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[Display omitted] • The P-CoNiMoO@Co 2 P-Ni 2 P exhibits a well-defined core–shell structure. • Structural evolution of P-CoNiMoO@Co 2 P-Ni 2 P core–shell catalyst is studied. • It shows superior alkaline HER and OER performance at high current densities. • DFT calculations reveal core–shell design enhances HER performance. Optimizing hydrogen adsorption and enhancing water absorption are essential for the design of effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. Herein, a well-defined core–shell-structured P-CoNiMoO@Co 2 P-Ni 2 P catalyst was synthesized on nickel foam via high-temperature phosphidation of heterostructured precursor CoMoO 4 ·xH 2 O/NiMoO 4 ·xH 2 O with hydrogen (H 2) assistance. This catalyst exhibits good HER performance, requiring only 24 mV of overpotential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and long-term stability, maintaining a current density of 100 mA cm−2 for over 100 h. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the molybdenum site is highly favorable for water adsorption in phosphorus-doped cobalt nickel molybdate (P-CoNiMoO), while the trigonal Ni 3 site is optimal for hydrogen adsorption. These findings indicate that the cooperative interactions and functional division between the core and shell substantially enhance HER performance. In addition, P-CoNiMoO@Co 2 P-Ni 2 P demonstrates high oxygen evolution reaction performance, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 243 mV. When functioning as a bifunctional electrocatalyst, it requires only 1.49 V to drive overall water splitting at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, with a durability of over 200 h at current densities of 100 and 300 mA cm−2. This study provides significant insights into the development of HER catalysts with potential applications in other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their outstanding structural, transport and electrical characteristics, nickel foams serve as excellent candidate materials for gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In this work, a new three-dimensional PEFC model was developed to explore the local and global fuel cell performance with nickel foam-based GDLs. The fuel cell operating with nickel foam GDLs was shown to have, due to its superior mass and charge transport properties, higher oxygen and water concentration and current density compared to that operating with the conventional carbon fibre-based GDLs. The results show that the pumping power should be taken into account when optimising the dimensions of the flow channels and as such the net power density must be the criterion for optimisation. The optimal dimensions of the flow channels for the fuel cell operating with nickel foam based GDLs were found to be 0.25 mm for the channel height and 1 mm for the channel width; the maximum net power density with these dimensions was around 0.95 W/cm2 which is two times higher than that operating with carbon fibre based GDLs. All the results have been presented and critically discussed. • Nickel foam GDLs demonstrate more uniform concentration and current distributions. • Smaller channels boost the fuel cell performance but demand more pumping power. • Net power output of nickel foam-based PEFC nearly doubles that of carbon-based PEFC. • The performance gain with nickel foam GDL was investigated numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-current decoupled water electrolysis by nickel–cobalt based redox mediators. • Ru-doped MoS 2 /NiFe-LDH catalysts grown in situ on 3D ordered gyroid substrate. • The HER and OER potentials are only 1.70 V and 0.27 V at 500 mA cm−2. The conversion of renewable energy sources with relatively large energy fluctuations into hydrogen represents a crucial aspect of energy storage. Nevertheless, the direct water electrolysis process is known to require excessive instantaneous energy consumption and high cost. Two-step alkaline water electrolysis is regarded as a secure and effective method of generating hydrogen from renewable energy sources when compared to direct water electrolysis. Here we propose a two-step alkaline water electrolysis using nickel–cobalt based hydroxide (Ni 0.9 Co 0.1 (OH) 2) as a redox mediator, and a high-performance bifunctional catalyst as gas evolution electrodes (GEE). The substrates for the GEE were prepared using 3D printing and then loaded with in-situ grown Ru-doped MoS 2 /NiFe-LDH hierarchical heterostructure catalysts (MS-NiFe-Ru-3D). The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of the MS-NiFe-Ru-3D catalyst can reach up to 500 mA cm−2 at 300 and 250 mV overpotentials, respectively. It can meet the requirement of high catalyst performance for two-step alkaline water electrolysis. The direct water electrolysis using the bifunctional MS-NiFe-Ru-3D catalyst only requires a voltage of 1.85 V at 500 mA cm−2 with minimal attenuation over 300 h. For the two-step alkaline water electrolysis using MS-NiFe-Ru-3D as bifunctional catalysts and Ni 0.9 Co 0.1 (OH) 2 as redox mediator, only 1.70 V and 0.27 V were required for HER and OER at 500 mA cm−2, respectively. This work offers a promising avenue for the efficient conversion of renewable secondary energy sources into hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monopile foundations are subjected to large environmental loads in the form of lateral loads from wind, seismic, water currents, which would exceed more than 30% of gravity loads. Providing fins to monopiles is one of the most viable options to decrease the foundation cost for wind turbine foundations and improve its lateral load carrying capacity in poor ground conditions. Numerical analyses were performed on monopiles with and without fins embedded in loose sand and soft clay. Pile material is considered as mild steel for all analyses. Initially, fins length, width, orientation and position were varied to evaluate the optimum fins size, position and orientation. After establishing optimum fin dimensions, position and orientations, lateral load analyses were performed on finned piles embedded in loose sand and soft clay. The results have shown that fins placed near the top portion of the piles are more effective than fins placed near the middle and bottom portions of the piles. Among various fin orientations, straight fins (or fins placed orthogonally) are the most effective ones and for the optimum fin efficiency as well as to avoid buckling, the fin width shall be 0.5 times pile diameter, and the fin length shall be half the pile length and this is found to be valid for finned piles embedded in both loose sand and soft clay. The monopile embedded in sand with fins placed at top carry 42% higher lateral load and whereas in soft clay it is 48% than monopiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unintentional accumulation of oxygen bubbles on the active surface of polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers has been recognized as one of the mechanisms that tend to decrease the cell lifetime. In order to reduce the coverage area caused by the bubbles which can potentially raise the mass losses, the oxygen bubbles must be quickly removed from the electrode surfaces. This work presents a comprehensive model for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis in which diverse multiphysics aspects are considered, including electrochemical, transport, and thermal parts. Moreover, a model based on force balance has been developed to study the dynamics of the bubble on the electrode surface. The aim of developing such a model is to calculate the equivalent bubble size under different operation conditions. The model is then employed to determine bubble coverage and to investigate the influence of water flow and current density on this parameter. The proposed model was tested against diverse datasets from the lab tests and existing literature. The results obtained from the model show good agreement with the literature data in determining the coverage, providing valuable insights into bubble dynamics and their impact on electrolysis performance. • Developed a PEM electrolysis model integrating electrochemical, mass, and thermal. • Developed a force balance model to study bubble detachments. • Quantified bubble coverage and studied effects of water flow, current density. • Analyzed the impact of bubble dynamics on various voltages losses. • Validated the model against experiments and existing literature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation emphasizes the mathematical modeling of the hydrodynamics associated with the oscillating water column wave energy converter (OWC-WEC) device situated above undulating bottom of the ocean in the presence of ocean currents. The mathematical problem is investigated within the framework of the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system by incorporating the classical linear wave-structure theory. The boundary element method is used to address the corresponding boundary value problem. A significant attention is devoted to the analysis of the effectiveness and horizontal wave force exerted on the frontal barrier of the oscillating water column device by considering various values of incident wave and current parameters, as well as structural parameters related to both the oscillating water column device and the undulated seabed. Moreover, the study in the time domain is carried out in order to illustrate the variations in free surface elevations at different time instances by considering the influence of both following and opposing currents. The results demonstrate that the "Doppler Shift" effect of the frequency due to the presence of ocean currents significantly influences the resonating patterns of the efficiency and force curves. As the current velocities increase, the resonating frequencies occur for higher values of incident wavenumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual floating breakwaters have limited impact on wave dissipation, particularly concerning medium- and long-period waves. However, the incorporation of a dual floating breakwater significantly enhances wave dissipation performance. This study introduces a novel design—a dual floating protective device—aimed at enhancing both wave dissipation and current attenuation. The hydrodynamic behavior of this dual floating protective device is rigorously examined through experimental investigations conducted using a large wave–current flume. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis of key parameters, including relative draft, spacing between floats, and wave–current characteristics, is performed to explore their effects under regular and irregular wave conditions, as well as combined wave–current coupling action. Additionally, the appropriate application of particle image velocimetry is utilized, and a discussion of current field and water particle velocity vectors in front of, within, and behind the dual floating protective device is provided. The results indicate that the wave dissipation performance of the dual floating protective device can be enhanced by 125.4% under regular wave–current interactions. Notably, when the spacing of the dual floating protective device is adjusted to twice, once, or two-thirds of the wavelength, superior attenuation capabilities are observed. The current transmission coefficient of the dual floating protective device initially increases before decreasing as current velocity rises. Furthermore, under the influence of mid- to long-period waves, significant coupling and collision phenomena occur between the dual floating protective devices, endowing it with robust capabilities for attenuating such waves. This study provides valuable insights for future practical applications in the field of marine engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A machine learning algorithm was developed for efficiently predicting the 3D (three-dimensional) spatiotemporal evolution process of tidal currents and analyzing their spatial distribution characteristics. In the algorithm, an extremely simplified multi-layer perceptron architecture, an embedded spatial information learning method, and a splicing-sharing method for tidal currents at different water depths were used to achieve a high-coverage, comprehensive, and systematic 3D tidal current prediction of the study area. The developed algorithm can efficiently predict the future time series of three-dimensional tidal current movement and solves the problem that existing algorithms are unable to analyze the similarity of the three-dimensional spatiotemporal distribution of tidal currents over many years. In this study, 3D tidal current evolutions in the southern waters of Liaoning Province, China, were analyzed. The Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model ocean model was used to simulate tidal currents in the study zone, generating a dataset to train the developed machine learning model. The trained model was then used to predict and analyze tidal currents. The prediction results show that the developed machine learning model has high prediction accuracy for tidal currents over a future period of 12 h, with R2 (R-Square) of 0.871, mean absolute error of 0.047 m/s and root mean square error of 0.152 m/s. Additionally, the developed machine learning model could effectively analyze the correlation of spatial distribution characteristics of tidal currents at different water depths, and tidal currents with similar evolution processes at different zones could also be classified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater sensor nodes may move with the water current, resulting in a highly dynamic network topology, which brings about challenges for the routing in underwater acoustic network (UAN). To cope with the challenges of node mobility and energy efficiency in UAN, this paper proposed a distance prediction and multi-criteria decision based layering routing for underwater acoustic networks (DMD-LR). To predict the distance between nodes, this paper presented a gray Markov internode distance prediction model based on an improved gray prediction model. According to the prediction results based on the gray Markov distance prediction model, it provided an effective neighbor node determination rule. Further, it proposed a grey relational analysis model based on multi-criteria decision to calculate the grey relational degree (GRD) of neighbor nodes, and selected the neighbor node with the highest GRD as the optimal next hop. It conducted extensive experiments with the NS3 network simulation simulator to evaluate the performance of the DMD-LR protocol. The results show that the DMD-LR protocol has great advantages in improving packet delivery rate, reducing end-to-end delay, and lowering total energy consumption compared with the LEER, DBR, VBF, LR-NMP, and IATLR protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel video‐based real‐time system based on AI (artificial intelligence) was developed to detect clinical signs in fish exposed to pathogens. We selected a White Spot Disease model involving rainbow trout as the experimental animal and the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a pathogen. We compared two identical fish tank systems: one tank was infected by co‐habitation, whereas the other tank was kept non‐infected (sham infection). The two fish tanks were separately video monitored (full top and side view) during the course of infection, during which fish were removed whenever they developed clinical signs (direct visual inspection by the observer). Image analysis (object detection, classification and tracking) was used to track behavioural changes in fish (in every recorded video frame), focusing on movement patterns and spatial localisation. Initially, the two fish groups (infected and non‐infected) exhibited similar behaviour and non‐infected fish did not change behaviour during the 15 d observation period (from 5 d before infection until 10 dpi). At 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 dpi some infected fish showed clinical signs (equilibrium disturbance, gasping and lethargy) and were removed from the experiment. Anorexia occurred from 5 dpi and a gradual progression of gasping behaviour was noted, whereas the frequency of fish flashing (rubbing/scratching against objects) was low. Equilibrium disturbances and the development of white spots in the skin appeared to be a much later (8–10 dpi at this temperature) indicator of infection. The video analysis showed a general distribution of non‐infected fish in all parts of the fish tank during the entire experiment, whereas infected fish already at 4–5 dpi moved towards higher water currents in the top and bottom positions. This change of fish positioning within the tank appeared as a promising early indicator of infection. The study suggests that continuous monitoring of fish behaviour using AI can potentially optimise the timing of humane endpoints, indicate disease signs earlier and thereby improve animal welfare in both animal experimentation and in aquaculture settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the indenter scratches the single-crystal, polycrystalline and polycrystalline-twin structures CoCrFeNiCu, these characteristics in various crystal nanostructures were found. Single-crystal structure CoCrFeNiCu has the strongest strength, but its wear resistance is weakest in the three types for the generating of long-range and same direction hexagonal closest packings (HCPs), because the long-range HCPs will move the internal atoms, making single-crystal structure CoCrFeNiCu has the most serious abrasive wear. However, the multigrain boundaries can isolate the damage of scratching, playing a lubrication role. Twin-polycrystalline CoCrFeNiCu has the best wear resistance in the three structures because of the hardening effects of twin boundaries. Our relevant research results can not only deeper the understanding about the different structural effects on the wear resistance mechanism of high-entropy alloys, but also provide the guidance for the material structure applications. Practical Applications: The data in this paper can provide a theoretical support for further enhancing the wear resistance of CoCrFeNi-Cu from changing the structures such as polycrystalline or polycrystalline-twin. For industrial applications, this paper can provide a suggest that the single-crystal structure CoCrFeNiCu should be used as a load-bearing material, polycrystalline structure CoCrFeNiCu should be applied in wear-resistant parts, and polycrystalline-twin as a perfect material can be used simultaneously in load-bearing and wear conditions. For example, in the field of marine machinery, the single crystal structure of HEA can be used as a skeleton and substrate to enhance its strength, and at the same time, the outer surface can be covered with a polycrystalline structure to isolate the internal wear of the hull by its water current. In the field of petroleum machinery, high-entropy alloys can maintain high mechanical properties under the premise of corrosion prevention and high temperature