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Water damage accidents occur frequently in mines in China, and accurate prediction of incoming water has become an important guarantee for the safe and efficient mining of coal resources. To improve the accuracy of mine water prediction, this paper proposes the VMD-iCHOA-GRU mine water prediction model by selecting and improving it according to the previous research results in decomposition method, time series prediction model and optimization algorithm. After processing the raw data and setting the model parameters, MAE, RMSE, MAPE and R2 are selected as the evaluation indexes of prediction accuracy, and VMD-GRU model, iCHOA-GRU model, CHOA-GRU model and GRU model are selected as the comparison models to validate the advantages of the VMD-iCHOA-GRU model in the prediction of mine inrush water. The results show that the VMD-iCHOA-GRU model has the best prediction effect on the trend of water inflow, with the evaluation index values of 0.00862, 0.01059, 0.02189%, 0.87079, respectively, and with the smallest MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and the largest R2, and the highest prediction accuracy of the VMD-iCHOA-GRU model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyse the differences in the high-temperature performance of twin-screw desulphurised rubber powder/undesulphurised rubber powder composite SBS-modified asphalt and its mixes. This paper analyses the performance differences between desulphurised rubber powder composite SBS-modified asphalt (ACR/SBS), rubber powder composite SBS-modified asphalt (CR/SBS) and SBS-modified asphalt and their mixtures by multi-stress repeated creep recovery (MSCR) and submerged Hamburg rutting tests. In addition, fluorescence microscopy was used to reveal the micro-mechanisms underlying the differences in the high-temperature performance of the three asphalts. The results show that the twin-screw desulphurisation of rubber powder can significantly improve the high-temperature performance and water damage resistance of its composite-modified asphalt and mixture. The rutting depth of ACR/SBS-MA mixes was one-third and one-thirteenth of CR/SBS-MA mixes and SBS-MA mixes, respectively, under the hydrothermal coupling condition at 80 °C. The cross-linking bonds were opened during the twin-screw desulphurisation process to form a stable cross-linking network structure with SBS. The research of this thesis can lay theoretical and technical support for the promotion and application of desulphurised rubber-modified asphalt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine mould resistance of the plaster made from waste paper. To study the plaster quality, two laboratory tests were conducted. First, mould resistance of a dry plaster was studied, and second, mould resistance of a wet plaster was tested. Since wet plaster mix must be used for plastering, the resulting surfaces are extremely wet. The plaster placed on the wall would dry for at least two weeks under favourable conditions (sufficient ventilation and temperature). During this period, there is a great risk that the plaster might become mouldy. Another risk of becoming mouldy occurs when an already plastered wall receives moisture (e.g., water damage). The experiments carried out under laboratory conditions showed that in an environment with high relative humidity the plaster did not become mouldy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the water damage at the interface between emulsified asphalt and aggregate under the action of external water infiltration, firstly, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as an emulsifier to prepare emulsified asphalt in the laboratory, and its basic properties were tested. Then, based on molecular dynamics, an emulsified asphalt–aggregate interface model with different water contents was constructed to calculate the adhesion work of the emulsified asphalt–aggregate interface. The results show that the simulated values of emulsified asphalt density, cohesive energy density, and solubility are in good agreement with the experimental values. Under the same water content, the adhesion force between asphalt and three oxides (CaO, Al2O3, SiO2) is arranged in the following order: CaO > Al2O3 > SiO2. The bonding performance of an alkaline aggregate to asphalt is better than that of an acid aggregate. The van der Waals force plays a major role in the adhesion performance of an emulsified asphalt mixture, and electrostatic force plays a secondary role. Under the action of external force, the macroscopic failure mode of the emulsified asphalt–aggregate is as follows: the alkaline oxide-emulsified asphalt system is cohesive failure; the acid and neutral oxide-emulsified asphalt system is adhesive failure; the enrichment of water molecules at the interface is the main factor causing water damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cementitious Capillary Crystallization Waterproofing Material (CCCW), as an efficient self-healing agent, can effectively repair damage in concrete structures, thereby extending their service life. To address the various types of damage encountered in practical engineering applications, this study investigates the impact of different mixing methods for CCCW (including internal mixing, curing, and post-crack repair) on the multi-dimensional self-healing performance of concrete. The self-healing capacity of concrete was evaluated through water pressure damage self-healing tests, freeze–thaw damage self-healing tests, mechanical load damage self-healing tests, and crack damage self-healing tests. The results show that the curing-type CCCW mixing method exhibited the best self-healing effect in repairing water pressure, freeze–thaw, and load damages, with corresponding healing rates of 88.9%, 92.7%, and 90.5%, respectively. The internally mixed CCCW method was also effective for repairing load damage in concrete, while the repair-type CCCW mixing method demonstrated the weakest repair effect on these types of damage. For concrete with induced pre-existing cracks, the internally mixed CCCW method, after 28 days of water-immersion curing, exhibited a significantly higher crack self-healing ability, with a self-healing ratio of 333.8%. Optical microscopy observations revealed that the crack surfaces were almost fully sealed, with a substantial deposition of white crystalline material at the crack sites. Further analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) provided insights into the surface morphology and phase characteristics of the self-healed cracks, indicating that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) were the main products responsible for crack healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoS2 coating is a newly developed method to prevent bolt corrosion and the seizure of bolts used in equipment in sea areas. It is of great significance to investigate the evolution of the tensile properties and intact coatings for the maintenance of coated bolts. To evaluate the tensile properties of MoS2-coated titanium alloy bolts, titanium alloy bolts coated with MoS2 (TC4+MoS2) and bolts treated with a composite treatment of anodizing oxidation and MoS2 coating (TC4+AO+MoS2) were corroded in salt spray tests for 4300 h. The MoS2 coating significantly enhanced the bolts' corrosion resistance, demonstrating exceptional protective performance by only experiencing minor peeling due to