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Elevated water tanks in high susceptibility to an earthquake are one of the greatest structures of support system. These structures have a large concentration on slender support structures and are at risk of horizontal forces due to the earthquake in specific. They are essential elements in municipal water deliver, hearth combating structures and in many commercial centres for garage of water. Hence increased water tanks ought to continue to be functional even after the earthquake. In this paper guide seismic analysis of improved square water tank is achieved according with IS: 1893–1984 (i.e. Lumped mass version) and IS: 1893–2002 (Part-2) draft code (i.e. Two mass version). The structures are analysed with different simulated soft ware’s Staad-pro and E-tabs. The results are compared for optimal value analysis in particular forces. The deviational error found to be less in E-tabs when compared to stad- pro for given load conditions in simulation.

This article depicts the comparative investigation for raised water tanks subjected should changing stacking backed for RC encircled structure & cement shaft structure with diverse abilities and kept in dissimilar locales for seismic. That quake historical backdrop reveals that it brought about considerably passing will people life progressively & further seismic tremor the long haul made the people to middle of the road due to wounds brought on with public utility service. Possibly in provincial alternately urban regions, the water tanks need aid raised Also structures integral & only water supply scheme such-and-such activity of post & pre quake sits tight comparative hugeness. & these movements shown that essentialness of the supporting framework will be uncompromising to raised tank concerning illustration contrasted with whatever viable kind about tank. Wounds brought on would due to inappropriate arrangement of the supporting strategy; inaccurate picking from claiming supporting system. Also these frameworks have colossal weight focused on the slender supporting method highest point consequently these frameworks were particularly powerless with strengths about level due to earthquakes. And this article speaks to the dynamic dissection of raised water tanks with admiration to those most recent may be code distributed to fluid holding structures through department about Indian principles i. E. May be 1893 (Part 2): 201. Connection of the tanks which would raise with different supporting framework abilities & seismic zones states which these elements may deliberately differ seismic direct of the tanks.

Background: Monitoring the quality of potable water is a challenging endeavor due to the significant sources of contaminants, the majority of which are human-induced. Limited access to drinking water owing to acceleration in industrialization, urbanization in consort with growing inhabitants, unprocessed sewage discharge, and toxic industrial effluents causes different life-threatening diseases. Manual water quality monitoring techniques vividly aggravate quality deterioration. Considering the significance of the automatic water quality monitoring system, we need an in-situ, real-time, continuous surveillance system to ascertain the quality of potable water. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) motivated us for a practical water quality monitoring system due to their continuous, real-time, and adaptive infrastructure to provide an early alert in hazardous conditions. Objective: To design and implement an online potable water quality monitoring network for rural water supply schemes in Nagapattinam district, Tamilnadu, India, to sense physiochemical parameters of potable water such as pH, turbidity, conductivity and temperature. Methods: Online POTable water quality monitoring NETwork (POTNET) integrates the reimbursements of WSN and different information and communication technologies for data acquisition, data processing, and data visualization. The core hardware of POTNET contains off-the-shelf sensors (i.e., electrodes), a microcontroller, a data transmission system, a customized buoyage, and a sink node. It senses physiochemical parameters of potable water such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, and temperature in a pre-programmed time interval. Furthermore, it enables cloud storage for gathered information and generates an alert to the preregistered user via mobile phones when there is a deviation of quality measures from threshold values. Results: The system was implemented in three overhead tanks for seven days in order to validate the stability of the buoy and efficiency of energy source, storage, and data transmission. It senses physiochemical parameters of potable water such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, and temperature in its predefined interval of 30 minutes. To check the system accuracy, the measured data values from developed sensors were compared with the observed data values using a commercial multi-parameter water checker, the Horiba® probe. Measured data were sent through the transceivers to the base station for data logging in a suitable format for ease of data visualization and utilization. Conclusion: Extensive experimental results reveal that our POTNET can be employed for potable water quality surveillance to help consumers or concern authorities to make a sound decision by providing appropriate and real-time data.

