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Since the mid-1960s there has been a steady, although sometimes haphazard, growth of interest in greater community involvement in education. In England this interest can be seen in two discernible trends: the development of community schools#shcolleges with supposedly strong links with a local community, and a growing concern for the need for accountability within education and hence the need for greater parental and community involvement in the running ofall schools. Several government reports have boosted these developments. This paper seeks to discuss these trends. It looks at what is meant by community and possible levels of community involvement. It then seeks to show from a small piece of empirical research and investigation that the reality of community involvement in the running of community institutions at least is largely little more than rhetoric.

The v1 fundamental bands of (15N16O)2 and 14N16O-15N16O isotopes of the NO dimer have been studied using a long-path (200 m) low temperature (84 K) gas cell and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The spectra, obtained with a resolution of 0·005 cm-1, were analysed to give accurate rotational and quartic centrifugal distortion parameters for the ground and the v1 = 1 vibrational states. The predissociation-limited v1 band line width for (14N16O)2 was measured to be 0·0056(3) cm-1, which is slightly less than previous determinations. The (15N16O)2 width was found to be 0·0044(2) cm-1, and the significant isotope dependence will help to constrain models of the predissociation process. A much larger width of 0·014(2) cm-1 was measured for the mixed isotope, 14N16O-15N16O. This, and the mixed isotope vibrational frequency, may be understood on the basis of a simple coupled-oscillator model. The present results were used to derive a refined structure for the NO dimer: r(NO) = 1·1515(3) Å, r(NN) = 2·2630(12) Å, and ϑ(NNO) = 97·17(5)°. Considerations of the centrifugal distortion constants and harmonic force field for (NO)2 indicate that it may be necessary to revise the previous assignment of some of the low frequency intermolecular modes, raising that of v6 and interchanging the two lowest frequencies, v3 and v4.

The B˜(000)2Σu+ state of the CO2+ molecular ion is known from previous work to be seriously perturbed at low J by two other vibronic states, as well as showing a number of other smaller perturbations at higher J. New spectra of ultraviolet emission bands with the B˜(000)2Σu+ state as upper state, recorded with low rotational temperature to emphasize the low-J transitions, are reported and analysed here. These bands include the B˜(000)-X˜(000)2Πg band and longer wavelength B˜(000)-X˜(υ1υ2υ3) bands observed in the region of the Ã(000)2Πu-X˜(000)2Πg band. These long-wavelength bands are shown to be parallel bands with 2Σ(+)g or 2Σ(-)g lower states. It follows that the low-J perturbers of the B˜(000) state are one 2Σ(+)u and one 2Σ(-)u vibronic state. From their energies and symmetries, using the known parameters of the Ã2Πu electronic state, these states can now be identified as Ã(231)μ2Σ(+)u and Ã(151)κ2Σ(-)u. The parameters of the X˜2Πg electronic state permit the identification of the lower states of the long-wavelength bands as X˜(υ1, 3, υ3)μ2Σ(+)g or X˜(υ1, 5, υ3)κ2Σ(-)g with υ3 = 1 or 3 and with various values of υ1. This analysis is shown to agree with various features of previously observed spectra. Fits of the relative intensities of the rotational lines give rotational temperatures of 38 K and 35 K in two different jet-expansion sources, together with values of θ parameters where tan θ is the ratio of the Ã(151)κ2Σ(-)u-X˜(υ1υ2υ3)2Σg and Ã(231)μ2Σ(+)u-X˜(υ1υ2υ3)2Σg transition moments. These new data can be used to improve the empirical potentials of the X˜and à electronic states, and the relative intensities should give information on the Franck-Condon overlaps of their vibronic wavefunctions.

After a brief historical synopsis of some of the methodological issues in comparative education, this paper examines the distinctive value of comparative education - particularly at a time when common problems face many different countries. By way of illustration the paper concludes with a description of two outstanding achievements in comparative education.

The first-order contribution of coriolis coupling to the rotational energies of degenerate vibronic states of spherical top molecules is considered for both even and odd numbers of electrons in octahedral or tetrahedral molecules. For E vibronic states the contribution vanishes, while for F1, F2, E1/2 and E5/2 states simple formulae are given. For G3/2 states the energies are in general complicated, but simple formulae are given for two limiting cases.

Mizushima and Venkateswarlu showed in 1953 that certain molecules have the property that excited vibrational states may possess rotational spectra even when the rotational spectrum of the ground vibrational state is forbidden by symmetry. We call such a spectrum a vibrationally induced rotational spectrum, and have made a systematic examination of the point groups which permit such behaviour. We also give formulae for the approximate line frequencies and intensities in these spectra, and discuss some of the problems involved in observing them. The spectra can only arise from degenerate vibrational states, and are of three possible types: (i) symmetric top perpendicular spectra, shown by molecules belonging to the point groups Dnh, Dn and Cnh, where n is odd; (ii) symmetric top parallel spectra, shown by molecules belonging to Dnd and S2n, where n is even; and (iii) spherical top spectra, shown by molecules belonging to T or Td.Excited vibrational states of polar molecules of point groups Cnv or Cn, where n is odd, may also possess vibrationally induced perpendicular components of type (i), in addition to their ordinary parallel spectra. In addition to the above limitations on the point groups there are, in general, limitations on the symmetry species of the degenerate vibrational states.

Fifty-three species of scale insects (Coccoidea) of the families Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Diaspididae, Margarodidae, and Pseudococcidae were collected from 56 host plants in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The distribution of coccoids was shown to be correlated to host availability and host distribution along an elevational gradient. Certain coccoid taxa were oligophagous and restricted to the elevational range of their host, but most species were polyphagous and were collected at several elevational gradients. The number of species and family taxa declined as elevation increased. Also, the heaviest infestations occurred in disturbed areas. The Shannon-Weaver diversity values for species collected ranged from 0.017 (rare) to 0.216 (abundant); two species were classified as abundant, four very common, six common, and the remainding 41 species uncommon to rare. The most common species collected was the European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché)