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C30H36F2N6O9S, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 5.2364(8) Å, b = 10.0250(14) Å, c = 59.689(9) Å, V = 3133.4(8) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt (F) = 0.0384, wRref (F 2) = 0.0969, T = 170 K.

Understanding the distribution, characteristics, and changing trend and persistence of grassland degradation and revealing its mechanism on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau can provide scientific basis for effective grassland management and conservation. We selected grassland coverage as the remote sensing monitoring index to establish the remote sensing monitoring and evaluation index system of grassland degradation and evaluate grassland degradation during 2016 to 2020 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The changing trend and persistence of grassland coverage were analyzed using linear regression and Hurst index analysis on a long time series scale (1982-2020). The partial correlation analysis was used to examine the influence of climate on grassland degradation. The results showed that grassland degradation reached 24.3% during 2016 to 2020, which was mainly light and moderate degradation, and largely distributed in low altitude and high fractional vegetation cover areas. From 1982 to 2020, grassland coverage tended to increase in the north, west and southwest, and decreased in the east and center of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The Hurst index of grassland coverage was less than 0.5 in 98.1% of the total grassland, indicating grassland coverage showed negatively persistent. The partial correlation coefficient between grassland coverage and precipitation (0.096) was higher than that of temperature (-0.033). About 16.0% area was dominated by temperature, which was mainly distributed in the central and southeast. About 12.2% area was dominated by precipitation, which was distributed in the northeast and west of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.了解草地退化的分布、特征、变化趋势及持续性,揭示草地退化机理,可为有效管理和保护草地提供重要的科学依据。本研究选择草地覆盖度作为草地退化的遥感监测指标,建立了草地退化遥感监测和评价指标体系,对青藏高原草地退化现状(2016—2020年)进行了评价,利用线性回归和Hurst指数分析了长时间序列尺度上(1982—2020年)草地覆盖度变化的趋势及持续性,并且基于草地覆盖度与气候因子的偏相关分析,研究了气候因子对草地退化的影响。结果表明: 2016—2020年,平均草地退化面积达24.3%,主要表现为轻度退化和中度退化,主要分布在低海拔和高植被覆盖地区。1982—2020年,草地覆盖度在青藏高原北部、西部和西南部地区呈增加趋势,在东部和中部地区呈减少趋势。98.1%的地区草地覆盖度的Hurst指数小于0.5,草地覆盖度变化表现出反持续性。草地覆盖度与降水量的偏相关系数(0.096)整体高于其与温度的偏相关系数(-0.033),温度占主导地位的面积占比为16.0%,主要分布在青藏高原的中部和东南部,降水量占主导地位的面积占比为12.2%,主要分布在青藏高原东北部和西部。.

OBJECTIVES Boyden’s triad of the right lung was first proposed in 2021. Here, we report 5 cases of this malformation found in the left lung. METHODS A total of 5280 patients with pulmonary lesions underwent three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography between January 2019 and January 2021, prior to surgery; 5 cases of this malformation were identified in the left lung. Bronchovascular patterns were analysed in each patient. RESULTS The incidence rate of Boyden’s triad in the left lung was 0.1%. This malformation was further divided into B3 on B4+5 type and B3 on B4 type. In B3 on B4+5 type, B3 was shifted downwards on the common trunk of B4+5, and A3 arose from the common trunk of A4+5 running alongside B3. In B3 on B4 type, B3 was shifted downwards on B4. A4 and A5 appeared separately. A3 arose from A4, running alongside B3; A5 arose from the common trunk of A8 − 10, and there was also an extraordinary ‘posterior vein’ (V. post): V1+2c. The incidence of V. post was 0.17%. An additional ‘fissure’ lies longitudinally between S1+2 and S3+4+5, nearly perpendicular to the oblique fissure, dividing the upper lobe into ‘two lobes’. CONCLUSIONS The B3 downwards-shifting malformation can be found on both lungs, and this is the first description of Boyden’s triad in the left lung; it appears to be much rarer than that in the right lung, with some accompanying unique variations.

