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Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to measure the valence band offset (VBO) of the w-InN/h-BN heterojunction. We find that it is a type-II heterojunction with the VBO being −0.30 ± 0.09 eV and the corresponding conduction band offset (CBO) being 4.99 ± 0.09 eV. The accurate determination of VBO and CBO is important for designing the w-InN/h-BN-based electronic devices.

We present observations in Earth's magnetotail by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft that are consistent with magnetic field annihilation, rather than magnetic topology change, causing fast magnetic-to-electron energy conversion in an electron-scale current sheet. Multi-spacecraft analysis for the magnetic field reconstruction shows that an electron-scale magnetic island was embedded in the observed electron diffusion region (EDR), suggesting an elongated shape of the EDR. Evidence for the annihilation was revealed in the form of the island growing at a rate much lower than expected for the standard X-type geometry of the EDR, which indicates that magnetic flux injected into the EDR was not ejected from the X-point or accumulated in the island, but was dissipated in the EDR. This energy conversion process is in contrast to that in the standard EDR of a reconnecting current sheet where the energy of antiparallel magnetic fields is mostly converted to electron bulk-flow energy. Fully kinetic simulation also demonstrates that an elongated EDR is subject to the formation of electron-scale magnetic islands in which fast but transient annihilation can occur. Consistent with the observations and simulation, theoretical analysis shows that fast magnetic diffusion can occur in an elongated EDR in the presence of nongyrotropic electron effects. We suggest that the annihilation in elongated EDRs may contribute to the dissipation of magnetic energy in a turbulent collisionless plasma.

Abstract Diamond is not only a free standing highly transparent window but also a promising carrier confinement layer for InN based devices, yet little is known of the band offsets in InN/diamond system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the energy discontinuity in the valence band offset (VBO) of InN/diamond heterostructure. The value of VBO was determined to be 0.39 ± 0.08 eV and a type-I heterojunction with a conduction band offset (CBO) of 4.42 ± 0.08 eV was obtained. The accurate determination of VBO and CBO is important for the application of III-N alloys based electronic devices.

Background: The genus Amorphophallus (Araceae) contains approximately 250 species, most of which have high ecological and economic significance. The chloroplast genome data and the comprehensive analysis of the chloroplast genome structure of Amorphophallus is limited. In this study, four chloroplast genomes of Amorphophallus were sequenced and assembled. For the first time, comparative analyses of chloroplast genomes were conducted on the 13 Amorphophallus species in conjunction with nine published sequences., Results: The Amorphophallus chloroplast genomes exhibited typical quadripartite structures with lengths ranging from 164,417 to 177,076 bp. These structures consisted of a large single copy (LSC, 90,705 - 98,561 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 14,172 - 21,575 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 26,225 - 35,204 bp). The genomes contain 108 - 113 unique genes, including 76 - 79 protein-coding genes, 28 - 29 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The molecular structure, gene order, content, codon usage, long repeats, and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) within Amorphophallus were generally conserved. However, several variations in intron loss and gene expansion on the IR-SSC boundary regions were found among these 13 genomes. Four mutational hotspot regions, including trnM-atpE, atpB, atpB-rbcL and ycf1 were identified. They could identify and phylogeny future species in the genus Amorphophallus. Positive selection was found for rpl36, ccsA, rpl16, rps4, rps8, rps11, rps12, rps14, clpP, rps3, ycf1, rpl20, rps2, rps18, rps19, atpA, atpF, rpl14, rpoA, rpoC1, rpoC2 and rps15 based on the analyses of Ka/Ks ratios. Phylogenetic inferences based on the complete chloroplast genomes revealed a sister relationship between Amorphophallus and Caladieae. All Amorphophallus species formed a monophyletic evolutionary clade and were divided into three groups, including CA-II, SEA, and CA-I. Amorphophallus albus, A. krausei, A. kachinensis and A. konjac were clustered into the CA-II clade, A. paeoniifolius and A. titanum were clustered into the SEA clade, A. muelleri 'zhuyajin1', Amorphophallus sp, A. coaetaneus, A. tonkinensis and A. yunnanensis were clustered into CA- I clade., Conclusions: The genome structure and gene content of Amorphophallus chloroplast genomes are consistent across various species. In this study, the structural variation and comparative genome of chloroplast genomes of Amorphophallus were comprehensively analyzed for the first time. The results provide important genetic information for species classification, identification, molecular breeding, and evolutionary exploration of the genus Amorphophallus., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The materials involved in the article does not an endangered or protected species; therefore, permission is not required to collect this species. Research on these species, including the collection of plant materials has been carried out in accordance with guidelines provided by Kunming University. