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1. Global quieting of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures

Author

Royal Society (UK), German Research Centre for Geosciences, Boğaziçi Üniversity, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), National Science Foundation (US), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Natural Environment Research Council (UK), University of California, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia), Belgian Science Policy Office, Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg, Lecocq, Thomas [0000-0002-4988-6477], Hicks, Stephen [0000-0002-7476-3284], Noten, Koen Van [0000-0001-8933-4426], Wijk, Kasper van [0000-0003-4994-8030], Plaen, Raphael de [0000-0003-3477-2001], Massin, Frédérick [0000-0002-7532-5139], Hillers, Gregor [0000-0003-2341-1892], Apoloner, Maria-Theresia [0000-0002-4006-1284], Arroyo-Solórzano, Mario [0000-0002-1653-2680], Assink, Jelle [0000-0002-4990-6845], Büyükakpınar, Pinar [0000-0001-8461-674X], Cannata, Andrea [0000-0002-0028-5822], Cannavó, Flavio [0000-0001-7550-8579], Carrasco, Sebastián [0000-0002-6207-8757], Caudron, Corentin [0000-0002-3748-0007], Chaves, Esteban [0000-0002-5724-1513], Cornwell, David G. [0000-0002-9843-7811], Craig, David [0000-0001-9414-1725], Diaz, J. [0000-0003-1801-0541], Donner, Stefanie [0000-0001-7351-8079], Evangelidis, Christos [0000-0001-8733-8984], Evers, Läslo [0000-0003-2825-6211], Fernández, Gonzalo A. [0000-0001-8284-9566], Giannopoulos, Dimitrios [0000-0002-8314-0759], Gibbons, Steven J. [0000-0002-7822-0244], Girona, Társilo [0000-0001-6422-0422], Grecu, Bogdan [0000-0002-7662-996X], Grunberg, Marc [0000-0002-1307-7790], Hetényi, Gyorgy [0000-0001-9036-4761], Horleston, Anna [0000-0002-6748-6522], Inza, Adolfo [0000-0001-5381-9042], Irving, Jessica C. E. [0000-0002-0866-8246], Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza [0000-0003-4181-7175], Kafka, Alan [0000-0001-6643-1602], Labedz, Celeste [0000-0001-7339-2170], Lindsey, Nathaniel [0000-0001-9522-6683], McKinno, Mika [0000-0002-9274-0377], Megies, Tobias [0000-0002-5033-9921], Miller, Meghan [0000-0001-5494-2296], Minarik, William [0000-0001-5509-5543], Moresi, Louis [0000-0003-3685-174X], Márquez-Ramirez, V. H. [0000-0003-1494-2229], Möllhoff, Martin [0000-0003-1848-1554], Nesbitt, Ian M. [0000-0001-5828-6070], Niyogi, Shankho [0000-0002-8362-4569], Ojeda, Javier [0000-0002-7188-8356], Oth, Adrien [0000-0003-4859-6504], Proud, Simon [0000-0003-3880-6774], Retailleau, Lise [0000-0002-0711-4540], Satriano, Claudio [0000-0002-3039-2530], Savage, Martha [0000-0002-2080-0676], Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar [0000-0003-2215-6164], Sleeman,Reinoud [0000-0002-1928-5056], Sokos, Efthimios [0000-0002-7742-7251], Stott, Alexander [0000-0001-6121-705X], Subedi, Shiba [0000-0002-7009-7333], Sørensen, Mathilde [0000-0002-8589-7480], Taira, Taka'aki [0000-0002-6170-797X], Turhan, Fatih [0000-0003-4612-7421], Pluijm, Ben van der [0000-0001-7737-2791], Vergne, Jérôme [0000-0003-1731-9360], Vuorinen, Tommi A. T. [0000-0002-8186-012X], Warren, Tristram [0000-0003-3877-0046], Wassermann, Joachim [0000-0002-4088-1792], Xiao, Han [0000-0001-8727-8053], Lecocq, Thomas, Hicks, Stephen, Noten, Koen Van, Wijk, Kasper van, Koelemeijer, Paula, Plaen, Raphael de, Massin, Frédérick, Hillers, Gregor, Anthony, Robert E., Apoloner, Maria-Theresia, Arroyo-Solórzano, Mario, Assink, Jelle, Büyükakpınar, Pinar, Cannata, Andrea, Cannavó, Flavio, Carrasco, Sebastián, Caudron, Corentin, Chaves, Esteban, Cornwell, David G., Craig, David, Ouden, Olivier F. C. den, Diaz, J., Donner, Stefanie, Evangelidis, Christos, Evers, Läslo, Fauville, Benoit, Fernández, Gonzalo A., Giannopoulos, Dimitrios, Gibbons, Steven J., Girona, Társilo, Grecu, Bogdan, Grunberg, Marc, Hetényi, Gyorgy, Horleston, Anna, Inza, Adolfo, Irving, Jessica C. E., Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza, Kafka, Alan, Koymans, Mathijs R., Labedz, Celeste, Larose, Eric, Lindsey, Nathaniel, McKinno, Mika, Megies, Tobias, Miller, Meghan, Minarik, William, Moresi, Louis, Márquez-Ramirez, V. H., Möllhoff, Martin, Nesbitt, Ian M., Niyogi, Shankho, Ojeda, Javier, Oth, Adrien, Proud, Simon, Pulli, Jay, Retailleau, Lise, Rintamäki, Annukka E., Satriano, Claudio, Savage, Martha, Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar, Sleeman,Reinoud, Sokos, Efthimios, Stott, Alexander, Subedi, Shiba, Sørensen, Mathilde, Taira, Taka'aki, Tapia, Mar, Turhan, Fatih, Pluijm, Ben van der, Vergne, Jérôme, Vuorinen, Tommi