, Upper Extremity
Abstract

This paper reports on a novel approach to using a 3-axis accelerometer to capture body segment angle for upper limb functional electrical stimulation (FES) control. The approach calculates the angle between the accelerometer x-axis and the gravity vector, while avoiding poor sensitivity at certain angles and minimizing errors when true acceleration is relatively large in comparison to gravity. This approach was incorporated into a state-machine controller which is used for the real-time control of FES during upper limb functional task performance. An experimental approach was used to validate the new method. Two participants with different upper limb impairments resulting from a stroke carried out four different FES-assisted tasks. Comparisons were made between angle calculated from arm-mounted accelerometer data using our algorithm and angle calculated from limb-mounted reflective marker data. After removal of coordinate misalignment error, mean error across tasks and subjects ranged between 1.4 and 2.9°. The approach shows promise for use in the control of upper limb FES and other human movement applications where true acceleration is relatively small in comparison with gravity., (Copyright © 2016 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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30. Intraoperative assessment of margins in breast conserving therapy: a systematic review.

Author

Butler-Henderson K, Lee AH, Price RI, and Waring K

Subjects
Breast surgery, Breast Neoplasms surgery, Female, Humans, Intraoperative Period, Breast pathology, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Mastectomy, Segmental methods, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local pathology
Abstract

Approximately one quarter of patients undergoing breast conserving therapy for breast cancer will require a second operation to achieve adequate clearance of the margins. A number of techniques to assess margins intraoperatively have been reported. This systematic review examines current intraoperative methods for assessing margin status. The final pathology status, statistical measures including accuracy of tumour margin assessment, average time impact on the procedure and second operation rate, were used as criteria for comparison between studies. Although pathological methods, such as frozen section and imprint cytology performed well, they added on average 20-30 min to operation times. An ultrasound probe allows accurate examination of the margins and delivers results in a timely manner, yet it has a limited role with DCIS where calcification is present and in multifocal cancer. Further research is required in other intraoperative margin assessment techniques, such as mammography, radiofrequency spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2014
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32. An analysis of college students' anonymous questions about human sexuality.

Author

Valois RF and Waring KA

Subjects
Adolescent, Female, Humans, Male, Sexual Behavior statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Universities, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Sex Education, Sexual Behavior psychology, Students psychology
Abstract

This study analyzed the frequency and type of questions about sex and sexuality that were anonymously submitted by college undergraduates enrolled in personal health education courses at three universities. More than 1,300 queries were submitted by 626 students (249 men and 377 women) from an original pool of 644 possible subjects. Questions asked most often fell into six general categories: sexual arousal/response, general anatomy/physiology, contraception, dating/relationships, pregnancy/fertility, and sexually transmitted diseases. Queries concerning sexual arousal/response accounted for just over 30% of the questions from men and 25% of the questions from women. Women asked nearly twice as many questions about pregnancy and contraception as men did, and men asked far more about general anatomy/physiology and sexually transmitted diseases than women did. Chi-square analysis identified a significant association (p less than .001) between the sex of the questioner and the categories of sexual arousal/response and pregnancy/fertility. Physicians, psychologists, nurses, counselors, and educators should be aware that a considerable degree of sexual uncertainty still exists among college undergraduates. The authors concluded that the anonymous-submission technique was an effective means of enhancing the learning process and meeting student needs in sexuality education.

Published
1991
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