resistance, and in the internal structure, the mechanical properties can be enhanced with a single crystal structure, and the microscopic grains of polycrystalline CoCrFeNiCu coating can be used on the exterior to reduce wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a recurring disaster in several regions of Indonesia, often happening from April to September annually. During the dry season, a substantial reduction in rainfall leads to inadequate water supplies and drought. Drought significantly affects food crop output, water scarcity, and reduced water availability for daily necessities, disrupting everyday activities like bathing, washing, and cooking. Seraya Village, situated in Karangasem Regency, Bali Province, frequently faces drought conditions. Seraya, a settlement prone to drought, was officially designated as such by the Karangsem Regent by Regulation Number 36 of 2008, specifying the location of drought natural disasters in Seraya settlement, East Seraya, and West Seraya in the Karangasem District. This study aimed to compare the capacity of rainwater harvesting with the current home water demand in Seraya-Karangasem Village to determine the feasibility of using rainwater to address water shortages and avert drought. This study employs quantitative descriptive methods by analyzing primary data on the regional conditions and limits of the study area, along with secondary data on demographic (population), geographical, and rainfall data spanning a decade. The study revealed that the rainwater harvesting potential in Seraya Village, Karangasem District, was 254,342,191.15 liters per year, while the total water demand was 227,660,565 liters yearly. This resulted in excess harvested water amounting to 26,681,626.15 liters per year, 12% more than the total water needs. The excess amount of rainwater that may be harvested compared to the entire domestic water demand demonstrates the effective utilization of rainwater harvesting systems in preventing water shortages and droughts in Seraya, Karangasem Village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of Block L within the Tarim Basin oilfield commenced in 1989 and it has transitioned from the natural energy development stage to the current water injection development stage. Despite this, the efficacy of water flooding remains suboptimal, with the low degree of control, uneven utilization of reserves, and subpar mining outcomes. The block still contains substantial remaining oil resources, necessitating continued extraction. Notably, the primary oil produced in this block is condensate oil, which commands a high economic value. To enhance the oil recovery efficiency of the block reservoir, a development plan employing alternating and water-natural gas flooding has been proposed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed alternating displacement scheme involving natural gas and water in this reservoir. The specific steps include PVT fitting, historical matching, residual oil evaluation, and the optimization of gas injection parameters. Results show that for this reservoir the water-natural gas flooding (WAG) is the optimal option. And this article has the application of WAG flooding simulation, simulating 15 years of operation. Compared with the original development scheme of the original well pattern, the recovery of this reservoir is increased by 12.05%, which provided a reference basis for the on-site application of WAG in this reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the ecological water requirements (EWR) suitable for wetlands are upheld is essential for maintaining the stability and health of their ecosystems, a challenge faced by wetlands globally. However, previous studies on EWRs estimation lack a comprehensive consideration of wetlands and still suffer from the problem of rough time scales. Prior studies have predominantly concentrated on its core and buffer zones, neglecting a comprehensive analysis of the wetland's entirety and failing to account for the seasonal variations in EWRs. To fill this gap, we proposed a novel framework for estimating EWRs wetland's entirety to guide the development of dynamic water replenishment strategies. The grey prediction model was used to project the wetland area under different scenarios and designed water replenishment strategies. We then applied this framework in a key wetland conservation area in China, the Momoge Wetland, which is currently facing issues of areal shrinkage and functional degradation due to insufficient EWRs. Our findings indicate that the maximum, optimal, and minimum EWRs for the Momoge Wetland are 24.14 × 108 m3, 16.65 × 108 m3, and 10.88 × 108 m3, respectively. The EWRs during the overwintering, breeding, and flood periods are estimated at 1.92 × 108 m3, 5.39 × 108 m3, and 8.73 × 108 m3, respectively. Based on the predicted wetland areas under different climatic conditions, the necessary water replenishment volumes for the Momoge Wetland under scenarios of dry-dry-dry, dry-dry-normal, dry-normal-dry, and normal-normal-normal are calculated to be 0.70 × 108 m3, 0.49 × 108 m3, 0.68 × 108 m3, and 0.36 × 108 m3, respectively. In years characterized by drought, the current water replenishment projects are inadequate to meet the wetland's water needs, highlighting the urgent need for the implementation of multi-source water replenishment techniques to enhance the effectiveness of these interventions. The results of this study provide insights for annual and seasonal water replenishment planning and multi-source water management of wetlands with similar problems as the Momoge Wetland. With these new insights, our novel framework not only advances knowledge on the accuracy of wetland ecological water requirement assessment but also provides a scalable solution for global wetland water resource management, helping to improve the ecosystem's adaptability to future climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Water Conservancy Science & Techonlogy & Economy is the property of Water Conservancy Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of heat transfer models for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) cells is necessary to enhance their efficiency, durability, and safety. Although modeling efforts have indicated that the heat transfer to fluids is significant, the magnitude of the heat transfer and mechanism have not been adequately studied. To fill this knowledge gap, we quantified the amounts of heat transferred in a thermally insulated cell and associated system. We found that heat transfer to the inflow water accounted for the majority of heat transfer to the fluids, and the rise of the membrane (CCM + PTL) temperature was due mainly to deterioration of the distribution of water at high current density. The sensible heat transfer and the resistive heat were directly proportional to each other, and the quantity of latent heat transfer could be influenced by resistive heating and kinetic factors. This study was the first to provide detailed experimental insights into the factors that mainly affect heat transfer to fluids in PEM water electrolysis cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De Geer moraines (DGMs) may act as valuable ice margin indicators; however, to date, their variable mode of formation has presented challenges for this utility. Morphometric investigations provide useful insights into formation processes, which can be developed using sedimentological and geophysical methods. Here we present sedimentological and ground penetrating radar (GPR) data of DGMs located in southwest Finland. Individual lithofacies were identified and interpreted using sediment architectural elements. These were correlated with neighbouring GPR radargrams and extrapolated across the wider study area. Generally, internal architecture presents a multi‐phase structure with lower units representing subglacial traction till and ice margin infill deposits, truncated by a larger prominent push unit, which is then successively deformed via the overriding of active ice. Significantly, there are notable differences between proximal and distal structures, with proximal sides characterized by silts, clays, and diamicton with laminae, stratification and thrust planes, and distal sides characterized by poorly consolidated diamicton and proglacial water current reworkings. Internal architecture of both prominent and intermediate ridges is very similar, reflecting similar formation processes, however, slight differences also reflect inter‐seasonal variations. Based on our findings, we present an integrated conceptual model for the genesis of DGMs whereby inter‐seasonal ridge forming processes occur within a sub‐aqueous ice‐marginal environment. Our model highlights that DGMs can be subcategorized as: (i) sediment deposition at an unstable margin during summer calving, and/or (ii) sediment pushing at a stabilized margin during a winter re‐advance. We do not find evidence of crevasse filling as a mechanism for DGM formation. We propose a landform assemblage classification whereby ‘De Geer terrain’ is used to describe series of parallel ridges arranged in a typical washboard‐like configuration. This classification identifies all DGMs derived within a sub‐aqueous ice‐marginal environment, whilst also capturing the equifinal characteristics between individual landforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose-based sorbents are promising materials for wastewater treatment due to their environmental friendliness, biodegradability, and high sorption capacity. This paper