This study focuses on assessment of zooplankton with special reference to seasonal variation and selected physicchemical variables of Kampli water tanks in Hosapete city, Karnataka state. A large quantity of manmade activities near the water tank. During the study period, 48 species of zooplankton - 14 species of Rotifera, 12 species of Cladocera, 6 species of Ostracoda and 4 species of Copepoda were observed. Among zooplankton, Rotifera was (645 no./Org) noticed as the dominant group in the entire the study period and the maximum count was identified in the summer period while less numbers were noticed during winter season. Zooplankton community is also significantly correlated with some physico-chemical variables. The analytical results during the study period indicate that the scattering and density of zooplankton species were encouraged by prevailing physical and chemical features of the aquatic ecological condition. Keywords: Kampli, water tank, zooplankton, diversity, seasonal and domestic activity.

Despite Italy banning use and production of asbestos in 1992, it continues to represent a risk to human health due to its permanence in the places where it was located. The aim of this work is to estimate how many schools in Rome (Italy) have asbestos containing materials (ACM), and to assess whether the location, condition and nature of ACM can influence the level of risk for student health. 3,672 schools were contacted and 1,451 participated to asbestos survey. 692 bulk samples were collected and analyzed by optical and electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. About 16% of the surveyed schools had ACM. Most of the ACM were not accessible to students (water tanks, boiler thermal insulations). Asbestos-cement materials and vinyl floor tiles were the most common non-friable materials found in schools and equipment insulation linings and Bunsen burner gauze mats were the friable ACM found in science laboratories. Measures to prevent or reduce asbestos hazards were applied where necessary. This study allowed to develop the awareness of the asbestos health hazard among headteachers and the need to manage these hazards appropriately. It represents the beginning of a larger study leading to ACM national mapping in schools.

Supply water is an important source of human exposure to heavy metals through the oral pathway. Due to stagnation of water in plumbing systems, exposure concentrations of heavy metals from tap water can be higher than water distribution systems (WDS), which is often ignored by the regulatory agencies. In this study, concentrations of a few heavy metals (arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe)) and water quality parameters were monitored in WDS, plumbing pipe (PP) and hot water tanks (HWT). Multiple models were trained for predicting metal concentrations in PP and HWT, which were validated. Heavy metal concentrations in HWT were 1.2–8.1 and 1.4–6.7 times the concentrations in WDS and PP respectively. Concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Hg and Zn were in the increasing order of WDS, PP and HWT. Concentrations of Cr and Fe were higher during summer while Cu and Zn were higher in winter. The models showed variable performances for PP and HWT (R2: PP = 0.61–0.99; HWT = 0.71–0.99). The validation data demonstrated variable correlation coefficients (r: PP = 0.45–0.99; HWT = 0.83–0.99). Few models can be used for predicting heavy metals in tap water to reduce the cost of expensive sampling and analysis. HIGHLIGHTS Heavy metal (HM) concentrations were in the increasing order of WDS, PP and HWT.; Few HM were higher in summer than winter while others were higher in winter.; Multiple models were trained and validated to predict HM in PP and HWT.; Models showed varying performances (R2 for PP: 0.61–0.99; HWT: 0.71–0.99).; Few models were useful to predict HM in PP and HWT with very good accuracy.

Aerial photogrammetry is increasingly being used to discover, document, and interpret the cultural heritage of landscapes. Information on the constructed cultural heritage left behind by the first cattle ranchers in the American West is being lost as the land is transformed and modified, and stewardship of the land changes across generations. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been used in this research to record and interpret two surface water cattle tanks constructed by Texas cowboys in the mid-1880s. Similar size rocks have been used and placed in a similar pattern across the walls of both tanks. This similarity suggests both tanks were constructed at the same time. This research also demonstrates that UAV photogrammetry can be used to rapidly record and analyze the constructed cultural heritage of American West cowboys.