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study evaluated and compared the differences in structure and physicochemical properties between citrus fibers prepared after different degrees of pectin extraction and untreated citrus fibers. The results showed that the partial hydrolysis and release of internal pectin would cause the physical and chemical properties of citrus fibers to show a tendency to increase and then decrease with treatment time, with a steady increase in crystallinity and thermal stability. The water-holding capacity (15.81 g/g), swelling capacity (12.50 mL/g), and oil-holding capacity (3.33 g/g) of CF-5 h still remained noticeably higher than those of CF. The SEM results demonstrated that at the pectin extraction time of 5 h, the internal network structure of the cell wall of CF-5 h prepared at this time was maximized in terms of looseness. Meanwhile, the emulsion prepared from CF-5 h had the best emulsification properties, which were characterized by the smallest emulsion particle size(d 4，3  = 10.40 μm), the best rheological properties, and excellent emulsion stability. Overall, the citrus fibers prepared after a certain degree of pectin extraction showed good performance in terms of physicochemical properties and emulsification performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Precise modulation of cavity micro-environment in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is important for achieving significant separation performance. Herein, the Fe-MOF (MIL-142-BTB-BDC) with different tridentate and bidentate ligands to form cavities, was chosen as the platform to precisely modulate the cavity micro-environment and investigate the influence of cavity windows and cavity walls on gas chromatographic separations. Changing tridentate ligands on the cavity walls led to MIL-142-TATB-BDC while changing bidentate ligands on the cavity windows produced MIL-142-BTB-BDC-NH 2 . Mechanism investigation revealed that for MIL-142-BTB-BDC and MIL-142-TATB-BDC, altering the ligands of cavity walls had little influence on the thermodynamic interactions between MOFs and analytes while slightly reducing the kinetic diffusion rate of analytes. On the contrary, introducing amino groups on cavity windows in MIL-142-BTB-BDC-NH 2 not only increased the thermodynamic interactions with analytes but also slowed down the kinetic diffusion of analytes, which resulted in poor separation performance of the MIL-142-BTB-BDC-NH 2 coated column. This work provides a guide to precisely modulating the cavity micro-environment and analyzing the relationship between the cavity micro-environment and application properties of MOFs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This Letter reports the first measurement of the oscillation amplitude and frequency of reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay via neutron capture on hydrogen using 1958 days of data. With over 3.6 million signal candidates, an optimized candidate selection, improved treatment of backgrounds and efficiencies, refined energy calibration, and an energy response model for the capture-on-hydrogen sensitive region, the relative ν[over ¯]_{e} rates and energy spectra variation among the near and far detectors gives sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0759_{-0.0049}^{+0.0050} and Δm_{32}^{2}=(2.72_{-0.15}^{+0.14})×10^{-3}  eV^{2} assuming the normal neutrino mass ordering, and Δm_{32}^{2}=(-2.83_{-0.14}^{+0.15})×10^{-3}  eV^{2} for the inverted neutrino mass ordering. This estimate of sin^{2}2θ_{13} is consistent with and essentially independent from the one obtained using the capture-on-gadolinium sample at Daya Bay. The combination of these two results yields sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0833±0.0022, which represents an 8% relative improvement in precision regarding the Daya Bay full 3158-day capture-on-gadolinium result.

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and management status of children with Turner syndrome (TS) in China. Methods: As a cross-sectional study, 1 089 TS patients were included in the database of the National Collaborative Alliance for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Turner Syndrome from August 2019 to November 2023. Clinical characteristics (growth development, sexual development, organ anomalies, etc.), karyotypes, auxiliary examinations, and treatments were collected and analyzed. Results: Among the 1 089 TS cases, 809 were recorded karyotypes. The karyotype distribution was as follows: 45, X in 317 cases (39.2%), X chromosome structural variants (including partial deletions of p or q arm, ring chromosome, and marker chromosome) in 89 cases (11.0%), 45, X/46, XX mosaicism in 158 cases (19.5%), mosaicism with X chromosome structural variants in 209 cases (25.8%), and presence of Y chromosome material in 36 cases (4.4%). Among the 824 TS cases, the age of diagnosis was 9.7(6.4, 12.2) years, with a height standard deviation score (HtSDS) of -3.1±1.2. Five hundred and fifty three cases underwent growth hormone (GH) stimulation test, and 352 cases (63.7%) had GH peak values <10 μg/L and 75.9% (577/760) had low IGF1 levels, with IGF1 SDS ≤-2 accounting for 38.2% (290 cases). Among 471 cases aged ≥8 years, 132 cases (28.0%) showed spontaneous sexual development (mean bone age (11.0±1.7) years), 10 cases had spontaneous menarche (mean bone age (12.0±2.2) years), and 2 cases had regular menstrual cycles. Common physical features included cubitus valgus (311 cases (28.5%)), neck webbing (188 cases (17.2%)), low posterior hairline (185 cases (17.0%)), shield chest (153 cases (14.0%)), high arched palate (127 cases (11.6%)), short fourth metacarpal (43 cases (3.9%)), and spinal abnormalities (38 cases (3.5%)). Congenital cardiovascular and urogenital anomalies occurred in 91 cases (19.4%) and 66 cases (12.0%)respectively. Abdominal ultrasound in 33 cases (7.2%) indicated fatty liver, hepatomegaly, intrahepatic bile duct stones, and splenomegaly. Among 23 cases undergoing oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) test, 2 were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 4 with impaired glucose tolerance. Following diagnosis, 669 cases (80.7%) received rhGH treatment at a chronological age of (9±4) years and bone age of (8.3±3.2) years. Additionally, 112 cases (19.4%) received sex hormone replacement therapy starting at the age of (14±4) years and bone age of (12.6±1.2) years. Conclusions: The karyotypes of 45, X and mosaicism were most common in Chinese children with TS. The clinical manifestations were mainly short stature and gonadal dysplasia. However, a few TS children could be in the normal range of height, and some cases among those aged of ≥8 years old had spontaneous sexual development. Some exhibited physical features, congenital cardiovascular and urogenital anomalies, and dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-IGF1 axis. Moreover, a few of them developed impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. Following diagnosis, most of the patients received rhGH treatment, and a few of them received sex hormone replacement therapy.

Background: The worldwide geographical and temporal variation in the prevalence of diabetes represents a challenge, but also an opportunity for gaining etiological insights. Encompassing the bulk of East Asians, a large and distinct proportion of the world population, China can be a source of valuable epidemiological insights for diabetes, especially in early life, when pathophysiology begins. We carried out a nationwide, epidemiological survey of Prevalence and Risk of Obesity and Diabetes in Youth (PRODY) in China, from 2017 to 2019, to estimate the population-based prevalence of diagnosed pediatric diabetes and screen for undiagnosed pediatric type 2 diabetes (T2D)., Methods: PRODY was a nation-wide, school population-based, cross-sectional, multicenter survey by questionnaire, fasting urine glucose test and simple oral glucose tolerance test (s-OGTT), among a total number of 193,801 general-population children and adolescents (covered a pediatric population of more than 96.8 million), aged 3-18, from twelve provinces across China. The prevalence of the self-reported pediatric diabetes, the proportion of subtypes, the crude prevalence of undiagnosed T2D and prediabetes in general juvenile population and the main risk factors of type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes had been analyzed in the study., Findings: The prevalence of all self-reported pediatric diabetes was estimated at 0.62/1000 (95% CI: 0.51-0.74), with T1D at 0.44/1000 (95% CI: 0.35-0.54) and T2D at 0.18/1000 (95% CI: 0.13-0.25). For undiagnosed T2D, the crude prevalence was almost ten-fold higher, at 1.59/1000, with an estimated extra 28.45/1000 of undiagnosed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 53.74/1000 of undiagnosed impaired fasting glucose (IFG) by s-OGTT screening. Maternal diabetes history is the major risk factors for all subtypes of pediatric diabetes in China., Interpretation: The PRODY study provides the first population-based estimate of the prevalence of pediatric diabetes China and reveals a magnitude of the problem of undiagnosed pediatric T2D. We propose a practical screening strategy by s-OGTT to address this serious gap., Funding: The National Key Research and Development Programme of China, Key R&D Program of Zhejiang, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Zhejiang Provincial Key Disciplines of Medicine, Key R&D Program Projects in Zhejiang Province., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a significant risk factor for lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer (GC) and is closely related to the prognosis and recurrence of GC. This study aimed to establish clinical models, radiomics models and combination models for the diagnosis of GC vascular invasion., Methods: This study enrolled 146 patients with GC proved by pathology and who underwent radical resection of GC. The patients were assigned to the training and validation cohorts. A total of 1,702 radiomic features were extracted from contrast-enhanced computed tomography images of GC. Logistic regression analyses were performed to establish a clinical model, a radiomics model and a combined model. The performance of the predictive models was measured by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve., Results: In the training cohort, the age of LVI negative (-) patients and LVI positive (+) patients were 62.41 ± 8.41 and 63.76 ± 10.08 years, respectively, and there were more male ( n = 63) than female ( n = 19) patients in the LVI (+) group. Diameter and differentiation were the independent risk factors for determining LVI (-) and (+). A combined model was found to be relatively highly discriminative based on the area under the ROC curve for both the training (0.853, 95% CI: 0.784-0.920, sensitivity: 0.650 and specificity: 0.907) and the validation cohorts (0.742, 95% CI: 0.559-0.925, sensitivity: 0.736 and specificity: 0.700)., Conclusions: The combined model had the highest diagnostic effectiveness, and the nomogram established by this model had good performance. It can provide a reliable prediction method for individual treatment of LVI in GC before surgery., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhen, Wei, Song, Liu, Li, Kong, Wei, Fan and Liang.)