e16073 Background: The CCND1 gene is considered an oncogene located on human chromosome 11q13.3, Cyclin D1 protein encoded by the CCND1 gene is the critical gatekeeping protein in charge of regulating the transition. Previous studies have reported that CCND1 amplification associated with a negative response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in pancancers, but the association with clinical and molecular characteristics in esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) have not been researched. Herein, we explore CCND1 amplification profiles in Chinese patients with ESCA. Methods: A total of 59 patients of ESCA with paired tumor-normal samples were collected into the study. All samples were detected by DNA based sequencing with a 1021 gene panel. Results: Firstly, the frequency of CCND1 amplification in Chinese ESCA patients was 32.20% (19/59). Then, all the samples were divided into two groups according to whether CCND1 was amplified or not. In the CCND1 amplification group, the top8 co-mutated genes were TP53, FGF4, FGF3, FGF19, MYC, NOTCH1, CDKN2A, CDKN2B. We calculated the clinical and molecular characteristics between the two groups, the results showed there were no difference in gender, age and TNM stage. Meanwhile, the CCND1 amplification group had more somatic mutations (median 19 vs. 11, P = 0.0003), higher TMB value (median 8.64 vs. 5.76, P = 0.0199) and more TMB-H patients (47.37% vs. 17.50%, P = 0.018). Indicating the CCND1 amplification is associated with TMB-H in ESCA. However, previous studies have reported the negative impact of CCND1 amplification on the efficacy of ICIs in pancancer (including ESCA), these results suggesting the efficacy of ICIs in ESCA may be affected by multiple biomarkers, especially for TMB-H patients should be concerned about the high frequency CCND1 amplification, the patients may have a poorer benefit from immunotherapy. Conclusions: The efficacy of ICIs in ESCA may be affected by multiple biomarkers, especially for TMB-H patients should be concerned about the higher frequency of CCND1 amplification, these patients may have a poorer benefit from immunotherapy.[Table: see text]

e21010 Background: The tumor suppressor gene SMARCA4 encodes a submit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes and inactivated by mutations or other mechanisms. Previous studies have reported the genomic landscape of SMARCA4 and the clinical impact in Caucasian population, but the molecular and clinical characteristics in Chinese NSCLC patients have never reported. Herein, we explore the SMARCA4 profiles in Chinese population. Methods: A total of 740 patients of NSCLC with paired tumor-normal samples were collected into the study, all samples were detected by DNA based sequencing with a 1021 gene panel. Results: The incidence of SMARCA4 mutation in Chinese NSCLC patients was 7.16% (53/740), the top10 co-mutated genes were TP53, LRP1B, KEAP1, EGFR, KRAS, HGF, FGFR1, FAT1, CDKN2A, STK11. The SMARCA4 alterations were divided to functional or unfunctional mutations according to the OncoKB database (developed by MSKCC), then we compared the clinical characteristics among the SMARCA4-functional (S-F), SMARCA4-unfunctional (S-UNF) and SMARCA4-wide type (S-WT) patients. The results showed the S-F group tended to have more Male patients (88% vs. 64% vs. 55%, p = 0.004) and more smokers (68% vs. 46% vs. 34%, p = 0.015), meanwhile the age and histopathological subtype showed no significant difference among the three groups. We also analyzed the mutation burden characteristics, The S-F group have more somatic mutations (19.20 vs. 16.29 vs. 9.06, p < 0.0001) and higher TMB value (15.67 vs. 12.20 vs.5.61, p < 0.0001), indicating the patients may have more clinical benefits from immunotherapy. As recent studies revealed the SMARCA4 alterations associated with a very poor prognosis in NSCLC, according to our results, the immunotherapy may be an alternative strategy, and this need more clinical explorations. Conclusions: The patients with SMARCA4-functional mutations were associated with Male and smoker in Chinese population and tended to have more somatic mutations and higher TMB value, thus may benefit more from immunotherapy.

