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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.021 Byline: P.P. Anilkumar (a), Koshy Varghese (b), L.S. Ganesh (c) Abstract: The need for ICZM arises often due to inadequate or inappropriate landuse planning practices and policies, especially in urban coastal zones which are more complex due to the larger number of components, their critical dimensions, attributes and interactions. A survey of literature shows that there is no holistic metric for assessing the impacts of landuse planning on the health of a coastal zone. Thus there is a need to define such a metric. The proposed metric, CHI (Coastal zone Health Indicator), developed on the basis of coastal system sustainability, attempts to gauge the health status of any coastal zone. It is formulated and modeled through an expert survey and pertains to the characteristic components of coastal zones, their critical dimensions, and relevant attributes. The proposed metric is applied to two urban coastal zones and validated. It can be used for more coast friendly and sustainable landuse planning/masterplan preparation and thereby for the better management of landuse impacts on coastal zones. Author Affiliation: (a) Dept. of Architecture, National Institute of Technology, NIT Calicut P.O, Kozhikode District, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India (b) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, IIT Chennai P.O, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India (c) Dept. of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, IIT Chennai P.O, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India Article History: Received 29 October 2009; Revised 1 May 2010; Accepted 28 May 2010

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2010.00497.x Byline: JAMES M. SMITH (1) Abstract: ABSTRACT: State governments and special-purpose authorities, together with city governments and private-sector actors, play a crucial role in building contemporary urban development partnerships, or intergovernmental triads. Such triads significantly shape decision-making outcomes, and yet existing theories and case studies of urban development overlook these formal coalitions. Three cases from Chicago are examined in which the intergovernmental triad arrangement was utilized in attempts to reach development goals: the city's attempt to host the 1992 World's Fair, the construction of a new stadium for the Chicago White Sox, and Navy Pier's redevelopment. Using archival and interview data, the article traces events involving local and state governments that lead to the creation of special-purpose authorities to manage development projects. The study concludes that current theories cannot explain such outcomes and must be adapted to account for the critical role of authorities and states. Author Affiliation: (1)Indiana University South Bend Article note: Direct correspondence to: James M. Smith, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Indiana University South Bend, 2179 Wiekamp Hall, South Bend, IN 46634. E-mail: jms21@iusb.edu.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.04.016 Byline: Milena Marilia Nogueira de Andrade (a), Claudio Fabian Szlafsztein (b), Pedro Walfir M. Souza-Filho (a), Adrilayne dos Reis Araujo (c), Monique Kelly Tavares Gomes (c) Abstract: The coastal zone of the Brazilian state of Maranhao is an area characterized by a large variety of human activities and services, in particular in the Itaqui-Bacanga port complex (IBC). The IBC is an area prone to oil spills resulting from the processes of transportation, storage, and tank cleaning. The present study aimed to map the different physical environments adjacent to this complex and the socioeconomic profile of the local population that would be most vulnerable to this type of disaster. Vulnerability studies are essential as one of the first step in the development of an integrated coastal zone management. The variables analyzed in this study included geomorphological units, and the income, education, and dependence on fishing of the local population. The estimate of the vulnerability index was based on the relationships between these variables, which were used to generate a vulnerability map using GIS and the interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing, showing the areas of highest priority for intervention in the case of oil spills. The analysis of the natural and socioeconomic environments indicated that the areas of highest vulnerability correspond to the mangroves and the Vila Nova and Alto da Esperanca neighborhoods, respectively. These neighborhoods have a direct relationship with fishing, and low levels of both income and education. By contrast, the lowest vulnerability was attributed to the coastal plateau and the central Anjo da Guarda neighborhood, which is occupied by residents with relatively high income and education, who do not depend on fishing. Author Affiliation: (a) Universidade Federal do Para, Instituto de GeociA*ncias, Laboratorio de Analises de Imagens do Tropico Amido, Rua Augusto CorrA*a 1, Campus da UFPA, CEP: 66075-110, Caixa-Postal: 8608 Belem, Para, Brazil (b) Universidade Federal do Para, Nucleo de Meio Ambiente, Rua Augusto CorrA*a 1, CEP: 66075-900, Belem, Para, Brazil (c) Universidade Federal do Para, Instituto de CiA*ncias Exatas e Naturais, Rua Augusto CorrA*a 1, Campus da UFPA, CEP: 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil Article History: Received 17 June 2009; Revised 1 February 2010; Accepted 30 April 2010