presents an overview of cellulose modification methods, including carboxylation, amination, oxidation, graphene, and plasma treatments, as well as combined approaches. Their effect on key physicochemical properties, such as porosity, morphology, and chemical stability, is considered. Examples from the literature confirm the effectiveness of modified cellulose sorbents in removing heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from wastewater. The analysis shows that combined methods allow for creating materials with improved characteristics that are resistant to extreme operating conditions. The main advantages and disadvantages of cellulose sorbents, as well as challenges associated with their scalability and cost-effectiveness, are discussed. The paper emphasizes the importance of further research to advance these materials as a key element of sustainable water treatment technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the current water quality dynamics is necessary to ensure that ecological and sociocultural services are provided to the population and the natural environment. Water quality monitoring of lakes is usually performed with in situ measurements; however, these are costly, time consuming, laborious, and can have limited spatial coverage. Nowadays, remote sensing offers an alternative source of data to be used in water quality monitoring; by applying appropriate algorithms to satellite imagery, it is possible to retrieve water quality parameters. The use of global remote sensing water quality products increased in the last decade, and there are a multitude of products available from various databases. However, in Latin America, studies on the inter-comparison of the applicability of these products for water quality monitoring is rather scarce. Therefore, in this study, global remote sensing products estimating various water quality parameters were explored on Lake Titicaca and compared with each other and sources of data. Two products, the Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) and the European Space Agency Lakes Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI), were evaluated through a comparison with in situ measurements and with each other for analysis of the spatiotemporal variability of lake surface water temperature (LSWT), turbidity, and chlorophyll-a. The results of this study showed that the two products had limited accuracy when compared to in situ data; however, remarkable performance was observed in terms of exhibiting spatiotemporal variability of the WQ parameters. The ESA-CCI LSWT product performed better than the CGLS product in estimating LSWT, while the two products were on par with each other in terms of demonstrating the spatiotemporal patterns of the WQ parameters. Overall, these two global remote sensing water quality products can be used to monitor Lake Titicaca, currently with limited accuracy, but they can be improved with precise pixel identification, accurate optical water type definition, and better algorithms for atmospheric correction and retrieval. This highlights the need for the improvement of global WQ products to fit local conditions and make the products more useful for decision-making at the appropriate scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinking water is one of the primary sources of microplastic exposure in humans. However, the extent to which microplastics in drinking water contribute to overall human health remains unclear. The aim of this work is to assess the characteristics of microplastic contamination in bottled and tap water, explore and explain the geographical distribution of the selected studies, evaluate the extent of human exposure to microplastics, and suggest areas for future research. Based on the latest literature from 2018 to 2023 (n = 66), we quantified the constituent profiles of microplastics in drinking water and explored their global distribution heterogeneity. The outcomes showed that microplastics in drinking water mainly comprised polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Notably, small-sized microplastic fractions (<300 μm) dominated all microplastics, often in the form of fragments and fibers. The average microplastic abundance in tap water was 62.38 particles/L, whereas in bottled water, it was 38.45 particles/L. The abundance of microplastics in drinking water varied globally from 0.0007 particles/L to 6,292 particles/L in Germany. Therefore, common consumers are estimated to ingest 175 particles/capita/day through drinking water. As expected, this review systematically provides scientific evidence for further high-quality research using standardized methods to increase the knowledge of microplastic exposure to humans through drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal transitions--that is, changes in legislation, regulations, or judicial decisions--are necessary to improve any legal system. This process, however, is fraught with obstacles and hard decisions mainly because, while society may gain, some individuals will suffer under a new rule. This raises a number of questions. Is the reform unfair to those who lose as a result of it? If so, should the new rule incorporate any form of transition relief to alleviate these concerns, such as compensation? Legal transitions can be particularly difficult when a new rule affects vested property rights. This Article uses water law reform as a vehicle for examining how legal transitions prompted by climate change might match the urgency of this slow--but inexorable--process. Climate-change-driven water scarcity and Wall Street investment reveal shortcomings and inequities of current water law. But significant barriers to systemic reform require innovative transition design. Given that the most prevalent types of water rights are considered constitutionally protected property, holders of existing water rights will oppose reforms on fairness, economic, and constitutional grounds. Building on the legal transitions literature, strategies used in other water-scarce countries, and historical transitions in water law, this Article is the first to provide an in-depth analysis of the policy and constitutional implications of addressing the current water crisis by employing one of the less theorized forms of transitional relief: delayed implementation. This Article concludes that delayed implementation, when compared to other more traditional alternatives, will make the adoption of these legal changes more politically viable, reduce their vulnerability to constitutional challenges, and lead to fairer and more efficient outcomes. Because many of the advantages of delayed implementation are not specific to water law, this analysis suggests that delayed implementation has many applications as transitional relief in other areas of regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophyll-a (Chla) and total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations are important parameters for water quality assessment, and in recent years, machine learning has been shown to have great potential in this field. However, current water quality parameter inversion models lack interpretability and rarely consider the morphological characteristics of the spectrum. To address this limitation, we used Sentinel-3 OLCI data to construct an interpretable CatBoost model guided by spectral morphological characteristics for remote sensing monitoring of Chla and TSS along the coast of Fujian. The results show that the coastal waters of Fujian Province can be divided into five clusters, and the areas of different clusters will change with the alternation of seasons. Clusters 2 and 4 are the main types of coastal waters. The CatBoost model combined with spectral feature engineering has a high accuracy in predicting Chla and TSS, among which Chla is slightly better than TSS (R2 = 0.88, MSE = 8.21, MAPE = 1.10 for Chla predictions; R2 = 0.77, MSE = 380.49, MAPE = 2.48 for TSS predictions). We further conducted an interpretability analysis on the model output and found that the combination of BRI and TBI indexes composed of bands such as b8, b9, and b10 and the fluctuation of spectral curves will have a significant impact on the prediction of model output. The interpretable CatBoost model based on spectral morphological features proposed in this study can provide an effective technical means of estimating the chlorophyll-a and total suspended particulate matter concentrations in the coastal areas of Fujian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their excellent capabilities in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and aggregation-induced emission, (AIE) photosensitizers have attracted a great deal of attention. However, the poor water solubilities of current AIE photosensitizers limit their widespread in vivo application and PDT productivity. AIE photosensitizers with triphenylamine as electron-donating moiety and pyridine as electron-absorbing group can enhance the D–A effort, thus improving the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and extending the emission wavelength. At the same time, ΔEst was reduced and intersystem crossing processes was promoted due to the D–A effect of the photosensitizers, thus increasing the probability of ROS generation. Herein, a dual-organelle targeted and viscosity-sensitive infrared AIE photosensitizer (NES-OH) with a D–A structure was developed and synthesized. The NES-OH had good water solubility and good linear relationship with concentration. The NES-OH exhibited bright fluorescence at 620 nm with a quantum