Ce-doped Bi2O3 nanopowders were prepared by reverse titration chemical coprecipitation from Bi3+ and Ce4+ containing aqueous solution. Techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopic (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to characterize the as-synthesized materials. The XRD patterns indicated that the peaks can be easily indexed to β-Bi2O3 and no diffraction peaks of Ce or other impurity phases were detected in the prepared samples. The calculated average crystalline size decreased from 31.72 to 11.96 nm when the Ce content increased from 1 wt% to 10 wt%. The morphology changed from flake-like into the spherical-like with increase in Ce content. The electric conductivity of Ce-doped Bi2O3 electrolyte was also investigated by two probe DC method. Conductivity analysis exhibited that the rate of conductivity increased with increasing Ce2+ ratio, when the Ce concentration was up to 5 wt%, the as-synthesized Ce-doped Bi2O3 electrolyte showed the maximum value of conductivity(0.295 S·cm–1).

Eugenol, a plant-derived small compound, shows great medicinal potential. However, whether and how eugenol regulates crop physiology remains elusive. Here we reported that eugenol induced Cd (cadmium) tolerance in the root of Brassica rapa. Roots were treated with eugenol and CdCl2 simultaneously (eugenol + Cd) or pretreated with eugenol followed by CdCl2 treatment (eugenol → Cd). Eugenol significantly attenuated Cd-induced growth inhibition, ROS accumulation, oxidative injury, and cell death, which were confirmed by in vivo histochemical analysis. Eugenol remarkably decreased free Cd2+ accumulation in root. Eugenol intensified GSH (glutathione) accumulation in roots upon CdCl2 exposure, which explained the decrease in free Cd2+ and attenuation of oxidative injury. Eugenol stimulated endogenous H2S (hydrogen sulfide) generation by upregulating the expression of BrLCD (l-cysteine desulfhydrase) and BrDCD (d-cysteine desulfhydrase) as well as their enzymatic activities in CdCl2-treated root. Application of ...

Three-dimensional (3D) flower-like ZnO hierarchical microstructures with high uniformity were fabricated from the decomposition of Zn(OH)4 2− precursor, which were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction. XRD, FESEM and TEM were employed to characterize the morphology and structure of the products. The as-prepared flower-like ZnO microstructures with an average diameter of about 2 μm are assembled by large amounts of nanosheets, which have a thickness of ~43 nm. The morphology of the ZnO architectures can be tailored by changing hydrothermal conditions, e.g., hydrothermal temperature, reaction time, and concentration of Zn2+. On the basis of experimental results, the possible formation mechanism of the flower-like ZnO microstructures was also proposed, and the Zn2+ concentration was found to be a vital role in the growth and crystallzation of the flower-like microstructures. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement shows that the 3D flower-like ZnO hierarchical microstructures possess a specific surface area of about 34.86 m2/g. Most significantly, the gas sensing test reveals that the sensor made from 3D flower-like ZnO hierarchical microstructures exhibits outstanding gas sensing performance.

Deer antler, as the only mammalian regenerative appendage, provides an optimal model to study regenerative medicine. Antler harvested from red deer or sika deer were mainly study objects used to disclose the mechanism underlying antler regeneration over past decades. A previous study used proteomic technology to reveal the signaling pathways of antler stem cell derived from red deer. Moreover, transcriptome of antler tip from sika deer provide us with the essential genes, which regulated antler development and regeneration. However, antler comparison between red deer and sika deer has not been well studied. In our current study, proteomics were employed to analyze the biological difference of antler regeneration between sika deer and red deer. The proteomics profile was completed by searching the UniProt database, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by bioinformatic software. Thirty-six proteins were highly expressed in red deer antler, while 144 proteins were abundant in sika deer. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins participated in the regulation of several pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome, extracellular matrix interaction, and PI3K-Akt pathway.