Dental markers have been used to unravel particularities of paleodiet, subsistence, social structure, and health. This article aims to compare oral pathology among four pre-Columbian groups with different degrees of agricultural and socio-cultural development but comparable ecological conditions who lived on the coastal desert of Peru. Three of these groups are assigned to distinct phases of the Formative Period (2500-1 BC), a time critical for our understanding of the development of agriculture and social complexity. The fourth group corresponds to the Late Intermediate Period (1000-1470 AD), when agriculture had its apogee and society was highly stratified. In this study we test whether there is an increase (1) in the frequency of carious lesions and (2) in caries depth, and (3) if there is a shift from occlusal to extra-occlusal caries locations with the development of agriculture. Therefore, we analyze the frequencies of carious lesions and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), the caries distributions by age, sex, and type of tooth, as well as the tissues affected by, and the location of the carious lesions. Since there are no significant differences in the frequencies of carious lesions and AMTL between the groups, we reject hypothesis 1. In contrast, caries depth does increase, and caries location changes from occlusal to extra-occlusal sites with agricultural development. However, we can only corroborate hypothesis 2 and 3 when taking into consideration dental wear. Thus, we recommend that caries depth and locations should be used with evaluations of dental wear to reconstruct subsistence in ancient populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:75-91, 2010. KEY WORDS caries frequency; caries locations; caries depth; subsistence patterns DOI 10.1002/ajpa.21296

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2009.11.007 Byline: David J. Lewis Keywords: Spatial modeling; Biodiversity conservation; Land-use; Landscape forecasting; Shoreline development Abstract: This paper develops a joint econometric-simulation framework to forecast detailed empirical distributions of the spatial pattern of land-use and ecosystem change. In-sample and out-of-sample forecasting tests are used to examine the performance of the parcel-scale econometric and simulation models, and the importance of multiple forecasting challenges is assessed. The econometric-simulation method is integrated with an ecological model to generate forecasts of the probability of localized extinctions of an amphibian species. The paper demonstrates the potential of integrating economic and ecological models to generate ecological forecasts in the presence of alternative market conditions and land-use policy constraints. Author Affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Puget Sound, 1500 N. Warner, Tacoma, WA, 98416, United States Article History: Received 1 September 2008; Revised 1 March 2009; Accepted 1 November 2009

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17723.x Byline: Tessa B. Francis, Daniel E. Schindler Abstract: Despite growing recognition of the energetic connections between aquatic and riparian habitats of streams and lakes, there have been few efforts to quantify the importance of terrestrial insect subsidies to fish in lakes. Further, it is unclear whether lakeshore urbanization alters the magnitude of these fluxes. Because lakeshore development has been found to be negatively correlated with riparian vegetation that serves as habitat for terrestrial invertebrates, we expected that shoreline urbanization would reduce the prevalence of terrestrial invertebrates in fish diets. We quantified the effects of lakeshore urbanization on terrestrial insect subsidies to fish at three scales: a focused comparison of annual patterns in four lakes in the Pacific Northwest, a one-time field survey of 28 Pacific Northwest lakes, and a literature survey of 24 North American lakes. At all geographical scales, terrestrial invertebrate subsidies to fish were negatively correlated with shoreline development. Terrestrial insects comprised up to 100% of fish diet mass in undeveloped lakes, versus an average of 2% of fish diet mass in developed lakes. Trout, Oncorhynchus spp., in undeveloped lakes had an average of 50% greater daily energy intake, up to 50% of which was represented by terrestrial prey. Temporal variability of the terrestrial subsidy suggests that these inputs are distinctly pulsed, and this subsidy is absent or temporally rare in undeveloped lakes. Article History: Manuscript Accepted 25 May 2009 Article note: T. B. Francis (tessa.francis@noaa.gov) and D. E. Schindler, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, Univ. of Washington, WA 98195-5020, USA. Present address for TBF: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112 USA.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.017 Byline: Paolo Vassallo (a), Chiara Paoli (a), David R. Tilley (b), Mauro Fabiano (a) Abstract: Sustainable development of coastal zones must balance economic development that encourages human visitation from a larger population with desires that differ from the local residents with the need to maintain opportunities for the local resident society and conserve ecological capital, which may serve as the basis for residents. We present a case study in which the sustainability level of a coastal zone (Riviera del Beigua), located along the Ligurian coast of north-western Italy, was assessed through the lens of systems ecology using emergy synthesis to integrate across economic, social and environmental sub-systems. Our purposes were (1) to quantify the environmental sustainability level of this coastal zone, (2) to evaluate the role of tourism in affecting the economy, society and environment, and (3) to compare emergy synthesis to Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle model (TALC). Results showed that 81% of the total emergy consumption in the coastal zone was derived from external sources, indicating that this tourist-heavy community was not sustainable. Tourism, as the dominant economic sub-system, consumed 42% of the total emergy budget, while local residents used the remaining 58%. The progressive stages of the TALC model were found to parallel the dynamic changes in the ratio of external emergy inputs to local emergy inputs, suggesting that emergy synthesis could be a useful tool for detecting a tourist region's TALC stage. Use of such a quantitative tool could expedite sustainability assessment to allow administrative managers to understand the complex relationship between a region's economy, environment and resident society so sound policies can be developed to improve overall sustainability. Author Affiliation: (a) Department for the Study of Territory and its Resources, University of Genoa, C.so Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy (b) Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 1421 An Sci./Ag. Engr. Bldg., College Park, MD 20742, USA Article History: Received 2 September 2008; Revised 6 August 2009; Accepted 31 August 2009