oxidation-induced cracking of the coating during the extensive 4300 h salt spray test. The tensile strengths of the TC4+MoS2 and TC4+AO+MoS2 bolts both decreased as compared with the original bolts. The bolts pretreated with anodic oxidation revealed lighter coating peeling and maintained a higher tensile strength after corrosion. Therefore, it can be concluded that the coatings provided excellent corrosion resistance, leading to a minor impact on the bolts' tensile strength and fracture behavior under the synergistic damage of sea water corrosion and preloading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine, as a crucial raw material in the fine chemical industry, plays an indispensable role in fuel, catalyst, pesticide and drug synthesis. Due to its good water solubility and high toxicity, hydrazine can cause irreparable damage to water and soil in the environment, and it can also be released by taking certain drugs, which brings potential risks to human health. Therefore, it is vital to develop a method that can specifically detect hydrazine in the environment and in vivo. As an effective analysis and detection tool, fluorescence probe has attracted extensive attention in recent years. In this review, we summarized and classified hydrazine fluorescence probes based on various reaction mechanisms, and discussed their structures and applications in the past ten years. At least, we briefly outline the challenges and prospects in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor adhesion of asphalt–granite limits the application of granite. This research aims to enhance the adhesion of asphalt and granite by establishing chemical connections between the hydroxyl groups on granite surface and the incompletely reacted isocyanate groups in polyurethane (PU) modified asphalt. For this purpose, end-capped PU modified asphalt (PUMA) was prepared, the adhesion mechanism between PUMA and granite was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, the adhesion properties between PUMA and granite at different curing periods were evaluated by boiling and pull-out tests, and the wettability of PUMA on granite and its moisture sensitivity were evaluated using surface free energy (SFE) method. The findings suggested that the incompletely reacted isocyanate groups in PUMA can establish a chemical connection with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of granite. The adhesion between asphalt and granite can be greatly improved by the addition of PU, and this improvement is amplified as the curing time is extended. When the curing time is extended to 3 days, the fracture mode between asphalt and granite changed from adhesive failure to cohesive failure, and after 15 days of curing, the coating ratio of PUMA on granite following the water boiling test can be raised by 28.11% in comparison to the base asphalt. The water damage resistance of PUMA-granite system can be increased by adding PU and the adhesion work and combination ratio of the freshly prepared PUMA were increased by 55.91% and 79.45%, respectively, as compared to base asphalt. This study has great significance for enhancing the adhesion between asphalt and granite and encouraging granite application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the tunnel passed through a water-rich stratum, the Water Rock Interaction could cause damage to the rock, which had adverse effects on the tunnel engineering. When the water environment changed, a great risk existed in the tunnel during construction. In this paper, Water Rock Interaction was classified as water rock physical interaction, water rock chemical interaction, and water rock mechanical interaction, which is significantly affected by temperature and humidity. Then, the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of rock under the dry-wet cycle and freeze-thaw cycle were summarized. The influence on tunnel stability was analyzed by the classification of water damage in the tunnel. Finally, the waterproof and drainage systems of tunnel engineering were summarized, and future research directions were put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Investigation & Surveying is the property of Railway Investigation & Surveying Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Performing stability studies of waterproof coal pillars is one of the key measures for preventing mine water disasters. As some areas of the coal pillar were affected by goaf water in the Nanhu Second Mine, the coal pillar and surrounding roadway were somewhat deformed. To investigate whether the pillar can ensure safe production in the mine, the source of goaf water and the direction of water infiltration were analyzed using exploration holes, and it was concluded that the goaf water originated from the V3 aquifer and was static. Thus, a theoretical analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the mechanical parameters of the coal and rock structures affected by water. On this basis, a numerical simulation was employed to examine the key changes in the coal pillar and roadway affected by goaf water. The simulation results showed that the plastic area was 6–11 m and the elastic area in the middle was 6–8 m after excavating the working faces on both sides of the coal pillar, and the water flow vector of the aquifer could not pass through the pillar. Finally, in situ monitoring using ground-penetrating radar, deformation measurement, and loosening circle detection revealed that the development degree of internal cracks in the coal pillar was relatively light; thus, the pillar could effectively prevent water damage. These monitoring and analysis methods comprehensively evaluate the stability of the coal pillar and provide a guarantee for the safe mining of the working face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reduction of inorganic waste, especially plastic, has been widely carried out in Indonesia using a community-based principle known as a waste bank. The reduction is limited to plastic waste with economic value, such as plastic bottles. However, the reduction leaves much non-economic plastic waste in multi-layered plastic packaging, plastic bags, mica, and styrofoam. This study aimed to examine the potential of non-economic plastic waste to become paving blocks. The current study was conducted using five compositions of non-economic plastic waste of mica, multi-layered, and styrofoam, with aggregates to produce plastic-paving blocks. All experimental paving blocks were measured for their compressive strength and water absorption capacity by Indonesian National Standard No. 03-0691-1996. The results showed that the compressive strength value in the range of 4.879-6.513 MPa, where three of the compositions were mica: aggregate (60%:40%); multi-layered: aggregate (60%:40%); and multi-layered: styrofoam: aggregate (60%:20%:20%) approached the compressive strength of paving block grade D. All observed paving blocks have met the water absorption quality standards for paving blocks with a potential of 1.471-4.879%. This indicates that these compositions have the potential to be used as paving blocks. It also suggests that these compositions can effectively resist water damage, enhancing their potential for use in construction. Moreover, current research has confirmed that mica, multi-layered, and styrofoam waste have the potential to be used as a substitute for paving blocks, although further research is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oilfield