Dam decommissioning (DD) is a viable management option for thousands of ageing dams. Reservoirs are large carbon sinks, and reservoir drawdown results in important carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions. We studied the effects of DD on CO2 and CH4 fluxes from impounded water, exposed sediment, and lotic water before, during, and 3-10 months after drawdown of the Enobieta Reservoir, north Iberian Peninsula. During the study period, impounded water covered 0-100%, exposed sediment 0-96%, and lotic water 0-4% of the total reservoir area (0.14 km(2)). Areal CO2 fluxes in exposed sediment (mean [SE]: 295.65 [74.90] mmol m(-2) d(-1)) and lotic water (188.11 [86.09] mmol m(-2) d(-1)) decreased over time but remained higher than in impounded water (-36.65 [83.40] mmol m(-2) d(-1)). Areal CH4 fluxes did not change over time and were noteworthy only in impounded water (1.82 [1.11] mmol m(-2) d(-1)). Total ecosystem carbon (CO2 + CH4) fluxes (kg CO2-eq d(-1)) were higher during and after than before reservoir drawdown because of higher CO2 fluxes from exposed sediment. The reservoir was a net sink of carbon before reservoir drawdown and became an important emitter of carbon during the first 10 months after reservoir drawdown. Future studies should examine mid- and long-term effects of DD on carbon fluxes, identify the drivers of areal CO2 fluxes from exposed sediment, and incorporate DD in the carbon footprint of reservoirs. This study was funded by the projects Alteration of carbon sinks and sources in shrinking inland waters (Alter-C), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (refs: PID2020-114024GB-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/) and Effects of the drawdown of Enobieta Reservoir (Navarre) on the biodiversity and functioning of river ecosystems (DESEMBALSE), Foundation BBVA (ref: PI064-17). AM was supported by an FI grant from the Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) of the Generalitat de Catalunya. DvS and BO acknowledge support through the Consolidated Research Group 2017SGR0976. RM acknowledges support by the Generalitat de Catalunya through the Consolidated Research Group 2017SGR1124, and by the CERCA program. AE and MA support of the Basque Government through the Consolidated Research Group IT951-16. AM got a predoctoral grant by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). DvS is a Serra Hunter Fellow.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of considering seismic forces in the design of frame-type supporting structures for elevated water tanks (EWTs), and to assess the influence of f...

espanolEl dengue es una infeccion virica que se propaga por la picadura de mosquitos hembra infectadas, del genero Aedes. En la actualidad, se identifican cuatro serotipos del dengue. Esta enfermedad se presenta frecuentemente en climas tropicales y subtropicales, sobre todo en los sectores urbanos y semiurbanos. Dentro de los factores sociales se encuentra la densidad de la poblacion, mal estado socioeconomico, viviendas con desagues obstruidas por desechos, ausencia de abastecimiento de agua corriente, el uso de depositos destapados y agua almacenada por mas de 7 dias. El presente articulo describe y compara diferentes literaturas sobre epidemiologia de control vectorial y estrategias de prevencion del dengue en Guayaquil. Para ello, se recolecta esta informacion de diferentes fuentes bibliograficas adquiridas de bases de datos (SCOPUS, PubMed, Biblioteca Cochrane, Google Scholar) valorando la calidad y veracidad de la informacion recopilada, asi como la actualidad del contenido. En cuanto a los controles vectoriales, los lineamientos mas que individualizados por canton o provincia, se toman a manera general, dictados por el ministerio de salud, la organizacion mundial de la salud, entre otras. Los controles de vectores estan asociados a tener informacion de: levantamientos de indices en sectores o barrios prioritarios, jardines de infancia, escuelas, liceo y otros sitios de concentracion humana, tecnicas de control contra el vector adulto a nivel focal y perifocal con equipos termo-nebulizadores portatiles, extensivo a lugares de concentracion como escuelas, liceos, cuarteles, control del vector adulto con equipos pesados en los barrios o sectores donde ocurren casos hemorragicos, tratamiento de criaderos que no pueden descartarse, eliminacion rutinaria de criaderos y eliminacion puntual de criaderos (operativos de recoleccion sectorizada). Con estas informaciones que se disenan las politicas de control epidemiologica y estrategias de prevencion. Entre las estrategias de prevencion esta la concientizacion de la ciudadania, acerca de las medidas de prevencion que se deben tener en el hogar como: no tener depositos de agua almacenados y destapados por largo tiempo, el uso de mosquiteros y repelentes para insectos, eliminacion de toda basura que pueda generar criaderos de larvas del Aedes Aegypti. Las instituciones de salud publica asi como las autoridades regionales, deben tener planes de fumigacion y abatizacion para evitar los brotes y eliminar el zancudo. EnglishDengue is a viral infection spread by the bite of infected female mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Currently, four dengue serotypes are identified. This disease occurs frequently in tropical and subtropical climates, especially in urban and semi-urban areas. Among the social factors are the densities of the population, poor socioeconomic status, and homes with drains clogged by waste, lack of running water supply, the use of uncovered tanks and water stored for more than 7 days. This article describes and compares different literatures on vector control epidemiology and dengue prevention strategies in Guayaquil. To do this, this information is collected from different bibliographic sources acquired from databases (SCOPUS, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar), assessing the quality and veracity of the information collected, as well as the timeliness of the content. Regarding vector controls, the guidelines, more than individualized by canton or province, are taken in a general way, dictated by the ministry of health, the world health organization, among others. Vector controls are associated with having information on: index surveys in priority sectors or neighborhoods, kindergartens, schools, high schools and other sites of human concentration, control techniques against the adult vector at the focal and perifocal level with thermo-equipment. portable nebulizers, extensive to places of concentration such as schools, high schools, barracks, control of the adult vector with heavy equipment in neighborhoods or sectors where haemorrhagic cases occur, treatment of breeding sites that cannot be ruled out, routine elimination of breeding sites and specific removal of breeding sites ( sectorized collection operations). With this information, epidemiological control policies and prevention strategies are designed. Among the prevention strategies is the awareness of citizens about the prevention mea- -sures that should be taken at home such as: not having water tanks stored and uncovered for a long time, the use of mosquito nets and insect repellants, elimination of all garbage that can generate Aedes Aegypti larvae hatcheries. Public health institutions as well as regional authorities must have fumigation and abatement plans to prevent outbreaks and eliminate mosquitoes