Bridge decks in Escambia Bay were damaged during the storm surge of Hurricane Ivan in 2004. In this study, a numerical wave-load model based on the incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier--Stokes equations and k-[epsilon] equations has been used to investigate dynamic wave forces exerted on the bridge deck. The volume of fluid method is adopted in the model to describe dynamic free surface, which is capable of simulating complex discontinuous free surface during wave breaking and wave-deck interactions. The model was satisfactorily tested against experimental data of uplift wave forces on horizontal plates. The validated model was applied to investigate wave forces acting on the bridge deck in Escambia Bay in the case of Hurricane Ivan. The time history of wave profiles, turbulent velocity fields, and dynamic uplift and horizontal forces acting on the full-scale bridge deck were simulated and analyzed. Results indicate that, during the storm surge event of Hurricane Ivan, the maximum uplifting wave forces were larger than the weight of the simply supported bridge deck, causing direct damage to the deck. Wave forces on three different deck elevations are discussed. Comparisons of numerical modeling results to maximum wave forces obtained from empirical equations are provided as references for coastal hazard assessment and bridge design. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2009)135:4(164) CE Database subject headings: Storm surges; Bridge decks; Uplifting; Numerical models; Hurricanes: Florida.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.11.001 Byline: David J. Lewis (a), Bill Provencher (a), Van Butsic (b) Keywords: Spatial modeling; Land-use change; Open space; Development density; Shoreline development; Zoning; Maximum simulated likelihood Abstract: Recent economic analyses emphasize that designated open space increases the rents on neighboring residential land, and likewise, the probability of undeveloped land converting to residential uses. This paper addresses a different question: What is the effect of local open-space conservation on the rate of growth in the density of residential land? A discrete-choice econometric model of lakeshore development is estimated with a unique parcel-level spatial-temporal dataset, using maximum simulated likelihood to account for (i) the panel structure of the data, (ii) unobserved spatial heterogeneity, and (iii) sample selection resulting from correlated unobservables. Results indicate that, contrary to the intuition derived from the current literature, local open-space conservation policies do not increase the rate of growth in residential density, and some open-space conservation policies may reduce the rate of growth in residential development density. This is consistent with land-value complementarity between local open space and parcel size. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 427 Lorch Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA (b) Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA Article History: Received 13 November 2007