A. T., Warren, Tristram, Wassermann, Joachim, Xiao, Han, Royal Society (UK), German Research Centre for Geosciences, Boğaziçi Üniversity, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), National Science Foundation (US), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Natural Environment Research Council (UK), University of California, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia), Belgian Science Policy Office, Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg, Lecocq, Thomas [0000-0002-4988-6477], Hicks, Stephen [0000-0002-7476-3284], Noten, Koen Van [0000-0001-8933-4426], Wijk, Kasper van [0000-0003-4994-8030], Plaen, Raphael de [0000-0003-3477-2001], Massin, Frédérick [0000-0002-7532-5139], Hillers, Gregor [0000-0003-2341-1892], Apoloner, Maria-Theresia [0000-0002-4006-1284], Arroyo-Solórzano, Mario [0000-0002-1653-2680], Assink, Jelle [0000-0002-4990-6845], Büyükakpınar, Pinar [0000-0001-8461-674X], Cannata, Andrea [0000-0002-0028-5822], Cannavó, Flavio [0000-0001-7550-8579], Carrasco, Sebastián [0000-0002-6207-8757], Caudron, Corentin [0000-0002-3748-0007], Chaves, Esteban [0000-0002-5724-1513], Cornwell, David G. [0000-0002-9843-7811], Craig, David [0000-0001-9414-1725], Diaz, J. [0000-0003-1801-0541], Donner, Stefanie [0000-0001-7351-8079], Evangelidis, Christos [0000-0001-8733-8984], Evers, Läslo [0000-0003-2825-6211], Fernández, Gonzalo A. [0000-0001-8284-9566], Giannopoulos, Dimitrios [0000-0002-8314-0759], Gibbons, Steven J. [0000-0002-7822-0244], Girona, Társilo [0000-0001-6422-0422], Grecu, Bogdan [0000-0002-7662-996X], Grunberg, Marc [0000-0002-1307-7790], Hetényi, Gyorgy [0000-0001-9036-4761], Horleston, Anna [0000-0002-6748-6522], Inza, Adolfo [0000-0001-5381-9042], Irving, Jessica C. E. [0000-0002-0866-8246], Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza [0000-0003-4181-7175], Kafka, Alan [0000-0001-6643-1602], Labedz, Celeste [0000-0001-7339-2170], Lindsey, Nathaniel [0000-0001-9522-6683], McKinno, Mika [0000-0002-9274-0377], Megies, Tobias [0000-0002-5033-9921], Miller, Meghan [0000-0001-5494-2296], Minarik, William [0000-0001-5509-5543], Moresi, Louis [0000-0003-3685-174X], Márquez-Ramirez, V. H. [0000-0003-1494-2229], Möllhoff, Martin [0000-0003-1848-1554], Nesbitt, Ian M. [0000-0001-5828-6070], Niyogi, Shankho [0000-0002-8362-4569], Ojeda, Javier [0000-0002-7188-8356], Oth, Adrien [0000-0003-4859-6504], Proud, Simon [0000-0003-3880-6774], Retailleau, Lise [0000-0002-0711-4540], Satriano, Claudio [0000-0002-3039-2530], Savage, Martha [0000-0002-2080-0676], Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar [0000-0003-2215-6164], Sleeman,Reinoud [0000-0002-1928-5056], Sokos, Efthimios [0000-0002-7742-7251], Stott, Alexander [0000-0001-6121-705X], Subedi, Shiba [0000-0002-7009-7333], Sørensen, Mathilde [0000-0002-8589-7480], Taira, Taka'aki [0000-0002-6170-797X], Turhan, Fatih [0000-0003-4612-7421], Pluijm, Ben van der [0000-0001-7737-2791], Vergne, Jérôme [0000-0003-1731-9360], Vuorinen, Tommi A. T. [0000-0002-8186-012X], Warren, Tristram [0000-0003-3877-0046], Wassermann, Joachim [0000-0002-4088-1792], Xiao, Han [0000-0001-8727-8053], Lecocq, Thomas, Hicks, Stephen, Noten, Koen Van, Wijk, Kasper van, Koelemeijer, Paula, Plaen, Raphael de, Massin, Frédérick, Hillers, Gregor, Anthony, Robert E., Apoloner, Maria-Theresia, Arroyo-Solórzano, Mario, Assink, Jelle, Büyükakpınar, Pinar, Cannata, Andrea, Cannavó, Flavio, Carrasco, Sebastián, Caudron, Corentin, Chaves, Esteban, Cornwell, David G., Craig, David, Ouden, Olivier F. C. den, Diaz, J., Donner, Stefanie, Evangelidis, Christos, Evers, Läslo, Fauville, Benoit, Fernández, Gonzalo A., Giannopoulos, Dimitrios, Gibbons, Steven J., Girona, Társilo, Grecu, Bogdan, Grunberg, Marc, Hetényi, Gyorgy, Horleston, Anna, Inza, Adolfo, Irving, Jessica C. E., Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza, Kafka, Alan, Koymans, Mathijs R., Labedz, Celeste, Larose, Eric, Lindsey, Nathaniel, McKinno, Mika, Megies, Tobias, Miller, Meghan, Minarik, William, Moresi, Louis, Márquez-Ramirez, V. H., Möllhoff, Martin, Nesbitt, Ian M., Niyogi, Shankho, Ojeda, Javier, Oth, Adrien, Proud, Simon, Pulli, Jay, Retailleau, Lise, Rintamäki, Annukka E., Satriano, Claudio, Savage, Martha, Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar, Sleeman,Reinoud, Sokos, Efthimios, Stott, Alexander, Subedi, Shiba, Sørensen, Mathilde, Taira, Taka'aki, Tapia, Mar, Turhan, Fatih, Pluijm, Ben van der, Vergne, Jérôme, Vuorinen, Tommi A. T., Warren, Tristram, Wassermann, Joachim, and Xiao, Han