yield of 66.75% and had high 1O2 generation efficiency, as well as good biocompatibility and photostability. The NES-OH can target mitochondria and lysosomes and also monitor lysosomes and mitochondrial viscosity changes in real time or in situ in living cells. More interestingly, in the acidic environment of cancer cells, the structure of the NES-OH changed with the appearance of specific morpholine groups, leading to the targeting of lysosomes and further distinguishing and detecting normal and cancer cells. The in vitro and in vivo study demonstrated that the NES-OH can inhibit tumor growth efficiently upon light exposure. This work constructed an effective photosensitizer for diagnosing and treating cancers and evaluating PDT efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this note, we briefly discuss and compare the simplified models of the water current and wind effects on ship's resultant track in marine navigation, which are represented by drift and leeway. Our focus is on a compensation of the lateral component of perturbation with respect to the ship heading line, which is included in the equations of resultant motion. The variable magnitude of the compensation affects ship navigation, in particular, total drift angle, speed and course over ground. The corresponding unit time fronts, speed changes and drift angle in relation to the various ranges of the cross compensation and own ship true course are also compared by some illustrative examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two sediment cores from the central part of the Hongsa lignite deposit in northwestern Lao PDR (Lao People's Democratic Republic; Laos) have been analysed in order to understand their sedimentary characteristics using grain-size analysis, petrography, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. This analysis has revealed that the deposit is primarily composed of fine-grained sediments, mainly silt and clay, with quartz as the dominant mineral and trace amounts of other minerals such as kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Gypsum and chlorite have also been found in some layers. Scanning electron microscope analysis has revealed a card-house structure of clay minerals, suggesting sedimentation from suspension driven by physico-chemical reactions influenced by pH and water chemistry. This arrangement increases porosity and water retention, significantly affecting the permeability and mechanical properties of sediments. Petrographic analysis has documented angular quartz and poorly sorted sediments, indicating minimal sediment reworking or short-distance sources. The palaeoenvironment of the Hongsa Basin, reconstructed from various rock units, suggests low-energy water conditions for the Underburden and moderate sediment supply in a wet forest swamp or bush moor environment for the Lower Lignite Zone Formation. The Middle Lignite Zone Formation indicates a more limited sediment supply in a similar environment, while Interburden Formation 1 suggests overbank deposits or stagnant water deposits. In summary, the Neogene Hongsa lignite deposit is characterised by fine-grained sediments, indicating low-energy water currents in mire environments. Occasional flood events brought coarser grains, although movement of facies should also be taken into account. The mineral composition suggests the presence of components derived from recycled sedimentary rocks along the northern border of the Hongsa Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) is the revolution that promotes customized and flexible mass production technologies in automation and manufacturing processes. The application of industrial revolution 4.0, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical System (CPS), and big data, are used in the water industry to provide better water quality, accurate real-time data, etc. This paper compiles IR 4.0 technology applications, advantages, disadvantages, impacts, and challenges in the water sector, including water supply, wastewater treatment, and stormwater management. It is found that the current water industry is facing a few challenges, such as managing water services, balancing water costs with energy prices, maintaining aging water and wastewater infrastructure, and environmental issues. However, with the application of numerous IR 4.0 innovations, all the challenges can be solved or minimized. Meanwhile, the advantages and impacts of adopting IR 4.0 in water industries are thoroughly discussed. Despite the numerous advantages of IR 4.0, significant drawbacks have restricted the adoption of IR 4.0 in the water industry. The high start-up cost, reluctance, uncertainty, and problems of adopting IR 4.0 are some key challenges that need to be addressed. Generally, IR 4.0 provides more benefits to the community as it helps improve the water system's performance and efficiencies and creates a more sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a very common zoonotic parasite in humans and animals worldwide. Human seroprevalence is high in some regions of Canada's North and is thought to be associated with the consumption of traditionally prepared country foods, such as caribou, walrus, ringed seal and beluga. While numerous studies have reported on the prevalence of T. gondii in these animals, in the general absence of felid definitive hosts in the North there has been considerable debate regarding the source of infection, particularly in marine mammals. It has been proposed that fish could be involved in this transmission. Aims: The objectives of the present study were to perform a targeted survey to determine the prevalence of T. gondii DNA in various tissues of anadromous Arctic charr sampled in Nunavik, Québec, and to investigate the possible role of this commonly consumed fish in the transmission of infection to humans and marine mammals in Canada's North. Methods and Results: A total of 126 individual Arctic charr were sampled from several sites in Nunavik, and various tissues were tested for the presence of T. gondii DNA using PCR. Overall, 12 out of 126 (9.5%) Arctic charr tested in the present study were PCR‐positive, as confirmed by DNA sequencing. Brain tissue was most commonly found to be positive, followed by heart tissue, while none of the dorsal muscle samples tested were positive. Conclusions: Although the presence of T. gondii DNA in brain and heart tissues of Arctic charr is very intriguing, infection in these fish, and their possible role in the transmission of this parasite to humans and marine mammals, will need to be confirmed using mouse bioassays. Arctic charr are likely exposed to T. gondii through the ingestion of oocysts transported by surface water and ocean currents from more southerly regions where the definitive felid hosts are more abundant. If infection in Arctic charr can be confirmed, it is possible that these fish could play an important role in the transmission of toxoplasmosis to Inuit, either directly through the consumption of raw fish or indirectly through the infection of fish‐eating marine mammals harvested as country foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better understanding the effects of hurricane waves and storm surges on barrier-island breaching is important for both scientific research and coastal hazard mitigations. In this study, the 2D non-hydrostatic Xbeach model has been applied to investigate interactions of hurricane wave, storm surge, and morphological processes in the case study of St. Joseph Peninsula during Category 5 Hurricane Michael. Model validations show a 2.45% average error and the 0.88 skill score between modeled and observed high water marks and bed elevations, respectively. Analysis of spatial distributions of currents and water levels indicates that a narrow area was overtopped at peak storm surge and wave. The gap was then quickly enlarged as the breaching area by wave-surge actions. By investigating foredune and peak dune along the central axis of breaching area, it shows that the foredune erosion on the ocean-side by wave-surge-current directly lead to the breach of the peak dune area in the barrier island. The Froude number shows a strong correlation with quick erosion of the barrier, indicating wave-surge supercritical flow is one of the major factors causing the barrier breaching. Results of cross sections of bed elevations and instantaneous surge-wave profiles at different storm surge stages reveal the evolution of the barrier-island breach. Results from this study provide valuable references for coastal hazard mitigation and resilience communities. Highlights: Application of non-hydrostatic Xbeach model reveals barrier-island breaching process and wave-surge-barrier interactions. Model validations show a 2.45% average error and the 0.88 skill score for high water marks and bed elevations, respectively. The breach started with a narrow gap overtopped in the peak of storm surge and was then quickly enlarged by wave-surge actions. Wave-surge induced supercritical flow is one of the major factors accelerating the barrier breaching. Foredune erosion by wave-surge-current is another factor that accelerates the breach of the barrier island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to effectively improve the poor hydrophilicity of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fabric, the application of polyphenylene sulfide fabrics in the field of alkaline water electrolysis cells was extended. HNO3-PPS fabrics were prepared through hydrophilic modification of PPS using varying concentrations of nitric