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00836.x Byline: DAMIAN COLLINS (1) Abstract: Abstract This article considers the contested process of coastal development in New Zealand and the implications of both governmental regulation and public concern for understanding property. Its empirical focus is a proposal for a substantial, new urbanist development at Ocean Beach, located in the Hawke's Bay region of the North Island. Three key sources of data inform the research: published reports; public submissions to council; and interviews with a sample of those involved in the planning process. Opposition to development is explained in terms of three broad areas of concern: the dramatic physical and social changes that would accompany subdivision and construction; fears of a loss of control over a valued local landscape; and a morally informed sense of propriety. The article finds that the ownership model of property is not especially powerful at Ocean Beach; rather, there is a broad consensus that private property rights exist within a public planning framework. It is this framework that contributes, in large part, to ensuring that voices of community opposition to property development at Ocean Beach (and elsewhere along the coast) are heard. Nevertheless, private property rights are rarely dismissed completely. Resume Cet article porte sur une demarche contestee d'amenagement cotier en Nouvelle-Zelande, ainsi sur les incidences de la reglementation gouvernementale et de l'inquietude de la population, pour mieux comprendre le sens de la propriete. Sur le plan empirique, il s'interesse a une vaste urbanisation nouvelle proposee sur le site d'Ocean Beach situe dans la region de Hawke's Bay dans l'ile du Nord. L'etude tire ses donnees de trois sources principales: rapports publies, soumissions publiques aupres du conseil, et entretiens avec un groupe representatif de personnes impliquees dans le processus d'amenagement. L'opposition au complexe s'articule autour de trois grands domaines de preoccupation: les changements physiques et sociaux radicaux qu'occasionneraient subdivision et construction; les craintes de perdre la maitrise d'un paysage local prise; un sens de la propriete reposant sur des valeurs morales. Le modele de propriete immobiliere ne s'impose pas particulierement a Ocean Beach; on y trouve plutot un large consensus pour que les droits de propriete privee existent dans un cadre d'amenagement public. C'est ce cadre qui contribue en grande partie a garantir que soient entendues les voix de la communaute opposees a l'amenagement immobilier d'Ocean Beach (ou sur tout autre site cotier). Neanmoins les droits de propriete privee sont rarement completement rejetes. Author Affiliation: (1)Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada Article note: Damian Collins (damian.collins@ualberta.ca), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada.

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x Byline: Julia A. Cherry (1), Karen L. McKee (2), James B. Grace (2) Keywords: brackish marsh; C species; C species; elevation change; elevated atmospheric CO; flooding stress; salinity stress; Schoenoplectus americanus; Spartina patens; structural equation modelling Abstract: Summary Sea-level rise, one indirect consequence of increasing atmospheric CO.sub.2, poses a major challenge to long-term stability of coastal wetlands. An important question is whether direct effects of elevated CO.sub.2 on the capacity of marsh plants to accrete organic material and to maintain surface elevations outweigh indirect negative effects of stressors associated with sea-level rise (salinity and flooding). In this study, we used a mesocosm approach to examine potential direct and indirect effects of atmospheric CO.sub.2 concentration, salinity and flooding on elevation change in a brackish marsh community dominated by a C.sub.3 species, Schoenoplectus americanus, and a C.sub.4 grass, Spartina patens. This experimental design permitted identification of mechanisms and their role in controlling elevation change, and the development of models that can be tested in the field. To test hypotheses related to CO.sub.2 and sea-level rise, we used conventional anova procedures in conjunction with structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM explained 78% of the variability in elevation change and showed the direct, positive effect of S. americanus production on elevation. The SEM indicated that C.sub.3 plant response was influenced by interactive effects between CO.sub.2 and salinity on plant growth, not a direct CO.sub.2 fertilization effect. Elevated CO.sub.2 ameliorated negative effects of salinity on S. americanus and enhanced biomass contribution to elevation. The positive relationship between S. americanus production and elevation change can be explained by shoot-base expansion under elevated CO.sub.2 conditions, which led to vertical soil displacement. While the response of this species may differ under other environmental conditions, shoot-base expansion and the general contribution of C.sub.3 plant production to elevation change may be an important mechanism contributing to soil expansion and elevation gain in other coastal wetlands. Synthesis. Our results revealed previously unrecognized interactions and mechanisms contributing to marsh elevation change, including amelioration of salt stress by elevated CO.sub.2 and the importance of plant production and shoot-base expansion for elevation gain. Identification of biological processes contributing to elevation change is an important first step in developing comprehensive models that permit more accurate predictions of whether coastal marshes will persist with continued sea-level rise or become submerged. Author Affiliation: (1)Departments of New College and Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870206, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA, (2)USGS, National Wetlands Research Center, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70506, USA Article History: Received 30 June 2008; accepted 16 September 2008Handling Editor: Bob Jefferies Article note: (*) Correspondence author. E-mail: julia.cherry@ua.edu