Incorporating ultralow loading of nanoparticles into polymers has realized increases in dielectric constant and breakdown strength for excellent energy storage. However, there are still a series of tough issues to be dealt with, such as organic solvent uses, which face enormous challenges in scalable preparation. Here, a new strategy of dual in situ synthesis is proposed, namely polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) synchronizes with growth of calcium borate nanoparticles, making polyester nanocomposites from monomers directly. Importantly, this route is free of organic solvents and surface modification of nanoparticles, which is readily accessible to scalable synthesis of polyester nanocomposites. Meanwhile, uniform dispersion of as ultralow as 0.1 wt% nanoparticles and intense bonding at interfaces have been observed. Furthermore, the PET-based nanocomposite displays obvious increases in both dielectric constant and breakdown strength as compared to the neat PET. Its maximum discharged energy density reaches 15 J cm -3 at 690 MV m -1 and power density attains 218 MW cm -3 under 150 Ω resistance at 300 MV m -1 , which is far superior to the current dielectric polymers that can be produced at large scales. This work presents a scalable, safe, low-cost, and environment-friendly route toward polymer nanocomposites with superior capacitive performance., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

We investigated a fatal case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from an indoor surfing center in Taiwan. The case was detected through encephalitis syndromic surveillance. Of 56 environmental specimens, 1 was positive for Naegleria fowleri ameba. This report emphasizes the risk for N. fowleri infection from inadequately disinfected recreational waters, even indoors.

Positron emission tomography (PET) targeting translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) can be used for the noninvasive detection of neuroinflammation. Improved in vivo stability of a TSPO tracer is beneficial for minimizing the potential confounding effects of radiometabolites. Deuteration represents an important strategy for improving the pharmacokinetics and stability of existing drug molecules in the plasma. This study developed a novel tracer via the deuteration of [ 18 F]LW223 and evaluated its in vivo stability and specific binding in neuroinflammatory rodent models and nonhuman primate (NHP) brains. Compared with LW223, D 2 -LW223 exhibited improved binding affinity to TSPO. Compared with [ 18 F]LW223, [ 18 F]D 2 -LW223 has superior physicochemical properties and favorable brain kinetics, with enhanced metabolic stability and reduced defluorination. Preclinical investigations in rodent models of LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cerebral ischemia revealed specific [ 18 F]D 2 -LW223 binding to TSPO in regions affected by neuroinflammation. Two-tissue compartment model analyses provided excellent model fits and allowed the quantitative mapping of TSPO across the NHP brain. These results indicate that [ 18 F]D 2 -LW223 holds significant promise for the precise quantification of TSPO expression in neuroinflammatory pathologies of the brain., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Pharmacological Society.)

Background: Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) is a rare form of diabetes mellitus that usually presents within the first 6 mo of life. Patients often enter remission within several months, although relapse can occur later in life. Mutations in the ABCC8 gene, which encodes the sulfonylurea receptor 1 of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel in pancreatic beta cells, are associated with TNDM and permanent neonatal diabetes. This study describes a novel de novo c.3880C>T heterozygous ABCC8 variant that causes TNDM and can be treated with sulf-onylurea therapy., Case Summary: We retrospectively analyzed 2 Chinese patients with TNDM who were diagnosed, treated, or referred for follow-up between September 2017 and September 2023. The patients were tested for mutations using targeted next-generation sequencing. Patients with neonatal diabetes mellitus caused by a c.3880C>T heterozygous missense variant in the ABCC8 gene have not been reported before. Both children had an onset of post-infectious diabetic ketoacidosis, which is worth noting. At a follow-up visit after discontinuing insulin injection, oral glyburide was found to be effective with no adverse reactions., Conclusion: Early genetic testing of neonatal diabetes mellitus aids in accurate diagnosis and treatment and helps avoid daily insulin injections that may cause pain., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

This Letter presents results of a search for the mixing of a sub-eV sterile neutrino with three active neutrinos based on the full data sample of the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment, collected during 3158 days of detector operation, which contains 5.55×10^{6} reactor ν[over ¯]&#95;{e} candidates identified as inverse beta-decay interactions followed by neutron capture on gadolinium. The analysis benefits from a doubling of the statistics of our previous result and from improvements of several important systematic uncertainties. No significant oscillation due to mixing of a sub-eV sterile neutrino with active neutrinos was found. Exclusion limits are set by both Feldman-Cousins and CLs methods. Light sterile neutrino mixing with sin^{2}2θ&#95;{14}≳0.01 can be excluded at 95% confidence level in the region of 0.01  eV^{2}≲|Δm&#95;{41}^{2}|≲0.1  eV^{2}. This result represents the world-leading constraints in the region of 2×10^{-4}  eV^{2}≲|Δm&#95;{41}^{2}|≲0.2  eV^{2}.