Abstract

Human activity causes vibrations that propagate into the ground as high-frequency seismic waves. Measures to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread changes in human activity, leading to a months-long reduction in seismic noise of up to 50%. The 2020 seismic noise quiet period is the longest and most prominent global anthropogenic seismic noise reduction on record. While the reduction is strongest at surface seismometers in populated areas, this seismic quiescence extends for many kilometers radially and hundreds of meters in depth. This provides an opportunity to detect subtle signals from subsurface seismic sources that would have been concealed in noisier times and to benchmark sources of anthropogenic noise. A strong correlation between seismic noise and independent measurements of human mobility suggests that seismology provides an absolute, real-time estimate of population dynamics.

Published
2020

2. Global quieting of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures

Author

Han Xiao, Ben A. van der Pluijm, Simon Richard Proud, Adolfo Inza, Stephen Hicks, T. Megies, Alexander E. Stott, William G. Minarik, Efthimios Sokos, Mika McKinnon, Kasper van Wijk, Anna Horleston, Victor H. Márquez-Ramírez, Läslo Evers, Bogdan Grecu, Esteban J. Chaves, Joachim Wassermann, Claudio Satriano, Christos Evangelidis, Paula Koelemeijer, David Craig, Frédérick Massin, Sebastián Carrasco, György Hetényi, Mario Arroyo-Solórzano, Eric Larose, Jay J. Pulli, Társilo Girona, Lise Retailleau, Javier Ojeda, Olivier F. C. den Ouden, Alan L. Kafka, Gonzalo A. Fernandez, Marc Grunberg, Tommi Vuorinen, Robert E. Anthony, Steven J. Gibbons, Stefanie Donner, Martin Möllhoff, Nathaniel J. Lindsey, Jordi Diaz, C. R. Labedz, Meghan S. Miller, Taka'aki Taira, Dave Cornwell, Mathijs Koymans, Corentin Caudron, Klaus Stammler, Andrea Cannata, Flavio Cannavò, Reinoud Sleeman, Mark Vanstone, Shiba Subedi, Raphael S. M. De Plaen, Shankho Niyogi, Koen Van Noten, Shahar Shani-Kadmiel, Jelle Assink, Tristram Warren, Jessica C. E. Irving, Ian M. Nesbitt, Dimitrios Giannopoulos, Martha K. Savage, Mohammadreza Jamalreyhani, Louis Moresi, Maria-Theresia Apoloner, Gregor Hillers, Jérôme Vergne, Benoit Fauville, Fatih Turhan, Annukka E. Rintamäki, Pınar Büyükakpınar, Adrien Oth, Mathilde B. Sørensen, Mar Tapia, Thomas Lecocq, Royal Society (UK), German Research Centre for Geosciences, Boğaziçi Üniversity, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), National Science Foundation (US), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Natural Environment Research Council (UK), University of California, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia), Belgian Science Policy Office, Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg, Lecocq, Thomas, Hicks, Stephen, Noten, Koen Van, Wijk, Kasper van, Plaen, Raphael de, Massin, Frédérick, Hillers, Gregor, Apoloner, Maria-Theresia, Arroyo-Solórzano, Mario, Assink, Jelle, Büyükakpınar, Pinar, Cannata, Andrea, Cannavó, Flavio, Carrasco, Sebastián, Caudron, Corentin, Chaves, Esteban, Cornwell, David G., Craig, David, Diaz, J., Donner, Stefanie, Evangelidis, Christos, Evers, Läslo, Fernández, Gonzalo A., Giannopoulos, Dimitrios, Gibbons, Steven J., Girona, Társilo, Grecu, Bogdan, Grunberg, Marc, Hetényi, Gyorgy, Horleston, Anna, Inza, Adolfo, Irving, Jessica