The creation of the Viaduct Harbour in Auckland is believed to represent a third-wave, new-build gentrification in New Zealand. The nature of urban change in New Zealand is reviewed while that character of waterfront development in Auckland is examined.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.06.016 Byline: Caleb I. Fassett, James W. Head Keywords: Mars; surface; Geological processes Abstract: A new catalog of 210 open-basin lakes (lakes with outlet valleys) fed by valley networks shows that they are widely distributed in the Noachian uplands of Mars. In order for an outlet valley to form, water must have ponded in the basin to at least the level of the outlet. We use this relationship and the present topography to directly estimate the minimum amount of water necessary to flood these basins in the past. The volumes derived for the largest lakes ([approximately equal to]3x10.sup.4 to [approximately equal to]2x10.sup.5km.sup.3) are comparable to the largest lakes and small seas on modern Earth, such as the Caspian Sea, Black Sea, and Lake Baikal. We determine a variety of other morphometric properties of these lakes and their catchments (lake area, mean depth, volume, shoreline development, outlet elevation, and watershed area). Most candidate lakes have volumes proportional to and commensurate with their watershed area, consistent with precipitation as their primary source. However, other lakes have volumes that are anomalously large relative to their watershed areas, implying that groundwater may have been important in their filling. Candidate groundwater-sourced lakes are generally concentrated in the Arabia Terra region but also include the Eridania basin [Irwin, R.P., Howard, A.D., Maxwell, T.A., 2004a. J. Geophys. Res. 109, doi: 10.1029/2004JE002287. E12009; Irwin, R.P., Watters, T.R., Howard, A.D. Zimbelman, J.R., 2004b. J. Geophys. Res. 109, doi: 10.1029/2004JE002248. E09011] and several lakes near the dichotomy boundary. This areal distribution is broadly consistent with where groundwater should have reached the surface as predicted by current models. Both surface runoff and groundwater flow appear to have been important sources for lakes and lake chains, suggesting a vertically integrated hydrological system, the absence of a global cryosphere, and direct communication between the surface and subsurface hydrosphere of early Mars. Author Affiliation: Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA Article History: Received 27 March 2008; Revised 24 June 2008

Byline: Matthew J. P. Cooper (1,2), Michael D. Beevers (3), Michael Oppenheimer (1,2) Abstract: This study presents an assessment of the potential impacts of sea level rise on the New Jersey, USA coastal region. We produce two projections of sea level rise for the New Jersey coast over the next century and apply them to a digital elevation model to illustrate the extent to which coastal areas are susceptible to permanent inundation and episodic flooding due to storm events. We estimate future coastline displacement and its consequences based on direct inundation only, which provides a lower bound on total coastline displacement. The objective of this study is to illustrate methodologies that may prove useful to policy makers despite the large uncertainties inherent in analysis of local impacts of climate and sea level change. Our findings suggest that approximately 1% to 3% of the land area of New Jersey would be permanently inundated over the next century and coastal storms would temporarily flood low-lying areas up to 20 times more frequently. Thus, absent human adaptation, by 2100 New Jersey would experience substantial land loss and alteration of the coastal zone, causing widespread impacts on coastal development and ecosystems. Given the results, we identify future research needs and suggest that an important next step would be for policy makers to explore potential adaptation strategies. Author Affiliation: (1) Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA (2) Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA (3) Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, 3140 Tydings Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA Article History: Registration Date: 26/03/2008 Received Date: 13/07/2005 Accepted Date: 20/02/2008 Online Date: 04/06/2008

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.11.067 Byline: Anna Sciomachen, Elena Tanfani Keywords: Three-dimensional bin packing problem; Ship loading; Terminal efficiency; Heuristic methods Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of determining stowage plans for containers in a ship, that is the so-called master bay plan problem (MBPP). MBPP is NP-complete [Botter, R.C., Brinati, M.A., 1992. Stowage container planning: A model for getting an optimal solution. IFIP Transactions B (Applications in Technology) B-5, 217-229; Avriel, M., Penn, M., Shpirer, N., 2000. Container ship stowage problem: Complexity and connection to the colouring of circle graphs. Discrete Applied Mathematics 103, 271-279]. We present a heuristic method for solving MBPP based on its relation with the three-dimensional bin packing problem (3D-BPP), where items are containers and the only bin is the ship. We look for stowage plans that take into a proper account structural and operational constraints, related to both the containers and the ship, and maximise some important terminal performance indexes, such as the effective and mean net crane productivity. Our aim is to evaluate how stowage plans can influence the performance of the quay. A validation of the proposed approach with some test cases related to containership docks at the port of Genoa (Italy) is given. The results of real instances of the problem and the comparison with a validated heuristic for MBPP, show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in producing stowage plans that minimise the total loading time and allow an efficient use of the quay equipment. Author Affiliation: Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods (DIEM), University of Genova, Via Vivaldi 5, 16126 Genova, Italy Article History: Received 30 September 2004; Accepted 21 November 2005 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This work has been developed within the research area: 'The harbour as a logistic node' of the Italian Centre of Excellence on Integrated Logistics (CIELI) of the University of Genoa, Italy.