This study aims to explore the pharmacological substance basis of Qi Ge Decoction (QG) in antihyperlipidemia through a combination of metabolomics and serum pharmacochemistry. We used ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight/MS (UPLC Q-TOF/MS) to analyze and identify the chemical constituents of QG in vitro and in blood chemical components. The metabolomics technology was used to analyze serum biomarkers of QG in preventing and treating hyperlipidemia. We constructed a mathematical model of the relationship between constituents absorbed into the blood and endogenous biomarkers and explored the potential therapeutic application of QG for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia. Compared with the model group, the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in the QG group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01). A total of 12 chemical components absorbed into the blood were identified, and 48 biomarkers of the hyperlipidemia model were obtained from serum metabolomic analysis, of which 15 metabolites were backregulated after QG intervention. Puerarin, hesperetin, puerarin xyloside, calycosin, and monohydroxy-tetramethoxyflavone had a high correlation with the biomarkers regulated by QG. This study elucidated the material basis of QG in the intervention of hyperlipidemia, thereby facilitating future research aimed at further revealing the pharmacodynamic material basis of QG's antihyperlipidemic effects., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The aim of this study was to characterize the variable phenotypes and outcomes associated with the methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein gene (MMACHC) c.482G > A mutation in 195 Chinese cases with CblC disease., Methods: We carried out a national, retrospective multicenter study of 195 Chinese patients with CblC disease attributable to the MMACHC c.482G > A variant either in a homozygous or compound heterozygous state. The control group consisted of 200 patients diagnosed with CblC disease who did not possess the c.482G > A mutation. Clinical features, including disease onset, symptoms, biochemical metabolites, gene mutation, and follow-up outcomes were reviewed and analyzed in detail. The median follow-up period spanned 3 years and 8 months, with a range of 1 year and 2 months to 12 years and 10 months., Results: Among 195 patients carrying the c.482G > A variant, 125 (64.1%) cases were diagnosed by newborn screening (NBS), 60 (30.8%) cases were detected due to disease onset, and 10 (5.1%) cases were identified from sibling diagnoses. One hundred and seventeen (93.6%) individuals who were diagnosed by NBS, and nine patients who came from sibling diagnoses remained asymptomatic in this study. From 69 symptomatic patients of the c.482G > A group, more patients presented with later onset, and the top six common clinical symptoms at disease onset were developmental delay (59.4%), lower limb weakness and poor exercise tolerance (50.7%), cognitive decline (37.7%), gait instability and abnormal posture (36.2%), seizures (26.1%), and psychiatric and behavioral disturbances (24.6%). In the 159 symptomatic patients lacking c.482G > A variants, the most frequently observed clinical manifestations at disease onset included developmental delay (81.8%), lethargy and feeding difficulty (62.9%), lower limb weakness and poor exercise tolerance (54.7%), prolonged neonatal jaundice (51.6%), vomiting (47.2%), and seizures (32.7%). Before treatment, the levels of blood propionylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine/acetylcarnitine ratio, and homocysteine in the c.482G > A group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in the non-c.482G > A group, while the concentration of urinary methylmalonic acid was slightly lower (P > 0.05). The degree of decline in the above metabolites after treatment in different groups significantly differed in both plasma total homocysteine values and urinary methylmalonic acid levels (P < 0.05). In patients carrying the c.482G > A variant compared with the non-c.428G > A group, there were markedly lower rates of mortality (0.5% vs. 2.0%) and developmental delay (20.5% vs. 65.5%). When compared with individuals diagnosed due to disease onset, those identified through NBS in either group exhibited a reduced proportion of disease onset (6.7% vs. 100% in the c.482G > A group, 54.4% vs. 100% in the non-c.482G > A group), lower mortality (0.0% vs. 1.7% in the c.482G > A group, 0.0% vs. 3.6% in the non-c.482G > A group), and had a higher percentage of patients exhibiting normal psychomotor and language development (99.3% vs. 33.3% in the c.482G > A group, 58.9% vs. 10.9% in the non-c.482G > A group)., Conclusions: The c.482G > A variant in MMACHC is associated with late-onset and milder phenotypes of CblC disease. Patients with this mutation tend to have a relatively better response to hydroxocobalamin, better metabolic control, and more favorable neurological outcomes. NBS and other appropriate pre-symptomatic treatments seem to be helpful in early diagnosis, resulting in favorable clinical outcomes. Video Abstract (MP4 136794 kb)., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The conversion of CO 2 to generate high-value-added chemicals has become one of the hot research topics in green synthesis. Thereinto, the cyclization reaction of propargylic amines with CO 2 is highly attractive because the resultant oxazolidinones are widely found in pharmaceutical chemistry. Cu(I)-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts exhibit promising application prospects for CO 2 conversion. However, their practical application was greatly limited due to Cu(I) being liable to disproportionation or oxidization. Herein, the solid copper(I) iodide thorium-based porous framework {[Cu 5 I 6 Th 6 (μ 3 -O) 4 (μ 3 -OH) 4 (H 2 O) 10 (L) 10 ]·OH·4DMF·H 2 O} n ( 1 ) (HL = 2-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid) constructed by [Th 6 ] clusters and [Cu x I y ] subunits was successfully prepared and structurally characterized. To our knowledge, this is the first copper(I) iodide-based actinide organic framework. Catalytic investigations indicate that 1 can effectively catalyze the cyclization of propargylic amines with CO 2 under ambient conditions, which can be reused at least five times without a remarkable decline of catalytic activity. Importantly, 1 exhibits excellent chemical stability and the oxidation state of Cu(I) in it can remain stable under various conditions. This work can provide a valuable strategy for the synthesis of stable Cu(I)-MOF materials.