Chemistry is the property of Sichuan University, Oilfield Chemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reservoir water sensitivity damage means that the contact between the external fluid and reservoir rock lead to the hydration, expansion, dispersion, and migration of clay minerals, thereby reducing the formation permeability and causing damage to the reservoir. In this study, the transformation of smectite to illite (S-I) is promoted by endogenous microorganisms to achieve anti-swelling of the clay minerals and reduce the water sensitivity damage of the reservoir. The microbial community reducing Fe(III) was enriched from the samples of Karamay Oilfield, Xinjiang, and microbial community diversity was analyzed by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Fe(II) ion concentration in the interaction medium was monitored, and the maximum iron reduction rates reached 60.2%. The structural changes of smectite before and after microbial treatment were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The result demonstrated that the reduction of Fe(III) was accompanied by the transformation of S-I. There may be some endogenous microorganisms that transform S-I in low permeability reservoirs. This study is of great significance for oilfields to realize clay mineral anti-swelling and eliminate reservoir water sensitivity damage by endogenous microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the mechanism of mechanical performance enhancement and the curing mechanisms of acrylate emulsion (AE) in cement and magnesium slag (MS) composite-stabilized soil (AE-C-M), this study has conducted a comprehensive analysis of the compressive strength and microstructural characteristics of AE-C-M stabilized soil. The results show that the addition of AE significantly improves the compressive strength of the stabilized soil. When the AE content is 0.4%, the cement content is 3%, and the magnesium slag content is 3% (AE4-C3M3), the strength of the formula reaches 4.21 MPa, which meets the requirements of heavy traffic load conditions in the construction of high-speed or main road base layers. Some reactive groups on the polymer side chains (-COOH) engage in bridging with Ca2+ and RCOO− to form a chemically bonded interpenetrating network structure, thereby enabling the acrylate emulsion to enhance the water damage resistance of the specimens. The notable improvement in strength is attributed to the film-forming and solidifying actions of AE, the binding and filling effects of C-S-H gel, and the reinforcing effect of straw fibers. FT-IR and TG-DSC analysis reveals the presence of polar electrostatic interactions between AE and the soil matrix. AE enhances the bonding among soil particles and facilitates the attachment of C-S-H gel onto the surfaces of the straw fibers, thereby increasing the strength and toughness of the material. The application of MS in conjunction with straw fibers within polymer-modified stabilized soil serves to promote the recycling of waste materials, thereby providing an environmentally friendly solution for the engineering application of solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper aims to provide an overview of the application of freeze-drying in the field of cultural heritage. The possibility of removing water from an object at low temperature, thus preserving most of its specific features that would be lost at high temperature, makes the process the elective choice when restoring water damaged materials. Flooded archives and libraries, due to natural events or to the intervention of fire extinguishing systems, are a typical case where freeze-drying can be applied since the material, after flooding, is brought to a low temperature as soon as possible to cause the water to freeze and, therefore, to block the degradation of the material. Besides, freeze-drying may be used to preserve archaeological finds, e.g. waterlogged woods or wet textiles, by means of water removal. Anyway, in all these cases specific issues must be faced, aiming to preserve the mechanical properties of the object, and this may require ad hoc pretreatments. It must be highlighted that in some cases the occurrence of a freeze-drying process, in particular of the atmospheric freeze-drying process, is undesired for the preservation of finds, and this must be carefully managed. Finally, the possibility of using freeze-drying to create works of art will also be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass Engineered Timber (MET) has emerged as an innovative construction material used in the creation of low-carbon buildings. However, more built examples are found in Europe and North America, with far fewer in Asia, despite its generally higher levels of construction. This research explores these trends by measuring building industry practitioners' perceptions – their awareness, attitudes and perceived obstacles – across three regions experiencing different levels of MET adoption: Europe and North America (early adopters), Australia and New Zealand (early developing) and South-East Asia (under developed). The research develops a novel framework to understand industry perceptions of MET composed of 'Enabling Parameters' and 'Decision-making Parameters'. This is used to develop a survey which was completed by 186 participants from the three regions. Results show that participants' perceptions, knowledge and experience of MET are consistently lower in South-East Asia, than the other regions – a finding previously not identified in existing research. Protection against fire and water damage, ease of repair and maintenance, and perceived unsuitability of MET for high-rise building types are the primary concerns of practitioners in South-East Asia. This paper calls for technological advancements for taller MET and hybrid buildings, a review of building codes, provision of incentives, and education among practitioners to improve the perception and adoption of MET in South-East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the action mechanism of steel slag and waste tire crumb rubber in asphalt mixtures is of great significance in realising solid waste resourcing and improving road quality. This study focused on the adhesion behaviour of asphalt mixture from mixing to application and explored the adhesion mechanism of steel slag and SBS/crumb rubber composite modified asphalt (SBS/CR CMA) on multiple scales. The results show that the steel slag and SBS/CR CMA exhibit excellent adhesion properties during mixing and application, and the electrostatic force plays a leading role in the whole adhesion process. The contribution of steel slag to adhesion is 3CaO·SiO2 > 2CaO·SiO2. Among them, the strong electrostatic interaction between 3CaO·SiO2 and CR is the main mechanism to improve the adhesion property of steel slag and SBS/CR CMA. 3CaO·SiO2 in steel slag can slow down the flow of water molecules on its surface, and the strong force between CR and 3CaO·SiO2 improves the water damage resistance of steel slag-SBS /CR CMA significantly. Selective adhesion occurs when asphalt is mixed with different aggregates, and the adhesion object depends on the initial adhesion work between asphalt and aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its good performance and quick construction, micro-surfacing is frequently employed in the prevention and treatment of pavement diseases. However, the shortcomings of the current design