Problem structuring methods or PSMs are widely applied across a range of variable but generally small-scale organizational contexts. However, it has been argued that they are seen and experienced less often in areas of wide ranging and highly complex human activity--specifically those relating to sustainability, environment, democracy and conflict (or SEDC). In an attempt to plan, track and influence human activity in SEDC contexts, the authors in this paper make the theoretical case for a PSM, derived from various existing approaches. They show how it could make a contribution in a specific practical context--within sustainable coastal development projects around the Mediterranean which have utilized systemic and prospective sustainability analysis or, as it is now known, Imagine. The latter is itself a PSM but one which is 'bounded' within the limits of the project to help deliver the required 'deliverables' set out in the project blueprint. The authors argue that sustainable development projects would benefit from a deconstruction of process by those engaged in the project and suggest one approach that could be taken--a breakout from a project-bounded PSM to an analysis that embraces the project itself. The paper begins with an introduction to the sustainable development context and literature and then goes on to illustrate the issues by grounding the debate within a set of projects facilitated by Blue Plan for Mediterranean coastal zones. The paper goes on to show how the analytical framework could be applied and what insights might be generated. Keywords: problem structuring methods; sustainable development; projects; Blue Plan

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.12.010 Byline: T.C. Siewicki, T. Pullaro, W. Pan, S. McDaniel, R. Glenn, J. Stewart Keywords: Coliform bacteria; Wildlife; Ecological modeling; Statistical modeling Abstract: Models that accurately predict fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) concentrations, one of the most widely used measures of estuarine water quality, are needed to improve land use decision-making. Rapidly occurring changes in coastal land uses and the influence on water quality increases the urgency of having improved decision tools. For this study, samples were collected monthly from six coastal ponds, two tidal creeks and four shallow water wells for up to 21/2 years. These data were used along with other measures of environmental conditions and land classes within each watershed to construct quantitative relationships between combinations of variables and both total and presumed wildlife sources of FCB. Linear regression, bootstrapping and generalized additive modeling that incorporates both linear and nonlinear terms were used. Results of repeated simultaneous sampling on the same tide stage of ponds and downstream estuarine creeks suggest that most FCB come from wildlife and that the ponds effectively remove these bacteria except immediately following heavy rainfall. Predictive models for concentrations of total and presumed wildlife bacteria are provided along with simple measures to estimate watershed boundaries. It is proposed that these tools can be used to minimize impacts on receiving water body quality. The models can be used to test alternative development approaches within coastal watersheds similar to that found in the southeastern USA coastal zone as well as to evaluate specific proposed landscape alterations. Author Affiliation: Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA Article History: Received 21 May 2005; Revised 15 October 2005; Accepted 13 December 2005

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.09.002 Byline: Michel Moreaux (a), Arnaud Reynaud (b) Keywords: Natural resource; Urban water needs; Spatial model; Groundwater; Water pricing Abstract: Saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers is one of the main causes of groundwater quality degradation. These intrusions are often due to excessive withdrawals in sensitive parts of coastal aquifers. The scope of this paper is to identify specific problems set by optimal management of such a resource. To this end, we develop a simple spatial model describing a coastal aquifer under seawater intrusion. We show that water mining creates a specific cost externality between population spread over the aquifer. We then characterize the system of taxes that must be used to implement the optimum in a decentralized economy. Author Affiliation: (a) Universite de Toulouse I (IUF, LERNA and IDEI), 21 allee de Brienne, 31000 Toulouse, France (b) LERNA, Universite de Toulouse I, 21 allee de Brienne, 31000 Toulouse, France Article History: Accepted 12 September 2005

This article discusses the redevelopment of a significant area of Wellington city's waterfront, centred on the Chaffers Park district between the national museum, Te Papa Tongarewa, and Oriental Bay. This site is now being transformed into Waitangi Park. The analysis seeks to determine whether or not the redevelopment will be successful, by assessing the wider context of the issue and evaluating the perspectives of stakeholders. Key words: options, evaluation, redevelopment, waterfront, Wellington.