Zn0.99−xCo0.01PrxO (x = 0, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.020) nanoparticles for varistor application have been synthesized by sol–gel method. The phase and microstructure of the as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectra. The results reveal that the samples exhibited hexagonal zinc oxide (ZnO) lattice structure without secondary phases and were well crystallized with preferential orientation towards (101) direction. The calculated average crystalline size decreases from 39.9312 to 39.3605 nm when Pr3+ content increased from 0 to 2 at.%. The microstructure of Zn0.99−xCo0.01PrxO (x = 0.02) varistors ceramics consisted of ZnO grain as a primary phase and Pr-rich phase (Pr6O11) and spinel phase (Pr2CoO4) as minor secondary phase. The breakdown field increased over a wide range from 2332 to 7845 V/cm with the Pr3+ content increasing. The varistors doped with 1.5 at.% Pr3+ exhibited the highest nonlinear coefficient of 17.9. Further increase caused nonlinear coefficient decreased to 15.4 at 2 at.%. The current–voltage (E–J) characteristics curves indicated the Pr–Co co-doped ZnO varistors showed good electrical properties and could be a promising material to replace ZnO–Bi2O3 varistors which is appreciable for the fabrication of voltage switching devices in the near future.

In this article, monodisperse ZnO composite nanoparticles were successfully prepared by sol–gel mixed precursor method. Subsequently, carbon as the shell was homogeneously coated on the surface of the ZnO composite nanoparticles via a simple adsorption and calcination process. Microstructural studies of the as-obtained powders were carried out using the techniques of the x-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the pink ZnO composite powders were fully coated by carbon. Based on the results, the effect of glucose content on the microstructure of the synthesized composites and the electrical properties of the ZnO varistors sintered in air at 1150°C for 2 h were also fully studied. As the amount of glucose increased, the thickness of carbon can be increased from 2.5 nm to 5 nm. In particular, the ZnO varistor fabricated with the appropriate thickness of the carbon coating (5 nm) leads to the superior electrical performance, with present high breakdown voltage (Vb = 420 V/mm) and excellent nonlinear coefficient (α = 61.7), compared with the varistors obtained without carbon coating.

In this paper, the hierarchical SnO2 twig-like microstructures have been successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction at 160 °C for 6 h with adding polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000). The prepared SnO2 architectures were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The branches of the prepared twig-like SnO2 architectures have a diameter of about 2–5 µm. The morphologies and sizes of as-prepared SnO2 architectures could be tailored by varying reaction time and temperature. Further, the synthesized SnO2 microstructures were applied to humidity sensors. The sensing test revealed that the twig-like SnO2 microstructures exhibit excellent humidity sensing performance at room temperature. Furthermore, the growth mechanism of the as-prepared hierarchical SnO2 microstructure was also proposed in this study.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Panax quinquefolius L. has been used as a proverbial tonic in oriental countries for hundreds of years. It is used as a traditional medicinal herb to nourish vitality. Aim of the study The purpose of our study was to inquiry the activation effects on murine peritoneal macrophages of a novel protein separated from the roots of Panax quinquefolius L. Materials and methods In our work, a novel protein of the roots of American ginseng (AGNP) was separated and purified from the roots of Panax quinquefolius L. The characteristic was investigated with SDS-PAGE, high pressure gel filtration chromatography (HPGFC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass (MALDI-TOF-MS) spectrometry method. The method of neutral red was carried out to investigate the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages. And Griess method and colorimetry were executed to detect the level of nitric oxide and iNOS activity respectively. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Our results demonstrated that the subunit molecular weight of AGNP determined by SDS-PAGE was 15kD and the content of proteins determined by Bradford assay was 2.31mg/mL. The molecular weight of the AGNP was15, 114Da both of electrophoresis and MS purity. And the result of HPGFC showed that the molecular weight of AGNP was 31,086Da, Immunological studied indicated that AGNP could conspicuously increase phagocytosis of macrophages, facilitate the nitric oxide production, Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 production. What is more, AGNP dose-dependently stimulated NO formation through the up-regulation of iNOS activity. Conclusions In conclusion, AGNP had good immunoregulatory effects supporting the traditional claims and may provide a valuable therapeutic strategy to promoting immune function and metabolism.