methods and the noise problems have not been resolved. Two ways of optimising gradation and adding additives were used to reduce the noise and enhance the performance of micro-surfacing. The gradation of the micro-surfacing was investigated based on fractal theory and the optimum gradation range was determined. The results showed that adding more fibre to micro-surfacing improves its resistance to rutting, wear, water damage and cracking. The anti-skid performance of rubber powder-fibre micro-surfacing (RFMS) falls as the asphalt aggregate ratio rises, but wear resistance and water damage resistance rise and rutting resistance and fracture resistance increase initially before declining. The best mix proportion of RFMS is determined based on the overall mass of aggregate and each component is as follows: 1.5% cement (PO42.5), 3% rubber powder (40 mesh) and 0.2–0.25% polypropylene monofilament fibre (6 mm). RFMS can reduce pavement noise while maintaining good anti-skid performance. The study is an important supplement to the research on micro-surfacing and its noise reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-phase change material (DPCM) containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400/expanded graphite (EG) and PEG1500/EG with both high and low-temperature regulation capacities was prepared. It was added as an additive to the NovaChip-Type C asphalt mixtures. Laboratory and field temperature regulation tests were designed. The images taken by SEM showed that PEG was fully adsorbed by EG and the structure of DPCM was stable. The test results showed the DPCM has good durability in the cyclic phase change process. The modified asphalt binders with different DPCM content showed different heat storage capacity. The results of temperature regulation tests showed that the addition of DPCM effectively reduced the temperature change rate of asphalt mixtures. With 1.88% DPCM, the extremum of high temperature of asphalt mixtures reduced by 2.3°C while the extremum of low temperature increased by 2.0°C. In terms of road performance, the cracking resistance at low temperature of asphalt mixtures gradually improved with the increase of DPCM content. Meanwhile, the rutting resistance at high temperature and water damage resistance still met the requirements of the specification. The DPCM had a good effect on restraining the occurrence of road diseases caused by temperature and prolonging the service life of the road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave-assisted rock-breaking is highly promising in the process of hard rock tunnel excavation due to its safety and high efficiency. Water plays a pivotal role in the microwave heating process, significantly impacting the effectiveness of microwave-assisted rock fragmentation. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the influence of water in the process of microwave heating of rocks. This study investigated the influence of water on the response characteristics of granite under microwave irradiation by analyzing the changes in the real-time acoustic emission (AE) signals, porosity, wave velocity, and uniaxial compressive strength of samples with different levels of water saturation. The experimental results revealed the real-time AE characteristics of rock samples were categorized into three periods: a quiet period, a violent period, and an attenuation period. The maximum temperature in the quiet period was about 150 ℃, resulting in the proliferation of mineral crystal defects under the action of water, and the intensity of AE counts was positively correlated with water saturation. Simultaneously, the degree of thermal damage to porosity, wave velocity, and uniaxial compressive strength also increased with increasing water saturation. During the violent and attenuation periods, the activity of AE signals increased, yet remained largely unaffected by the the water saturation level. Moreover, the presence of water facilitated the transition of rock samples from elastic to ductile behavior under microwave irradiation. This investigation holds significant importance for the practical application and advancement of water utilization in microwave-assisted rock fragmentation technology. Highlights: Real-time monitoring of acoustic emission during microwave heating was realized. Acoustic emission characteristics of granite with different saturations were similar. Acoustic emission characteristics before 150 ℃ were closely related to saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine changes and socioeconomic patterns in indicators of a poor indoor environment in 2000 and 2021. Cross-sectional data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey in 2000 and 2021. The study included 27,068 participants. Indicators of indoor environment (annoyances from mould, temperature, draught, traffic and neighbour noise, and presence of water damage) were obtained from questionnaires (2021) and partly by interview (2000). Socioeconomic status included home ownership, educational level, and household income. The degree of social inequality in the indoor environment was estimated using the concentration index of inequality. The prevalence of annoyances due to draught, temperature, and noise increased significantly from 2000 to 2021 (e.g., temperature 5.9%–25.1%, odds ratio (OR) 6.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.12–7.38), whereas the prevalence of water damage decreased (17.7%–13.8%, OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76–0.96). No difference was seen in annoyances due to mould (3.1% in 2000 and 2.5% in 2021, OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.69–1.17). Social inequality was present for thermal conditions, annoyances due to noise and presence of water damage when assessed by income but not by educational level. Conditions were more prevalent among individuals with low income in both 2000 and 2021. The proportion of individuals reporting a poor indoor environment due to thermal conditions and noise increased in the period 2000–2021. Social inequality was observed in all indicators of a poor indoor environment for household income, whereas the inequality was less pronounced when assessed by educational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is one of the key problems that must be faced and solved in underground engineering. Under special conditions, large-scale water damage accidents will occur. Therefore, it is of great engineering significance to study the stability of the surrounding rock of water-inrush roadways. In this paper, a laboratory model test is used to simulate the actual project. First, similar material and the similarity ratio of the test are determined, and the relationship between the ratio of the similar material and its physical parameters is analyzed through an orthogonal test, the multiple linear regression equation of the two is established, and the optimal ratio of the model similar material is determined. Then, the model test of tunnel water inrush is carried out. Through the orthogonal test, the influence of roadway depth, water-inrush height and water-inrush time on the stability of surrounding rock during and after tunnel water inrush is analyzed, and the numerical simulation is used to verify and extend the conclusion. The test results show that the sensitivity of each factor to roadway stability is as follows: water-inrush height > water-inrush time > roadway depth. In the test within 24 h