Controlling the crystal facets of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) has been proven as an effective approach to tune their physicochemical properties. However, the study on facet-engineering of metastable zinc blende CdS ( zb -CdS) and its heterostructures is still not fully explored. In this study, the zb -CdS and Au@ zb -CdS core-shell NCs with tunable terminating facets are controllably synthesized, and their photocatalytic performance for water splitting are evaluated. It is found that the {111} facets of the zb -CdS NCs display higher intrinsic activity than the {100} counterparts, which originates from these surfaces being much more efficient, facilitating electron transition to enhance the adsorption ability and the dissociation of the adsorbed water, as revealed by theoretical calculations. Moreover, the Au@ zb -CdS core-shell NCs exhibit better photocatalytic performance than the zb -CdS NCs terminated with the same facets under visible light irradiation (≥400 nm), which is mainly ascribed to the accelerated electron separation at the interface, as demonstrated by femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy. Importantly, the quantum yield of plasmon-induced hot electron transfer quantified by fs-TA in the Au@ zb -CdS core-shell octahedrons can be reached as high as 1.2% under 615 nm excitation, which is higher than that of the Au@ zb -CdS core-shell cubes. This work unravels the face-dependent photocatalytic performance of the metastable semiconductor NCs via a combination of experiments and theoretical calculations, providing the understanding of the underlying mechanism of these photocatalysts.

The aim of this work was to explore the differences between various pharmaceutical processes in combined solutions of a single decoction (QGHBY) and a combined decoction (QGHJY) of Qi-Ge decoction from the perspective of chemical composition changes, so as to further guide the clinical application of drugs. A combined solution of a single decoction and a combined decoction of Astragali Radix, Puerariae Lobatae Radix and Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis Pericarpium was prepared with the same technological parameters. The chemical components of the two were detected and identified based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, and the different components were determined by principal component analysis. Eighty-eight compounds were identified in the pharmaceutical solution of Qi-Ge decoction. Principal component analysis revealed 11 different components of QGHBY and QGHJY with the conditions of Variable Importance in Projection (VIP)  ≥ 1, fold change ≥ 2 and p < 0.05, among which hesperidin, hesperitin, isosinensetin, sinensetin and 5-demethylnobiletin were the components of Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis Pericarpium. The levels of these 11 different components in QGHJY were higher than those of QGHBY. The combined decoction is beneficial for the dissolution of flavonoids and other chemical components, and there is a significant difference in the content of chemical components between modern herbal concentrate granules and traditional decoctions., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Radix Fici Simplicissimae (RFS) is widely studied, and is in demand for its value in medicines and food products, with increased scientific focus on its cultivation and breeding. We used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to elucidate the similarities and differences in phytochemical compositions of wild Radix Fici Simplicissimae (WRFS) and cultivated Radix Fici Simplicissimae (CRFS). Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed with multivariate statistical analysis and heat maps to identify the differences. Eighty one compounds were identified from WRFS and CRFS samples. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis indicated that mass spectrometry could effectively distinguish WRFS from CRFS. Among these, 17 potential biomarkers with high metabolic contents could distinguish between the two varieties, including seven phenylpropanoids, three flavonoids, one flavonol, one alkaloid, one glycoside, and four organic acids. Notably, psoralen, apigenin, and bergapten, essential metabolites that play a substantial pharmacological role in RFS, are upregulated in WRFS. WRFS and CRFS are rich in phytochemicals and are similar in terms of the compounds they contain. These findings highlight the effects of different growth environments and drug varieties on secondary metabolite compositions and provide support for targeted breeding for improved CRFS varieties., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Emerging data suggest that induction of viral mimicry responses through activation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensors in cancer cells is a promising therapeutic strategy. One approach to induce viral mimicry is to target molecular regulators of dsRNA sensing pathways. Here, we show that the exoribonuclease XRN1 is a negative regulator of the dsRNA sensor protein kinase R (PKR) in cancer cells with high interferon-stimulated gene expression. XRN1 deletion causes PKR pathway activation and consequent cancer cell lethality. Disruption of interferon signaling with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib can decrease cellular PKR levels and rescue sensitivity to XRN1 deletion. Conversely, interferon-β stimulation can increase PKR levels and induce sensitivity to XRN1 inactivation. Lastly, XRN1 deletion causes accumulation of endogenous complementary sense/anti-sense RNAs, which may represent candidate PKR ligands. Our data demonstrate how XRN1 regulates PKR and how this interaction creates a vulnerability in cancer cells with an activated interferon cell state., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests T.Z.’s spouse is an employee of and holds equity in HiFiBiO Therapeutics and holds equity in