Introduction and objective Legionnaires' disease, which is a waterborne disease leading to pneumonia that can result in death, is one of the major health issues today. The study aims to carry out a three-year retrospective review of routine Legionella follow-up analyses in various samples taken mostly from hospitals in the province of Erzurum and nearby provinces, and to discover a the frequency of isolation of the agent and serogroups from each kind of media. Material and methods The study included a total of 2,025 water samples taken from hospitals, hotels, Turkish baths and shopping malls in Erzurum,and 13 nearby cities between 2016 and 2018. Samples were filtered by 0.45 μm-diameter membrane filter paper in the Public Health Laboratory of Erzurum and examined for L. pneumophila using culture method, according to the criteria set out in ISO 11731-2. Results The presence of L. pneumophila was found in 65 of the 2,025 water samples taken in hospitals, and in none of 40 samples taken in hotels, Turkish baths and shopping malls. L. pneumophila serogroup 2-14 was detected in 46 (70.8%) of 65 samples found positive, whereas L. pneumophila serogroup 1 was detected in 18 (27.7%). Furthermore, both the L. pneumophila serogroup 2-14 and L. pneumophila serogroup 1 were detected simultaneously in one example (1.5%). The first three samples indicate that the highest positivity rates were in hot water taps (11.6%), hot water tanks (6.1%) and shower heads (4.8%). Conclusions The Prevalence rat of L. pneumophila was found to be quite low compared to other studies conducted in the western regions of Turkey. Legionella positivity was found to be higher in the hot water systems of hospitals and related points, compared to the other sample points.

Poor mixing is considered to be the main reason for stagnation in water tanks. This can pose threats to public health. Internal tank piping with sprinklers (distributed outlets) has been previously...

This case study focuses on the evaluation of the collapse rates of various types of reinforced concrete structures (residential and industrial) as observed from the data collected in Romania after the Mw 7.4 Vrancea earthquake of March 4, 1977. The results of the analyses show that the largest collapse rates were attributed to elevated reinforced concrete silos and water tanks. Moreover, the majority of the collapsed elevated reinforced concrete water tanks were full at the moment of the seismic event. Very small collapse rates were observed for high-rise residential RC structures and for the multi-storey industrial RC structures.