acid. Additionally, HNO3/n-PPS fabrics were produced through further hydrophilic modification using plasma etching technology. The fabrics were analyzed for their hydrophilic properties, surface morphology, internal chemical functional groups, mechanics, air permeability and electrochemical workstation efficiency. The best hydrophilic effect of the fabric was achieved when the ratio of nitric acid to water was 1.5:1 and the plasma discharge power was 80 W. The current water contact angle is 61.2°, with a fabric water flux of 1 730.1 L/m2·h. The mechanical properties of the fabric remain nearly unchanged, while the electrochemical efficiency has been significantly enhanced by nearly 3.5 times compared to the untreated fabric. Offers a novel perspective for its more effective application in the electrolytic cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Information Technology is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the concepts and assessment processes of water resources in China, focusing on the characteristics of water resources and variations in water cycle fluxes. It reveals that the distribution of water resources in China is uneven, with more south and less north, and human activities have led to a decline in water resources, particularly in northern arid and semi-arid regions. Further analysis shows that duplicated measurements of surface water and groundwater significantly affect water balance calculation and water resource assessments, serving as a crucial factor guiding water resource development and utilization. The study also finds that consistency correction of runoff series is insufficient to meet the requirements of accurate water resource assessment. It is urgent to strengthen fundamental research in hydrology and hydrogeology, and to establish a dynamic assessment system for the efficient management and rational use of surface water and groundwater in the current changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a comparative study that examines the effects of the Dubai Creek extension on its hydrodynamics and water flushing dynamics. Dubai Creek (Khor Dubai) is a 24 km long artificial seawater stream located in the emirate of Dubai. The creek has experienced the impact of the rapid urbanization of Dubai and a major 13 km extension project, which connected the creek to the Arabian Gulf from the other side. In this paper, two-dimensional hydrodynamic and flushing models were created using Delft3D Flexible Mesh (2021.03) to investigate the water circulation and water quality of the creek before and after the extension. The hydrodynamic models were calibrated and validated to accurately simulate water levels and currents with correlation values close to 1 and very small RMSE and bias. Flushing models were created to simulate water renewal along the creek. The results of the flushing models showed a significant improvement in the flushing characteristics of pollutants in terms of the residence times of the extended creek (Existing Creek) model compared to the old one (Old Creek). This improvement emphasized the positive impact of the creek extension project on the local aquatic ecosystem and its overall water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "offshore" with regards to aquaculture has hitherto encompassed various perspectives, including technology, geographic location, legal jurisdiction, and more. To resolve the ambiguity in this term and understand its implications for current and future aquaculture development, "offshore" should be resolved into two separate metrics: distance from shore and energy exposure. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) distinguishes between internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and the high seas, but currently has no precise definition for "offshore" in its provisions, and therefore no applicable laws pertaining to "offshore" aquaculture. Regulating a multi-technology aquaculture sector may require integrating new spatial concepts into the law rather than merely adapting and extending current regulatory designs to include new production concepts. The metrics of distance from shore and exposure are seen as a range rather than a specific threshold, allowing for a continuum. Distance from shore is readily quantified as a distance from a baseline. To rigorously quantify the exposure, the influence and interactions of oceanic parameters (water depth, water current, and wave height and period) we utilized to generate six indices. These oceanic parameters are seen as the main contributions which influence the physical and some biological parameters required for site, species, and technology selection. Four shellfish, three seaweed, and three finfish sites along with 20 potential aquaculture sites were examined using the indices in association with the energy index to determine tolerances of the structures and their ability to cultivate their relevant species. Two indices, Specific Exposure Energy (SEE) and Exposure Velocity (EV), were selected for utilization in the analysis of sites based on their ease of use and applicability. The interaction between the energy indices and various aspects of farm operations and performance were explored. The indices developed and used in the case studies presented have been shown to be useful tools in the general assessment of the energy that will influence the species and equipment selection at potential aquaculture sites. The indices do not provide a definitive answer as to the potential financial success of a site as this requires other inputs relating to infrastructure costs, annual production, distance from port, sales strategy, etc. However, the Specific Exposure Energy index creates a useful tool to describe site energy and be comprehensible to a wide range of stakeholders. We recommend the SEE index be adopted as the predominant tool to communicate the exposure level of aquaculture sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing need to ensure the resilience of energy and water systems through digitalization, retrofit these systems for cleaner energy systems, and protect public safety in terms of water quality. This resilience requires a reliable power supply that could be provided by harnessing unexploited energy hidden in the current water infrastructure through the deployment of vortex-induced vibration energy harvesters. Therefore, being able to understand the feasibility of deploying these devices across technical, socioeconomic and environmental scales could further enhance successful deployment and integration of these devices. This paper aims to provide a systematic review investigating the development of energy harvester technologies to understand the key methods used to assess their application feasibility. This study used the PRISMA guidelines, and 139 articles were reviewed and synthesized. The trends were visualized, illustrating the current direction in energy harvesting development and application and methods used to assess the feasibility of these devices and technology. The majority of the reviewed studies focused on technical feasibility, design configuration, limitation, and identification of the most optimal application environment. The results revealed a huge opportunity for energy harvesters, especially as a power supply for monitoring sensors. Nevertheless, the results also identified a knowledge gap when it comes to assessing the overall application feasibility of energy harvesting as most studies currently neglect economic feasibility, environmental impacts, social aspects and energy resilience. Assessment tools will help fill this knowledge gap by identifying the key barriers and benefits gained from integrating this technology into existing energy systems and water systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased water temperature and ocean acidification, due to climate change, is predicted to impact aquatic species' growth, physiology and calcification rates. The present study investigated how a high-emissions scenario of future water temperature and ocean acidification could influence somatic and otolithic growth, and oxygen isotope fractionation in accreted otolith material, of an important fisheries species, sand whiting (Sillago ciliata) (family Sillaginidae), using an outdoor mesocosm system. The experiment included four treatments with an orthogonal combination of current [∼22 °C], and future [∼25.0 °C] predictions of water temperature and current [∼8.13] and future [∼7.83] pH. Fish somatic and otolithic growth demonstrated a positive response to warmer water temperatures, but were not significantly influenced by increased ocean acidification. Stable oxygen isotopes within otolith material (δ18O otolith) deposited during the 3-month experimental period, micro-milled from thin-sections and analysed via Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, displayed a negative relationship with water temperature and also varied between acidification treatments. Although acidification increased the intercept of the linear relationship between temperature and oxygen isotope values, the effect was not significant, and the pooled relationship was determined to be δ18O otolith – δ18O water = – 0.22* T + 34.34 (R2 = 0.522, p < 0.001). This model demonstrated a similar slope to that for inorganic aragonite and other fish species, but a noticeably higher intercept. This species-specific relationship has fundamental applications for determining water temperature estimates using δ18O otolith values from wild-caught whiting which may elucidate dispersal and