Novartis. M.Z. is now an employee of Bayer Pharmaceuticals in Cambridge, MA. A.D.C. receives research funding from Bayer Pharmaceuticals and has a consulting role for BirdsEye Bio. M.M. receives research funding from Bayer Pharmaceuticals and Janssen Pharmaceuticals; has a consulting role and equity with Delve Bio, Interline, and Isabl; and receives patent royalties on intellectual property from The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute licensed to Bayer and LabCorp, respectively., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We investigated a COVID-19 cluster involved seven case-patients lived in a high-rise building in September 2021. We used a simplified tracer-gas experiment and virus sequencing to establish the link between case-patients. Vertical transmission among vertically aligned apartments on different floors in a building was the most likely route of transmission., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors report no conflicts., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Prophylactic loop ileostomy is an effective way to reduce the clinical severity of anastomotic leakage following radical resection of rectal cancer. Incisional surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication after ileostomy closure., Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the micro-power negative pressure wound technique (MPNPWT) in preventing incisional SSI., Methods: This was a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted at a single center. A total of 101 consecutive patients who underwent ileostomy closure after rectal cancer surgery with a prophylactic ileostomy were enrolled from January 2019 to December 2021. Patients were randomly allocated into an MPNPWT group and a control group. The MPNPWT group underwent intermittent suturing of the surgical incision with 2-0 Prolene and was covered with a micro-power negative pressure dressing. The surgical outcomes were compared between the MPNPWT ( n = 50) and control ( n = 51) groups. Risk factors for incisional SSI were identified using logistic regression., Results: There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the MPNPWT ( n = 50) and control groups ( n = 51). The incisional SSI rate was significantly higher in the control group than in the MPNPWT group (15.7% vs 2.0%, P = 0.031). However, MPNPWT did not affect other surgical outcomes, including intra-abdominal complications, operative time, and blood loss. Postoperative hospital stay length and hospitalization costs did not differ significantly between the two groups ( P = 0.069 and 0.843, respectively). None of the patients experienced adverse effects of MPNPWT, including skin allergy, dermatitis, and pain. MPNPWT also helped heal the infected incision. Our study indicated that MPNPWT was an independent protective factor [odds ratio (OR) = 0.005, P = 0.025)] and diabetes was a risk factor (OR = 26.575, P = 0.029) for incisional SSI., Conclusion: MPNPWT is an effective and safe way to prevent incisional SSI after loop ileostomy closure., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no potential conflicting interests related to this paper., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pressure injury (PI) not only reduces the quality of life of patients but also is expensive to manage, placing a heavy financial burden on patients and their families, and society. Despite the increasing diversity of methods used to identify early PI, there are still few methods that can truly and accurately predict early PI. The sub-epidermal moisture scanner is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-authorized PI management device that can predict the occurrence and development of PI by measuring the level of local tissue bio-capacitance and monitoring the tissue viability. As an emerging diagnostic instrument, the sub-epidermal moisture scanner has already shown great advantages in clinical practice, which can promote the informatization, digitization, and intelligent prevention and management of PI. This paper introduces the pathophysiological mechanism of PI, elucidates the working principle and parameter settings of the sub-epidermal moisture scanner, its clinical application in monitoring tissue viability in early PI, and its limitation, and looks forward to its future development.

This study presents a comparison between two hydrolysis systems (MnO 2 /H 2 O 2 and ascorbic acid (VC)/H 2 O 2 ) for the depolymerization of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Lactobacillus plantarum LPC-1. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize these two degradation systems, resulting in two H 2 O 2 -free degradation products, MEPS (MnO 2 /H 2 O 2 -treated EPS) and VEPS (VC/H 2 O 2 -treated EPS), where H 2 O 2 residues in the final products and their antioxidant activity were considered vital points. The relationship between the structural variations of two degraded polysaccharides and their antioxidant activity was characterized. Physicochemical tests showed that H 2 O 2 had a notable impact on determining the total and reducing sugars in the polysaccharides, and both degradation systems efficiently eliminated this effect. After optimization, the average molecular weight of EPS was reduced from 265.75 kDa to 135.41 kDa (MEPS) and 113.11 kDa (VEPS), improving its antioxidant properties. Characterization results showed that the two hydrolysis products had similar major functional groups and monosaccharide composition as EPS. The crystal structure, main chain length, and branched chain number were crucial factors affecting the biological activity of polysaccharides. In pot testing, two degraded polysaccharides improved spinach quality more than EPS due to their lower molecular weights, suggesting the advantages of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides. In summary, these two degradation techniques offer valuable insights for further expanding the utilization