C. E., Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza, Kafka, Alan, Labedz, Celeste, Lindsey, Nathaniel, McKinno, Mika, Megies, Tobias, Miller, Meghan, Minarik, William, Moresi, Louis, Márquez-Ramirez, V. H., Möllhoff, Martin, Nesbitt, Ian M., Niyogi, Shankho, Ojeda, Javier, Oth, Adrien, Proud, Simon, Retailleau, Lise, Satriano, Claudio, Savage, Martha, Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar, Sleeman,Reinoud, Sokos, Efthimios, Stott, Alexander, Subedi, Shiba, Sørensen, Mathilde, Taira, Taka'aki, Turhan, Fatih, Pluijm, Ben van der, Vergne, Jérôme, Vuorinen, Tommi A. T., Warren, Tristram, Wassermann, Joachim, Xiao, Han, Lecocq, Thomas [0000-0002-4988-6477], Hicks, Stephen [0000-0002-7476-3284], Noten, Koen Van [0000-0001-8933-4426], Wijk, Kasper van [0000-0003-4994-8030], Plaen, Raphael de [0000-0003-3477-2001], Massin, Frédérick [0000-0002-7532-5139], Hillers, Gregor [0000-0003-2341-1892], Apoloner, Maria-Theresia [0000-0002-4006-1284], Arroyo-Solórzano, Mario [0000-0002-1653-2680], Assink, Jelle [0000-0002-4990-6845], Büyükakpınar, Pinar [0000-0001-8461-674X], Cannata, Andrea [0000-0002-0028-5822], Cannavó, Flavio [0000-0001-7550-8579], Carrasco, Sebastián [0000-0002-6207-8757], Caudron, Corentin [0000-0002-3748-0007], Chaves, Esteban [0000-0002-5724-1513], Cornwell, David G. [0000-0002-9843-7811], Craig, David [0000-0001-9414-1725], Diaz, J. [0000-0003-1801-0541], Donner, Stefanie [0000-0001-7351-8079], Evangelidis, Christos [0000-0001-8733-8984], Evers, Läslo [0000-0003-2825-6211], Fernández, Gonzalo A. [0000-0001-8284-9566], Giannopoulos, Dimitrios [0000-0002-8314-0759], Gibbons, Steven J. [0000-0002-7822-0244], Girona, Társilo [0000-0001-6422-0422], Grecu, Bogdan [0000-0002-7662-996X], Grunberg, Marc [0000-0002-1307-7790], Hetényi, Gyorgy [0000-0001-9036-4761], Horleston, Anna [0000-0002-6748-6522], Inza, Adolfo [0000-0001-5381-9042], Irving, Jessica C. E. [0000-0002-0866-8246], Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza [0000-0003-4181-7175], Kafka, Alan [0000-0001-6643-1602], Labedz, Celeste [0000-0001-7339-2170], Lindsey, Nathaniel [0000-0001-9522-6683], McKinno, Mika [0000-0002-9274-0377], Megies, Tobias [0000-0002-5033-9921], Miller, Meghan [0000-0001-5494-2296], Minarik, William [0000-0001-5509-5543], Moresi, Louis [0000-0003-3685-174X], Márquez-Ramirez, V. H. [0000-0003-1494-2229], Möllhoff, Martin [0000-0003-1848-1554], Nesbitt, Ian M. [0000-0001-5828-6070], Niyogi, Shankho [0000-0002-8362-4569], Ojeda, Javier [0000-0002-7188-8356], Oth, Adrien [0000-0003-4859-6504], Proud, Simon [0000-0003-3880-6774], Retailleau, Lise [0000-0002-0711-4540], Satriano, Claudio [0000-0002-3039-2530], Savage, Martha [0000-0002-2080-0676], Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar [0000-0003-2215-6164], Sleeman,Reinoud [0000-0002-1928-5056], Sokos, Efthimios [0000-0002-7742-7251], Stott, Alexander [0000-0001-6121-705X], Subedi, Shiba [0000-0002-7009-7333], Sørensen, Mathilde [0000-0002-8589-7480], Taira, Taka'aki [0000-0002-6170-797X], Turhan, Fatih [0000-0003-4612-7421], Pluijm, Ben van der [0000-0001-7737-2791], Vergne, Jérôme [0000-0003-1731-9360], Vuorinen, Tommi A. T. [0000-0002-8186-012X], Warren, Tristram [0000-0003-3877-0046], Wassermann, Joachim [0000-0002-4088-1792], and Xiao, Han [0000-0001-8727-8053]