In this paper, a combing method based on the linear extended state observer (LESO) and the LQR controller is presented. The LESO is applied to estimate the total disturbance of the space station, and an effective disturbance compensation strategy is proposed for the attitude control and moment management. The simulation results illustrate this method is effective

Based on the previous schemes to solve the problem of high empty-loading ratio to taxies, the paper discusses the development of taxi radio dispatch system, and the causes to the low efficiency of the system. By the system that mentioned previous, the effective information between passengers and taxi can't be transferred on time; therefore, the problem of high taxi empty-loading ratio remains undecided. Combined with the existing experiences and the domestic market present situations, we design an operation framework of the interaction system of real-time traffic information, and analyze its applicability. This paper argues that traditional taxi radio dispatch system should be changed, and the system of real-time traffic information should be promoted, thus the problem of taxi empty-loading ratio can be solved effective.

A new technique for evaluating a microcalorimeter is presented in this paper. Its measurement principle is to change a thermistor mounts mismatch status by changing the reference resistance of its power meter bridge, measure a microcalorimeter in different mismatch status so that effective efficiency of the thermistor mount measured by the microcalorimeter can be used as the transfer value. This technique will shorten the measurement time and simplify the assembling procedure, while not reducing the evaluation accuracy. Its measurement principle and a experimental result are reported in this paper.

Microwave power standard adopts calorimetry techniques to calibrate the effective efficiency of the thermistor mount. Correction factor is the key of calibration thermistor mount.The microwave power standard mainly adopted short-circuited mode to determine the correction factor so far, but it must consider the effects of microwave power absorbed by short plate to thermopile, so the method that how to get the power dissipated in the short plate is the key to calculating correction factor and its uncertainty. This paper presents a new method based on electromagnetic field theory to consider the short-circuit dissipation power. A detailed analysis of its superiority over the traditional method is shown. It reduces the uncertainty of the correction factor reasonably, in other words, reduces the uncertainty of the microwave power standard.

RT-qPCR offers high sensitivity, for accurate interpretations of qPCR results however, normalisation using suitable reference genes is fundamental. Androgens can regulate transcriptional expression including reference gene expression in prostate cancer. In this study, we evaluated ten mRNA and six non-protein coding RNA reference genes in five prostate cell lines under varied dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatments. We validated the effects of DHT-treatments using media containing charcoal-stripped serum prior to DHT stimulation on the test samples by Western blot experiments. Reference gene expression stability was analysed using three programs (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper), and the recommended comprehensive ranking is provided. Our results reveal that ACTB and GAPDH, and miR-16 and miR-1228-3p are the most suitable mRNA and miRNA reference genes across all cell lines, respectively. Considering prostate cancer cell types, ACTB/GAPDH and ACTB/HPRT1 are the most suitable reference gene combinations for mRNA analysis, and miR-16/miR-1228-3p and RNU6-2/RNU43 for miRNA analysis in AR+, and AR− and normal cell lines, respectively. Comparison of relative target gene (PCA3 and miR-141) expression reveals different patterns depending on reference genes used for normalisation. To our knowledge, this is the first report on validation of reference genes under different DHT treatments in prostate cancer cells. This study provides insights for discovery of reliable DHT-regulated genes in prostate cells.

Basal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was essential for male reproductive function, whereas high ROS levels may be linked to low quality of sperm and male infertility. We examined the associations between ROS levels in whole ejaculates and sperm quality among 1092 male factor infertility (MFI) patients and 50 donors with normal semen characteristics. ROS levels were significantly positively correlated with abnormal morphology rate, head defect, and sperm deformity index. Further, we investigated whether seminal plasma from MFI patients with high ROS levels affects sperm motility from donors with normal semen characteristics. After cross-culturing fresh human sperm from donors possessing normal semen characteristics with seminal plasma from infertitle men, sperm motility was measured at different ROS levels. Seminal plasma from MFI patients significantly reduced motility of sperm and the reduction rate increased with increasing ROS levels in seminal plasma. On the other hand, we found MFI patients with the ROS levels in the lowest 25th percentile had similar ROS levels to donors with normal semen characteristics. Collectively, our observations lead to the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development of MFI among those with high ROS levels, but not those with low ROS levels.