of microbial resources., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Recently, exopolysaccharides (EPS) were found to alleviate cadmium (Cd) toxicity to crops by regulating the antioxidant system, but the mechanism remains unclear. Herein, by quantitative and transcriptomic approaches, a systematical map of the changes in the antioxidant system was drawn to dissected the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (ASA-GSH cycle) is a major contributor. Specifically, compared to the control, the rice exposed to Cd exhibited a significant increase in the GSH pool (about 9-fold at 7 d), but a continuous decrease in the ASA pool (only 15.42% remained at 15 d) and an excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, with the addition of EPS, the increase of the GSH pool significantly slowed down (decreased by 180.18% at 7 d, compared to the Cd-stressed treatment), and the ASA pool remained high (consistently above 70.00% of the control group). ROS also maintained at a good level. Moreover, the activities of enzymatic antioxidants showed the similar trend. By RNA-Seq analysis, multiple genes enriched in ASA-GSH related pathway were screened (such as OsRBOHB, OsGST, OsPOD) for further study. This study provides a foundation for EPS application in agriculture, which also establishes a better way for analyzing antioxidant system., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained significant attention in the agricultural field due to their favorable bioavailability and low toxicity, making them a highly researched subject. In this study, crude polysaccharides from spent mushroom substrate of Agrocybe aegerita (AaPs) were extracted for preparing the polysaccharide‑selenium-nanoparticles (AaPs-SeNPs) by ascorbic acid reduction method. The structure of AaPs-SeNPs was analyzed and their growth-promoting effects on rice seedlings were studied by adopting different application methods. The results revealed that AaPs-SeNPs exhibited improved free radical scavenging ability, with a lower half-maximal inhibitory concentrations compared to AaPs. Rice seedlings treated with AaPs-SeNPs showed significant enhancements in growth characteristics when compared to AaPs treatment, and foliar application exhibited a better growth-promoting effect compared to root application. Moreover, the growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities of rice seedlings were enhanced by the addition of AaPs-SeNPs, and the absorption efficiency of essential nutrients such as N/P/K and Fe/Zn/Mn was also improved at appropriate concentrations, which could be one of the key factors contributing to the improved growth performance of plants. This study provides new aspects for the utilization of SMS, and also offers new insights from the perspective of nutrient absorption on how polysaccharide-conjugated selenium nanoparticles enhance crop growth., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide owing to its late diagnosis, early metastasis, and poor prognosis. Because current therapeutic options are limited, there is an urgent need to investigate novel targeted treatment strategies. Pancreatic cancer faces significant metabolic challenges, principally hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, due to specific microenvironmental constraints, including an extensive desmoplastic stromal reaction. Pancreatic cancer cells have been shown to rewire their metabolism and energy production networks to support rapid survival and proliferation. Increased glucose uptake and glycolytic pathway activity during this process have been extensively described. However, growing evidence suggests that pancreatic cancer cells are glutamine addicted. As a nitrogen source, glutamine directly (or indirectly via glutamate conversion) contributes to many anabolic processes in pancreatic cancer, including amino acids, nucleobases, and hexosamine biosynthesis. It also plays an important role in redox homeostasis, and when converted to α-ketoglutarate, glutamine serves as an energy and anaplerotic carbon source, replenishing the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of glutamine metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer, focusing on potential therapeutic approaches targeting glutamine metabolism in pancreatic cancer., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Three new cyano-bridged Fe II -Mo III complexes assembled from the [Mo III (CN) 7 ] 4- unit, Fe II ions, and three pentadentate N 3 O 2 ligands, namely {[Fe 2 H 3 (dapab) 2 ][Mo(CN) 6 ]} n ·2H 2 O·3.5MeCN ( 1 ), [Fe(H 2 dapb)(H 2 O)][Fe(Hdapb)(H 2 O)][Mo(CN) 6 ]·4H 2 O·3MeCN ( 2 ), and [Fe(H 2 dapba)(H 2 O)] 2 [Mo(CN) 7 ]·6H 2 O ( 3 ) (H 2 dapab = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(2-aminobenzoylhydrazone), H 2 dapb = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(benzoylhydrazone), H 2 dapba = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(4-aminobenzoylhydrazone)), have been synthesized and characterized. Single-crystal structure analyses suggest that complex 1 contains a one-dimensional (1D) chain structure where two Fe II ions are bridged by the in situ generated [Mo III (CN) 6 ] 3- unit through two trans -cyanide groups into trinuclear Fe 2 II Mo III clusters that are further linked by the amino of the ligand into an infinite chain. Complexes 2 and 3 are cyano-bridged Fe 2 II Mo III trinuclear clusters with two Fe II ions connected by the [Mo III (CN) 6 ] 3- and [Mo III (CN) 7 ] 4- units, respectively. Direct current magnetic studies confirmed the ferromagnetic interactions between the cyano-bridged Fe II and Mo III centers and significant easy-axis magnetic anisotropy for all three complexes. Furthermore, complexes 1-3 exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under a zero dc field, with relaxation barriers of 42.3, 21.6, and 14.4 K, respectively, making them the first examples of cyano-bridged Fe II -Mo III single-molecule magnets.