movement patterns, thus offering essential information for informed decision-making amidst a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale hydro-steel structures (LS-HSSs) are vital to hydraulic engineering, supporting critical functions such as water resource management, flood control, power generation, and navigation. However, due to prolonged exposure to severe environmental conditions and complex operational loads, these structures progressively degrade, posing increased risks over time. The absence of effective structural health monitoring (SHM) systems exacerbates these risks, as undetected damage and wear can compromise safety. This paper presents an advanced SHM framework designed to enhance the real-time monitoring and safety evaluation of LS-HSSs. The framework integrates the finite element method (FEM), multi-sensor data fusion, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into a closed-loop system for real-time perception, analysis, decision-making, and optimization. The system was deployed and validated at the Luhun Reservoir spillway, where it demonstrated stable and reliable performance for real-time anomaly detection and decision-making. Monitoring results over time were consistent, with stress values remaining below allowable thresholds and meeting safety standards. Specifically, stress monitoring during radial gate operations (with a current water level of 1.4 m) indicated that the dynamic stress values induced by flow vibrations at various points increased by approximately 2 MPa, with no significant impact loads. Moreover, the vibration amplitude during gate operation was below 0.03 mm, confirming the absence of critical structural damage and deformation. These results underscore the SHM system's capacity to enhance operational safety and maintenance efficiency, highlighting its potential for broader application across water conservancy infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depth-integrated horizontal momentum equations and continuity equation are employed to develop a new model. The vertical velocity and pressure can be expressed exactly in terms of horizontal velocities and free-surface elevation, which are the only unknowns in the model. Dividing the water column into elements and approximating horizontal velocities using linear shape function in each element, a set of model equations for horizontal velocities at element nodes is derived by adopting the weighted residual method. These model equations can be applied for transient or steady free-surface flows by prescribing appropriate lateral boundary conditions and initial conditions. Here, only the wave–current–bathymetry interaction problems are investigated. Theoretical analyses are conducted to examine various linear wave properties of the new models, which outperform the Green–Naghdi-type models for the range of water depth to wavelength ratios and the Boussinesq-type models as they are capable of simulating vertically sheared currents. One-dimensional horizontal numerical models, using a finite-difference method, are applied to a wide range of wave–current–bathymetry problems. Numerical validations are performed for nonlinear Stokes wave and bichromatic wave group propagation in deep water, sideband instability, regular wave transformation over a submerged shoal and focusing wave group interacting with linearly sheared currents in deep water. Very good agreements are observed between numerical results and laboratory data. Lastly, numerical experiments of wave shoaling from deep to shallow water are conducted to further demonstrate the capability of the new model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ablation of well-defined nanostructures from continuous metal-sites leaching during catalysis is the cause of decreased catalytical activity/durability restricting the scale-up application in industry. Thus, it is essential to throw in-depth insight into the principle of metal-sites dissolution and structural features to tailor catalytical kinetics/stability. Considering layered double hydroxides (LDH) are haunted by unsatisfactory long-term catalytical stabilities, we lay emphasis on the nanostructure design of micrometer-scale-lateral-size CoFe LDH (1–3 μm) with embeddedness of low-crystallinity nickel hydroxides (LC-Ni(OH) 2 /CoFe LDH). Strong in-situ Ni leaching of LC-Ni(OH) 2 /CoFe LDH during catalysis enables the improved surface roughness and transition metal-site stabilization of CoFe LDH counterpart with optimized metal-oxygen covalency for stable ultrahigh-current (1000 mA cm−2) water oxidation. LC-Ni(OH) 2 /CoFe LDH exhibits excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance requiring only 270 mV overpotential to drive the current density of 100 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH. More impressively, for 1000 mA cm−2, its overpotential is only 346 mV with stable OER operation for 68 h. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the larger formation energy of oxygen vacancy in LC-Ni(OH) 2 /CoFe LDH inhibits the release of lattice O during OER catalysis, resulting the LC-Ni(OH) 2 /CoFe LDH excellent catalytical stability. This distinctive "corrosion-to-stabilization" perspective not only challenges the general belief that metal-site dissolution diminishes active phase to weaken the operation stability but also notably improves catalytic ability of LDH guiding practical catalysts design for commercial water splitting. • Large oxygen-vacancy formation energy during catalysis was achieved. • Inhibiting lattice-O release of CoFe LDH for OER renders high catalytical stability. • Low crystallinity Ni(OH) 2 was controllably embedded into CoFe LDH nanosheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the impacts of climate change on oceanic carbon cycling is important from a carbon sequestration perspective. A sediment trap study focused on the biological carbon pump system in the Ulleung Basin (UB) in the southwestern part of the East Sea (Japan Sea) was conducted from 2011 to 2017. Particulate organic carbon (POC) flux significantly increased by 37, 56, and 43% from 2014 to 2016 during the El Niño phase. We examined data related to water current variability, such as sea surface height, current velocity, and eddy frequency to understand their roles in particle transport. In addition, a Martin curve was employed to analyze the rate of vertical attenuation of POC flux in the UB. Current variability could be the most important factor influencing the increase in sinking-particle flux during the El Niño phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water consumption forecasting is a critical aspect of the increasingly strained water resources and sustainable water management processes. It is essential to explore the current status of water use patterns and future development directions in Zhangye City. In this study, 17 factors affecting water consumption in Zhangye City were selected to analyze changes in water consumption and to predict values from 2003 to 2022, utilizing the entropy weight–VIKOR model and the grey neural network model. The results indicate that agricultural water consumption and annual rainfall are the factors with the largest weights among the social and natural attribute indicators, respectively, significantly influencing water consumption in Zhangye City. As the proportions of water consumption for forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, livestock, urban public use, and ecological environment increase, while agricultural water consumption continues to decline, the overall water consumption trend in Zhangye City from 2003 to 2022 shows a positive trajectory. Each water consumption factor is tending toward greater balance, and the relationship between water supply and distribution is improving. The multi-year average relative error of the water consumption predictions for Zhangye City from 2003 to 2022 using the grey neural network model was 4.28%. Furthermore, the relative error values for annual predictions ranged from 0.60% to 5.00%, achieving an accuracy rate of 80.00%. This indicates a strong predictive performance. Ultimately, the model was used to predict a water consumption of 20.18 × 108 m3 in Zhangye City in 2027. The model can serve as a theoretical reference for short-term water consumption forecasting and for establishing a basin water resource allocation system in Zhangye City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate change on methane (CH4) emissions from rice production systems in the Coimbatore region (Tamil Nadu, India) was studied by leveraging field experiments across two main treatments and four sub-treatments in a split-plot design. Utilizing the closed-chamber method for gas collection and gas chromatography analysis, this study identified significant differences in CH4 emissions between conventional cultivation methods and the system of rice intensification (henceforth SRI). Over two growing seasons, conventional cultivation methods reported higher CH4 emissions (range: from 36.9 to 59.3 kg CH4 ha−1 season−1) compared with SRI (range: from 2.2 to 12.8 kg CH4 ha−1 season−1). Experimental data were subsequently used to guide parametrization and validation of the DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model. The validation of the model showed good agreement between the measured and modeled data, as denoted by the statistical tests performed, which included CRM (0.09), D-index (0.99), RMSE (7.16), EF (0.96), and R2 (0.92). The validated model was then used to develop future CH4 emissions projections