after water inrush (7 days in actual engineering), the sensitivity of each factor to roadway stability is also water-inrush height > water-inrush time > roadway depth. This conclusion can provide an important basis for the rescue work after tunnel water inrush and enrich the relevant test simulation after tunnel water inrush. Practical Applications: In this paper, a laboratory modeling test is used to emulate the actual project where groundwater exists. Similar materials used in the model test and their optimal ratios are determined by similarity ratios and multiple linear regression equations. The effects of roadway depth, water-inrush height, and water-inrush time on the stability of the tunnel's surrounding rock are investigated by orthogonal tests, and finally the results are verified by numerical simulation. The test results show that the sensitivity of each factor to the stability of the roadbed is as follows: water-inrush height > water-inrush time > roadway depth. In the test within 24 h after water influx (7 days in the actual project), the sensitivity of each factor to the stability of the tunnel is also water-inrush height > water-inrush time > roadway depth. This conclusion can provide an important basis for the rescue work after the tunnel water influx and can provide suggestions for the early reinforcement support of the project in the presence of groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclones (TCs) significantly impact the Caribbean Lesser Antilles, often causing severe wind and water damage. Traditional flood hazard assessments simplify TC rainfall as single-peak, short-duration events tied to specific return periods, overlooking the spatial–temporal variability in rainfall that TCs introduce. To address this limitation, a new user-friendly tool incorporates spatial–temporal rainfall variability into TC-related flood hazard assessments. The tool utilizes satellite precipitation data to break down TC-associated rainfall into distinct pathways/scenarios, mapping them to ground locations and linking them to specific sections of the storm's rainfall footprint. This approach demonstrates how different areas can be affected differently by the same TC. In this study, we apply the tool to evaluate rainfall patterns and flood hazards in St. George's, Grenada, during Hurricane Beryl in 2024. The scenario representing the 75th quantile in Spatial Region 2 (S2-Q0.75) closely matched the actual rainfall observed in the study area. By generating multiple hazard maps based on various rainfall scenarios, the tool provides decision-makers with valuable insights into the multifaced flood hazard risks posed by a single TC. Ultimately, island communities can enhance their early warning and mitigation strategies for TC impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of restoring water supply after service is interrupted is critical for determining the durations and spatial distribution of outages and thus the impacts that households, businesses, and others ultimately experience. Nevertheless, the restoration period is difficult to predict because it involves complex, dynamic interactions among the system hydraulics, operator restoration actions, and consumer adaptations to service interruptions. In this paper, we introduce a new computer model called Restoration of Water after an Event Tool (REWET) that (1) allows detailed representations of both the hydraulic operations of the system and the restoration process, (2) is flexible enough to apply to any system or disruptive event, enable varying levels of complexity, and allow deterministic or probabilistic analysis, and (3) is available as free, easy-to-use, open-source code. It uses pressure-demand driven hydraulic analysis and allows detailed discrete event simulation representation of the restoration process. We present case study applications of REWET for the Los Angeles water system and for a small, simple network to illustrate the tool's functionality, flexibility, and key features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weak clayey soils in construction are considered problematic due to their high compressibility and low bearing capacity. This study proposes an environmentally friendly replacement for conventional soil stabilizers through the use of geopolymer (GP) containing Cashew Nut Shell Ash (CNSA) to improve soil characteristics. In this study, the CNSAGP was compared with lime-stabilized soil for unconfined compressive strength (UCS), durability, and improved microstructure. The experimental outcomes showed that 9 M + CNSAGP with 4% CNSA provided a UCS of 1900 kPa, which was higher than the lime-stabilized soil (6% lime with 4% CNSA) at 1400 kPa. Durability test results revealed that the CNSAGP-treated sample had better protection against water damage with a strength loss of about 18%, while the lime-treated sample had a strength loss of about 25%. Thermal stability analysis showed that CNSAGP had lower LOI values compared to lime-stabilized samples (0.17% at 900 °C), which indicates CNSAGP's heat resistance. Microstructure analysis revealed that CNSAGP-stabilized soil was less porous, the microstructure being denser because of reactions of aluminosilicate and pozzolanic activity. Moreover, it affected the soil's alkalinity, making it better, and improved Atterberg limits, which affected the plasticity and workability. These findings show that CNSAGP is a long-lasting and eco-friendly means of soil stabilization with higher strength, thermal stability, and durability than traditional methods and can be used in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground dams, as one of the water flow control and storage structures along seasonal waterways, can be the most effective way to solve water-related issues. In the current research, using the integrated QSPM-SWOT model, suitable places for the development of underground dams in Khorramabad County were examined. First, to provide the required information, the study area was visited and a questionnaire was prepared to prepare the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) in the construction of underground dams. This questionnaire was completed by 25 water resource management experts and residents of the study area. Then, using the SWOT model and QSPM matrix, a thorough analysis and convenient problem-solving method were selected to locate underground dams. The results showed that among the internal factors, vulnerability and pollution are less due to human and environmental factors (0.458) and extraction of high-quality water (0.372), and among external factors, restoration, stabilization, and increase of vegetation (0.304) and damage to underground water tables in case of construction without conducting sufficient studies (0.276), have been most effective in choosing strategies. Based on the obtained results, the use of a defensive strategy for the management of underground water resources, which is done by covering the weaknesses, overcoming the threats, and taking advantage of the strengths and the opportunities to locate the underground dams suitably, has a higher priority than other strategies (competitive-aggressive, diversity, and revision) in the study area. In addition, solutions were presented along the supply measures and then for the spatial prioritization of underground dams using the QSPM quantitative matrix. Finally, the solution to increasing the level of regional water flow by selecting educated managers in the field of underground dams water before and after construction was given priority with a final score of 6.074. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering / Paiguan Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Nanchang University (Engineering & Technology) is the property of Nanchang University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Applying light-transmitting concrete (LTC) to highway lane markings is a novel idea to increase the visual recognition distance and promote traffic safety. However, compared to its excellent visual recognition performance, its service performance has received little attention in the current research. This paper conducted an accelerated pavement test to investigate the behaviour of rutting depth, British Pendulum Number (BPN) and water permeability coefficient of the LTC lane markings. The results show that rutting depth of LTC is lower than that of asphalt pavement. As a result, small height steps appeared at the seam of the two parts. For the anti-sliding performance represented by the BPN, the BPN of LTC gradually exceeds asphalt pavement and maintains a slightly higher value. For the water permeability coefficient, the LTC is almost un-permeable, avoiding water damage during service. According to these findings, the LTC lane markings meet the requirements of highway service performance.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world where plastics have become an integral part of daily life, the ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) is hardly surprising. However, the emergence of MPs in one of humanity's most vital resources—groundwater—is concerning. This review explores the widespread reports of MPs in drinking water, examining their origins and the potential effects of their associated pollutants on human health. The exploration was facilitated through an exhaustive analysis of research contributions across the topic. Instances of MPs infiltrating drinking water have been documented across 42 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Iceland, Nepal, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The identification of the sources of these MPs is crucial, and this review clarifies several significant contributors. The sources encompass atmospheric contamination, the packaging and distribution processes associated with bottled water, effluents generated from laundry activities, fertilizers, and the domestic/industrial wastewater streams. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the role of MP particles as carriers, facilitating the transportation of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and emergent contaminants into drinking water. While scientific evidence to definitively establish the impacts of MPs on human health remains an evolving field, it is paramount to recognize that their associated pollutants have tangible effects that warrant attention. Among the potential effects highlighted are anemia, brain cancer, hypertension, intestinal bleeding, methemoglobinemia, and liver cancer. Addressing the pressing need for actionable measures, this review offers practical strategies to counter the presence of existing MPs in drinking water and mitigate their further proliferation. The insights and recommendations presented herein are anticipated to provide valuable contributions toward the resolution of the menace posed by MP contamination in drinking water, as well as the broader challenge of plastic pollution at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water distribution networks (WDNs) are essential for urban water supply and postearthquake recovery. Conducting a seismic resilience assessment of a WDN and taking corresponding improvement measures can improve the disaster resistance capacity of the water system. A number of previous studies have evaluated the seismic resilience of WDNs, but seldom have taken into account the impact of aftershock disturbances. Aftershock disturbances may aggravate the damage to water distribution networks, prolong the repair time and reduce the recovery ability of WDNs. This study presents an improved framework for assessing WDN resilience considering aftershock disturbances. The stochastic principle and the elliptic ground vibration attenuation model were utilized to determine the spatial distribution of site ground vibration under the mainshock and aftershock. A superposition damage assumption was applied to incorporate aftershock effects in Monte Carlo simulations, and the pressure-driven analysis (PDA) and discrete-event simulation (DES) models were used to analyze the postearthquake hydraulic balance and model the restoration process. By constructing various scenarios, the probabilistic characteristic parameters of resilience indexes and the relationship between WDN resilience metrics and parameters related to aftershocks were investigated. A case study of a real WDN in China demonstrated that there is a correlation between aftershock-related parameters and resilience indexes. Moreover, relying solely on one resilience metric is insufficient for comprehensively understanding the seismic capacity of WDNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine scrubbers use seawater as washing water and are damaged by sulfur oxides and chlorides during desulfurization. Therefore, surface treatments to enhance corrosion and pitting resistance of scrubber materials must be investigated. This investigation conducts cyclic potentiodynamic polarization experiments to analyze the effects of electropolishing and plasma ion nitiriding of UNS S31603 in washing water. The corrosion current density (0.186 μA cm-2) of electropolishing is significantly lower than mechanical polishing (1.125 μA cm-2), but plasma ion nitriding is higher (18.995 μA cm-2). Electropolishing forms a uniform and dense passivation film, increasing corrosion resistance, whereas plasma ion nitriding reduces corrosion resistance due to CrN formation. All specimens present local corrosion. Electropolishing reduces the maximum damage depth by 110.13 μm and increases pitting potential by 0.32 V compared to mechanical polishing. Plasma ion nitriding reduces maximum damage depth by 46.59 μm due to suppression of local acidification during hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanillic acid (VA) regulates various plant physiological and biochemical processes upon different environmental stresses to enhance their tolerance. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of VA on growth and physiology, including osmoprotection, and antioxidant defense systems for enhancing higher tolerance by lowering oxidative damage against water deficit stress in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. BARI Tomato-16). Hydroponically grown tomato seedlings (8 d old) were pretreated with 50 µM VA for 2 days followed by water deficit stress (imposed by water withdrawal and 12% polyethylene glycol; PEG-6000) for 4 d. Drought stress inhibited the seedlings' growth by reducing water content and photosynthetic pigments contents, alleviating oxidative stress induced by a reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal. A significant enhancement in growth, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic pigment content was observed in VA-pretreated stress conditions. In addition, there was an improvement in the water status and proline content, along with modulated activities of the antioxidant responses, including both non-enzymatic and enzymatic components in leaves of VA-pretreated seedlings upon the water deficit. Vanillic acid significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species generation and decreased cellular membrane damage in drought-affected tomato seedlings. Methylglyoxal detoxification was ensured to a great extent in VA-pretreated stressed tomato seedlings by strengthening the glyoxalase enzymes' activities. Therefore, VA can be effective for protecting tomato seedlings by inducing a plant antioxidant defense and the methylglyoxal detoxification system and osmoregulation under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately predicting the failure depth of coal seam floors is crucial for preventing water damage, ensuring the safe and efficient mining of coal seams, and protecting the ecological environment of mining areas. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the coal seam floor failure depth, an improved support vector regression (SVR) model is proposed to predict the floor failure depth by taking the 3234 working face in Xutuan Mine as an example. This improved model incorporates principal component analysis (PCA) and slime mould algorithm (SMA) optimization techniques. First, based on the measured data of seam floor failure depth in several mining areas, a prediction index system of floor failure depth was constructed. Subsequently, the PCA method was used to reduce the dimension of the measured data of the coal seam floor failure depth, and the input structure of the SVR model was optimized. Then, the SMA was used to optimize the key parameters, namely the penalty factor (C) and kernel function parameter (g), in the SVR model, achieving automatic parameter selection and obtaining the optimal parameter combination. This process led to the establishment of a coal seam floor failure depth prediction model based on PCA-SMA-SVR. The predictive performance of the PCA-SMA-SVR model, SMA-SVR model, and SVR model was quantitatively evaluated and compared using four quantitative indicators, and the results showed that the PCA-SMA-SVR model had the smallest MAE, RMSE, MRE, and TIC values, which were 1.0470 m, 1.2928 m, 0.0628, and 0.0374, respectively. Finally, the PCA-SMA-SVR model was used to predict that the floor failure depth of the 3234 working face in Xutun Mine was 17.09 m, and the predicted result was compared and analyzed with the results of four commonly used empirical formulas (16.03–21.74 m). The results show that the model is close to the results of four commonly used empirical formulas, indicating that the model has high predictive performance and good practicality. This study is of great significance for the safety, green mining, and ecological environment protection of coal mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Leshan Giant Buddha's ushnisha (Head Bun) has suffered from loss of lime plaster, cracks, and biological damage, compromising its structural integrity and reducing the effectiveness of the drainage system in the Buddha's head. The infiltration of moisture has led to water damage within the statue, significantly accelerating its weathering. This situation urgently requires protection and reinforcement measures. Detecting deterioration in the ushnisha is a crucial step in the preservation process. In this study, we utilized two deep learning models for pixel-level semantic segmentation of the damage. Due to the small size of the cracks, a weighted loss function was applied to improve both the training speed of the model and the efficiency of crack identification. This weighting strategy proved effective for both models. The weighted K-Net model achieved a mean accuracy (mAcc) of 90.23% and a mean intersection-over-union (mIoU) of 69.55%, with a damage segmentation speed of 7 images per second, which is 1309 times faster than manual segmentation. By applying the trained deep learning models to re-examine the ushnisha, we successfully identified damage that had been overlooked during manual annotation. Using the model's enhanced results, we conducted a comprehensive quantification of the damage across all ushnisha and identified the most severely affected areas. Additionally, we performed a model interpretability analysis to explain the decision-making process and principles of the deep learning models. This research provides significant practical value for detecting and quantifying damage in the Leshan Giant Buddha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basalt fiber (BF) has been proven to be an effective additive for improving the properties of asphalt mixtures. However, the influence of basalt fiber morphology on the properties of asphalt binders and mixtures remains inadequately explored. In this study, chopped basalt fiber (CBF) and flocculent basalt fiber (FBF) were selected to make samples for testing the influence of the two types of basalt fibers on asphalt materials. Fluorescence microscopy was used to obtain the dispersion of fiber in asphalt binders. Then, a temperature sweep test and a multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test were carried out to appraise the rheological characteristics of the binder. Moreover, the performance of the fiber-reinforced asphalt mixture was evaluated by a wheel tracking test, a uniaxial penetration test, an indirect tensile asphalt cracking test (IDEAL-CT), a low-temperature bending test, a water-immersion stability test, and a freeze–thaw splitting test. The results indicate that the rheological behavior of asphalt binders could be enhanced by both types of fibers. Notably, FBFs exhibit a larger contact area with asphalt mortar compared to CBFs, resulting in improved resistance to deformation under identical shear conditions. Meanwhile, the performance of the asphalt mixture underwent different levels of enhancement with the incorporation of two morphologies of basalt fiber. Specifically, as for the road property indices with FBFs, the enhancement extent of DS in the wheel tracking test, that of RT in the uniaxial penetration test, that of the CTindex in the IDEAL-CT test, and that of εB in the low-temperature trabecular bending test was 3.1%, 6.8%, 15.1%, and 6.5%, respectively, when compared to the CBF-reinforced mixtures. Compared with CBFs, FBFs significantly enhanced the elasticity and deformation recovery ability of asphalt mixtures, demonstrating greater resistance to high-temperature deformation and a more pronounced effect in delaying the onset of middle- and low-temperature cracking. Additionally, the volume of the air void for asphalt mixtures containing FBFs was lower than that containing CBFs, thereby reducing the likelihood of water damage due to excessive voids. Consequently, the moisture susceptibility enhancement of CBFs to asphalt mixture was not obvious, while FBFs could improve moisture susceptibility by more than 20%. Overall, the impact of basalt fibers with different morphologies on the properties of asphalt pavement materials varies significantly, and the research results may provide reference values for the choice of engineering fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different filler types on the properties of asphalt mortar before and after water saturation was studied by laboratory tests. Under both dry and water-saturated circumstances, four alternative fillers, limestone powder, hydrated lime, PO42.5 cement, and brake pad powder, are used, evaluated, and