Clean water is an essential basic requirement for humans. In eastern Indonesia, especially the provinces of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Maluku and Southeast Sulawesi, the need for clean water is quite urgent. The socio-cultural conditions, geographical conditions, low rainfall levels, and the distribution of freshwater from the Regional Water Company (PDAM) is still not right. Communities in the three provinces utilise clean water buying and selling services using tank cars to fulfil their daily needs for clean water in reservoirs and water tanks. Orders still use telephone or SMS, so it seems slower. Thus the design of mobile ordering applications for clean water was proposed in this study and was named Go-Water. With the Go-Water app, users can order clean water by choosing the closest shelter model and driver, and then the order is forwarded to the driver for processing. The User-Centered Design (UCD) method use for Go-Water application design. The Go-Water application can help users to order clean water quickly and help improve business quality for service providers. The results of the usability perspective analysis on the Go-Water application design obtained an average percentage of 83%. The result shows the design of the Go-Water app, can be accepted according to user needs. The contribution in this study is the design of the proposed mobile application centred on the user, previously there was no system for ordering 5,000 litres and 6,000 litres of clean water using a tank car and the price offered was more beneficial for both parties.

Religious and traditional beliefs, cultural mores, and practices play a crucial role in the conservation of environment and biodiversity. Sacred groves are patches of land that are communally protected with religious zeal. Kerala is one of the states in India, where the sacred Groves are widely distributed from the West Coast to the Eastern high lands. Most of the sacred groves in Kerala are associated with water tanks, ponds, springs or streams. Many sacred groves are located in catchments near the origins are springs or streams. The present investigation reveals the ethanobotanical and phytosociological attributes of various plant species present in the sacred grove, Kayyath Nagam Kavu, Thaliparamba. 50 vascular plant species were enumerated from the sacred grove. Based on the calculations of frequency, density and abundance, IVI of each species was calculated. Of the various plant species available in the study area, the species Hopea ponga secured highest IVI of 32.612. The other species like Canthium rheedi, Scleria lithosperma were also showing highest IVI. In this site lowest IVI was shown by Rungia pectinate, Justicia nagpurensis, Jasminum malabaricum, Pongamia pinnata, Mallotus philippensis, Olderlandia auriculata and Piper nigrum.

India is witnessing an increasing rate of farmers’ suicide, which has been attributed to indebtedness by most of the studies. Indebtedness can be attributed to multiple factors, including individual, household, community, climatic, institutional, and market-oriented factors. The majority of studies have related these factors with indebtedness in isolation, but the conflating effect of these factors has not been investigated. Moreover, it is observed that farmers follow different adaptation measures to deal with crop failure and socio-economic and climatic stressors, which also play a significant role in their well-being. However, the relationship of these adaptation measures toward indebtedness and farmers’ suicide was found to be missing in the existing literature, which would otherwise provide valuable information regarding how to deal with farmers’ suicide. Considering the compounding effect of these factors on farmers’ suicide, we evaluated and quantified the relationship of individual, community, climatic, credit, and market-oriented factors with adaptation and indebtedness, which were subsequently related to suicidal ideation of farmers. This complex relationship was estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM) by surveying 400 farmers across 15 villages in Vidarbha and Marathwada regions of Maharashtra. SEM results show that individual traits, i.e., age, experience, and illness of farmers; community-oriented factors, i.e., provision of lakes, wells, water tanks; credit factor, i.e., moneylenders; perception of climate change; and market factors are the primary factors contributing toward farmers’ suicidal ideation. Adaptation was found to play a vital role in reducing the indebtedness and suicidal thoughts of the farming community. Results emphasize that a combined and thorough understanding of all the factors is required before making any recommendations to the government or any other decision-making entity.

The force-based design method as suggested by the major international seismic codes considers the nonlinear behavior through response reduction factor, R, in an indirect way. To obtain the design base shear, the elastic base shear demand is divided by the R factor, assuming adequate ductility and good post-yield behavior of the structural elements. This study aims at the evaluation of values of R factor of elevated water tanks supported on reinforced concrete shaft. A total of 21 shaft supported elevated RC tanks of different heights and sizes are analyzed using pushover analysis to obtain the R values. These water tanks were designed using relevant Indian standards. The computed values of R factor are compared with those suggested by the Indian design code. The influence of various important parameters like time period, staging height, and height to diameter ratio on the strength factor, ductility factor, and response reduction factors is also investigated. The results of the study show that the tank height, tank size, and height to diameter ratio of shaft have a considerable effect on the values of R factor of shaft supported elevated tanks. Therefore, it is suggested not to use the similar value of the R factor for all shaft supported tanks irrespective of their height and size.