under various shared socio-economic pathways (henceforth SSPs) for the mid- (2021–2050) and late (2051–2080) century. The analysis revealed a potential increase in CH4 emissions for the simulated scenarios, which was dependent on specific soil and irrigation management practices. Conventional cultivation produced the highest CH4 emissions, but it was shown that they could be reduced if the current practice was replaced by minimal flooding or through irrigation with alternating wetting and drying cycles. Emissions were predicted to rise until SSP 370, with a marginal increase in SSP 585 thereafter. The findings of this work underscored an urgency to develop climate-smart location-specific mitigation strategies focused on simultaneously improving current water and nutrient management practices. The use of methanotrophs to reduce CH4 production from rice systems should be considered in future work. This research also highlighted the critical interaction that exists between agricultural practices and climate change, and emphasized the need to implement adaptive crop management strategies that can sustain productivity and mitigate the environmental impacts of rice-based systems in southern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of benthic foraminifera and the assemblage dynamics were analysed on piston core GL-54 to understand the changes in paleoecology since Marine Isotopic Stage 5 (MIS 5). The core was drilled on the upper slope of the Campos Basin on the Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) coast. Benthic foraminifera biofacies, ecological indices, lithological facies, biostratigraphy, and isotopic analyses were undertaken to characterise the paleoenvironment in front of Cape of São Tomé. Two distinct biofacies were identified in the GL-54 sedimentary record since the Last Interglacial Period (MIS 5). These two biofacies point to seasonal organic matter and a well-oxygenated environment, however, Biofacies 2 can be differentiated from Biofacies 1 by the presence of significant bottom water currents. Biofacies 2 has the same species as Biofacies 1, except for Miliolinella subrotunda. Benthic foraminiferal species and biofacies from GL-54 were compared to the ones present in the upper portion of the GL-39 piston core, which was drilled from the middle slope of the same basin. Species such as Globocassidulina crassa , Islandiella norcrossi , Alabaminella weddellensis , Bolivina paula , M. subrotunda , Bulimina aculeata , Globocassidulina subglobosa , Rotorbinella lepida , and Uvigerina peregrina were found in both piston cores. The biofacies of both piston cores were correlated, pointing to similarities between the upper slope and the middle slope in the Campos Basin since MIS 5. In general, the upper and middle slopes of the Campos Basin are characterised as a well-oxygenated environment with variation in the deposition of organic matter. In addition to these environmental factors, there is evidence for a strong bottom current in MIS 2 at both sites, probably due to the displacement of Brazil Current and Intermediate Western Boundary Current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate assessment of uncertainties in cross-section data is crucial for reliable nuclear reactor simulations and safety analyses. In this study, we focus on the interpolation procedure of the partial derivatives (PD) cross-section model used to evaluate nodal parameters from pregenerated multigroup libraries. Our primary objective is to develop a systematic methodology that enables prediction of the incurred errors in the cross-section model, leading to the development of optimal case matrices, more efficient cross-section models, and informed case matrix construction for reactor types lacking substantial data and experience. We make progress toward this objective through a rigorous analytic error analysis enabled by the derivation of error expressions and bounds for the PD model based on the discovery that the method is a form of Lagrange interpolation. Our investigations reveal distinct outcomes depending on the chosen cross-section functionalizations, achieved by identifying the sources of error. These error sources are found to include interpolation error, which is always present, and model form error, which is a property of the supplied case matrix. We show that simply increasing grid refinement through the addition of branches may not always lead to decreased cross-section errors, particularly in cases where the model form error predominantly contributes to the total error. We present numerical results and verification in a companion paper, showing these different error characteristics for various cross-section functionalizations. Although applied to current light water reactor environments, our methodology offers a means for advanced reactor analysts to develop case matrices with quantified error levels, advancing the goal of a general methodology for robust two-step reactor analysis. Future work includes exploring different lattice types and functionalizations, extending reactivity bounds to multilattice problems, and investigating historical effects within the macroscopic depletion model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of remote sensing technology and machine learning algorithms represents a new research direction for the rapid and large-scale detection of water stress in modern agricultural crops. However, in solving practical agricultural problems, single machine learning algorithms cannot fully explore the potential information within the data, lacking stability and accuracy. Stacking ensemble learning (SEL) can combine the advantages of multiple single machine learning algorithms to construct more stable predictive models. In this study, threshold values of stomatal conductance (gs) under different soil water stress indices (SWSIs) were proposed to assist managers in irrigation scheduling. In the present study, six irrigation treatments were established for winter wheat to simulate various soil moisture supply conditions. During the critical growth stages, gs was measured and the SWSI was calculated. A spectral camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) captured reflectance images in five bands, from which vegetation indices and texture information were extracted. The results indicated that gs at different growth stages of winter wheat was sensitive to soil moisture supply conditions. The correlation between the gs value and SWSI value was high (R2 > 0.79). Therefore, the gs value threshold can reflect the current soil water stress level. Compared with individual machine learning models, the SEL model exhibited higher prediction accuracy, with R2 increasing by 6.67–17.14%. Using a reserved test set, the SEL model demonstrated excellent performance in various evaluation metrics across different growth stages (R2: 0.69–0.87, RMSE: 0.04–0.08 mol m−2 s−1; NRMSE: 12.3–23.6%, MAE: 0.03–0.06 mol m−2 s−1) and exhibited excellent stability and accuracy. This research can play a significant role in achieving large-scale monitoring of crop growth status through UAV, enabling the real-time capture of winter wheat water deficit changes, and providing technical support for precision irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest is growing in direct potable reuse where advanced‐treated water and raw water are blended and fed directly to a water treatment plant (WTP). However, the impacts of raw water augmentation on treatability at drinking water treatment plants have not been studied extensively. A pilot‐scale treatment system, consisting of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration, was set up at a WTP to treat potential future blends of advanced‐treated water and current raw water. The pilot plant was run with blends from 20% to 100% advanced‐treated water at a range of filtration rates (2–9 gpm/sf) and coagulant doses. Under all conditions, filterable water was produced, achieving acceptable turbidity removal. Turbidity removal by sedimentation was variable (30%–90%). Filtration performance was more consistent, exceeding 90% turbidity reduction under all conditions and achieving lower headloss accumulation rates at higher advanced‐treated water share. These results are optimistic for potable reuse schemes featuring raw water augmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean current measurements play a crucial role in aiding our understanding of ocean dynamics and circulation systems. Traditional methods, such as drifters and ocean buoys, are sparsely distributed and of limited effectiveness due to the nature of the marine environment and high operating expenses. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology using submarine optical-fiber (OF) cables as dense seismo-acoustic arrays, offering a new perspective for ocean observations. Here, in situ observations of ocean surface gravity waves (OSGWs) and ocean currents by DAS were made along a pre-existing 33.6 km seafloor OF cable. The average current velocity and water depth along the cable were determined from observed OSGW-induced seafloor noise (0.05–0.2 Hz) using ambient-noise interferometry and frequency-domain beamforming. Variations in current velocity were derived at high spatiotemporal resolution using the frequency-domain waveform-stretching method. The inverted current velocity was verified by nearby ocean buoy observations and forecasting results. The observations demonstrate the effectiveness of DAS-instrumented OF cables in monitoring ocean currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]