compared. The study methodology included characterizing the micromorphology, while X-ray diffraction imaging analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the chemical composition of the asphalt mortar following water saturation. To quantify the effects of moisture on the bonding mechanisms, surface energy concepts were employed to compute the surface free energy parameters of the asphalt mortar made with different filler materials. Dynamic shear rheometry was employed in the investigation to describe the rheological characteristics of the asphalt mortar as a function of filler under different water saturation conditions. The bonding strength of the asphalt mortars with various fillers was then quantitatively measured using pullout tests to account for the coupling effects of moisture and temperature. The findings of the laboratory tests generally showed that the asphalt mortar's effectiveness declined following moisture conditioning and saturation in water. However, hydrated lime, brake pad powder, and cement showed promise in strengthening the bonding of fillers and asphalt, with hydrated lime being superior. Likewise, the asphalt mortar's ability to tolerate moisture and resist water damage was also generally improved by hydrated lime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Mining Magazine is the property of China Mining Magazine Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Flood damage assessment is critical for optimal risk management investments. Damage models evaluate physical damage or monetary loss from direct building exposure to flood hazard processes. Traditional models represent a simple relationship whereby physical damage increases with water depth. More complex models offer an improved understanding of vulnerability, analysing interactions between multiple hazard and exposure variables that drive damage. Our study investigates whether increasing model complexity and explanatory damage variables improves prediction precision and reliability at residential building and sub-building (component) levels. We evaluate simple and complex empirical univariable and multivariable models for flood damage prediction. The Random Forest algorithm learned on multiple hazard and exposure explanatory variables outperformed linear and non-linear univariable regression approaches. Random Forest model predictive precision was highest when learning was limited to water depth and several important explanatory damage variables (flow velocity, area and floor height). Component damage models demonstrated high predictive precision for internal finishes and services. Precision reduced for structure and external finishes as damage samples for model learning were limited. High performing but complex multivariable models require further spatio-temporal transfer investigation to determine opportunities for accurate and reliable object-specific flood damage prediction in data scarce locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a long lifeline system of buried structures, the utility tunnel (UT) is vulnerable to earthquake invasion. For utility tunnels with inverted siphon arrangements crossing rivers, the seismic response is more complex due to the basin effect of acceleration in the topography and the influence of fluctuating hydrodynamic pressure, but there is currently a gap in targeted seismic response analyses and references. Based on a UT project in Haikou, this paper studied seismic responses of a cast-in-place UT considering the coupled model of water–soil–tunnel structure on ABAQUS software. Herein, the dynamic fluctuation of hydrodynamic pressure is simulated using an acoustic–solid interaction model. A viscoelastic artificial boundary was used to simulate the soil boundary effect, and seismic loads were equivalent to nodal forces. Considering seismic invading direction and varying water elevation, this paper investigates the dynamic response characteristics and damage mechanisms of river-crossing utility tunnels. This study shows that the basin effect causes the soil acceleration around the UT to show variability in different sections, and the amplification factor of the peak acceleration at the central location is almost doubled. The damage and dynamic water pressure of the UT are intensified under bidirectional seismic excitation, and the damage location is concentrated at the junction of the horizontal section and the vertical section. Bending moments and axial forces are the main mechanical behaviors along the axial direction. Changes in river levels have a certain positive effect on the UT peak MISES, DAMAGEC, and SDEG, and it exhibits a certain degree of energy dissipation and seismic damping effect. For the aseismic design of cross-river cast-in-place utility tunnels, bidirectional seismic calculations should be performed, and the influence of river hydrodynamic pressure should not be neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the adhesion between tuff and asphalt, this study investigates the efficacy of alkalinization treatment technology using a molecular self-assembly layer derived from the silane-coupling agent γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). APTES hydrolysis solutions at varying concentrations were prepared to assess their impact on the adhesive strength of the aggregate–asphalt interface and water damage resistance. Using surface energy theory, the interface adhesion work of tuff was analyzed, while SEM and EDS were employed to examine changes in surface morphology and composition after treatment. The results demonstrate that an APTES:water:ethanol mass ratio of 5:45:50, along with a curing temperature of 200 °C, significantly improves the bonding strength between tuff and asphalt. The silanol groups on APTES react with hydroxyl groups on the tuff surface to form siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si), anchoring APTES to the tuff. This study elucidates the self-assembly mechanisms of APTES on tuff aggregates and demonstrates the consequent enhancement of interfacial adhesion, providing valuable insights for the application of tuff as tunnel spoil in road engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of ultra‐long room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) gels has always been a serious challenge because the dispersing medium would significantly deteriorate their rigidity, resulting in triplet excitons consumption by non‐radiative transitions. In this paper, eutectogel with ultra‐long RTP emission is successfully constructed by rebuilding the damaged rigid system with solvent exchange. Specifically, the formation of cyclic borate via the B─O click reaction between 1,3,5‐tris(4‐phenylboronic acid)benzene (TPPB) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix is demonstrated to be favorable for RTP emission, with the resulting films possessing an afterglow duration of 26 s and a lifetime of up to 2.92 s. Based on this, deep eutectic solvents (DES)‐based RTP gel is successfully prepared by cyclic freezing‐thawing and solvent exchange of aqueous solution of TPPB functionalized PVA obtained by click reaction. The obtained gel exhibited an afterglow of up to 8 s and RTP lifetime of 902 ms under ambient conditions. Further analyses showed that the introduction of DES reconstructed interactions between polymer chains damaged by water and enhanced the rigidity of the system, thus promoting RTP emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]