Subjects
Seismometer, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), General Science & Technology, Pneumonia, Viral, Seismic noise, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Seismic wave, Activities of Daily Living, Humans, Pandemics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, COVID-19, Covid19, Noise, Quiet period, Quarantine, Séismologie, Coronavirus Infections, Geology, Seismology
Abstract

Human activity causes vibrations that propagate into the ground as high-frequency seismic waves. Measures to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread changes in human activity, leading to a months-long reduction in seismic noise of up to 50%. The 2020 seismic noise quiet period is the longest and most prominent global anthropogenic seismic noise reduction on record. While the reduction is strongest at surface seismometers in populated areas, this seismic quiescence extends for many kilometers radially and hundreds of meters in depth. This provides an opportunity to detect subtle signals from subsurface seismic sources that would have been concealed in noisier times and to benchmark sources of anthropogenic noise. A strong correlation between seismic noise and independent measurements of human mobility suggests that seismology provides an absolute, real-time estimate of population dynamics., P.K. was funded by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF\R1\180377). P.B. and M.J. acknowledge support from the International Training Course “Seismology and Seismic Hazard Assessment” funded by the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) and the German Federal Foreign Office through the German Humanitarian Assistance program (grant S08-60 321.50 ALL 03/19). P.B also acknowledges financial support from the Boğaziçi University Research Fund (BAP 15683). O.F.C.d.O acknowledges funding from a Young Investigator Grant from the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP - project number RGY0072/2017). C.P.E. and E.S. acknowledge funding from the HELPOS Project “Hellenic Plate Observing System” (MIS 5002697). L.E. and S.S.-K. acknowledge funding from a VIDI project from the Dutch Research Council (NWO project number 864.14.005). G.A.F. acknowledges contributions from the Observatorio San Calixto, which is supported by the Air Force Technical Application Center (AFTAC). C.R.L. acknowledge funding from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (grant No. DGE‐1745301). V.-H.M. and R.D.P. acknowledge support from grant CONACYT-299766. R.D.P. acknowledges support from the UNAM-DGAPA postdoctoral scholarship. J.O. acknowledges support from the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Scholarship ANID-PFCHA / Doctorado Nacional / 2020-21200903). S.P. acknowledges financial support from the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R013144/1). A.E.R. acknowledges support from the K.H. Renlund foundation. M.K.S. acknowledges the New Zealand Earthquake Commission (EQC Project No 20796). H.X. acknowledges support from a Multidisciplinary Research on the Coronavirus and its Impacts (MRCI) grant from UC Santa Barbara. The Australian Seismometers in Schools data used in this research are supported by AuScope, enabled by the Australian Commonwealth NCRIS program. A.O. acknowledges support from the project RESIST, funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy (contract SR/00/305) and the Luxembourg National Research Fund

Published
2020
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