In this paper, we study the global robust synchronization problem of the controlled Duffing system and the van der Pol oscillator. By employing the internal model approach, we first convert the problem into a global robust stabilization problem of a time-varying nonlinear system in the lower triangular form. Then we show that the global robust stabilization problem of the lower triangular system is solvable, thus leading to the solution of the global robust synchronization problem.

A comparative study of the optical and electro-optic properties of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (PS-BPLC) cells with photoalignment layers and rubbing alignment layers is performed. The optical microscope (OM) images of the photoaligned and rubbing-aligned cells depict that they have uniform PS-BPLC textures, while the post-processed OM images of the two cells reveal that the former has a more uniform PS-BPLC texture than the latter. The relatively uniform PS-BPLC texture in the photoaligned cell is verified by the reflective spectra of the two cells. The voltage-dependent transmittance curves and time-dependent transmittance curves of another two photoaligned and rubbing-aligned cells with in-plane-switching (IPS) electrodes indicate that the contrast ratio of the former is 41% larger than that of the latter, and the operation voltage (response time) of the former is 11 (10) % smaller than that of the latter. This result arises from the fact that the photoaligned cell with the IPS electrodes exhibits a relatively uniform PS-BPLC texture and relatively weak voltage-shielding effect. Therefore, the photoalignment can improve the electro-optic properties of PS-BPLC cells with alignment layers. The photoaligned and rubbing-aligned cells have no thermal hysteresis in low voltage regions due to the uniform surface alignment layers, and exhibit very low voltage-induced hysteresis in high voltage regions owing to no thermal hysteresis. Briefly, uniform surface alignment layers can eliminate the thermal hysteresis of PS-BPLC cells, suppressing their voltage-induced hysteresis. In other words, the hysteresis of PS-BPLC cells with alignment layers is independent of alignment methods as long as the alignment layers have strong surface anchoring energy.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating plant diseases, and poses a significant agricultural concern because of the lack of an efficient control method. Eugenol is a plant-derived natural compound that has been widely used as a food additive and in medicine. In the present study, we demonstrated the potential of eugenol to enhance the resistance of tomato plants to TYLCV. The anti-TYLCV efficiency of eugenol was significantly higher than that of moroxydine hydrochloride (MH), a widely used commercial antiviral agent. Eugenol application stimulated the production of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA) in tomato plants. The full-length cDNA of SlPer1, which has been suggested to be a host R gene specific to TYLCV, was isolated from tomato plants. A sequence analysis suggested that SlPer1 might be a nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) belonging to the permease family. The transcript levels of SlPer1 increased markedly in response to treatment with eugenol or TYLCV inoculation. The results of this study also showed that SlPer1 expression was strongly induced by SA, MeJA (jasmonic acid methyl ester), and NO. Thus, we propose that the increased transcription of SlPer1 contributed to the high anti-TYLCV efficiency of eugenol, which might involve in the generation of endogenous SA and NO. Such findings provide the basis for the development of eugenol as an environmental-friendly agricultural antiviral agent.

To explore the normal range of serum glycated albumin (GA) during the second trimester in non-gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) population and the value of serum GA in the blood glucose monitoring during pregnancy.The GA was measured in 101 healthy gravida during the second trimester and 80 gravida with GDM and diabetes mellitus who were in treatment at Peking University First Hospital between August 2011 and December 2011, in order to analyze the normal range of GA and the relationship between GA and the level of blood glucose.(1) The normal range of GA during the second trimester was 10.9%-15.3%, which was negatively correlated with body mass index (P0.01). (2) Significant correlations were observed between GA and the level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), preprandial, postprandial and mean plasma glucose in gravida with GDM and diabetes mellitus (r:0.361, 0.252, 0.338, 0.310;all P0.05). (3) When the level of GA was 13.97%, the sensitivity and specificity index for glucose control were 78.0% and 74.4%.GA could evaluate the severity of disease in gravida with GDM and diabetes mellitus. 10.9%-15.3% could be suggested as normal range of GA for the gravida at the second trimester.

Comprehensive RDSS positioning method is a combined positioning method, using the pseudo range difference between a RDSS repeater satellite and any other two navigation satellites to calculate the position information of the users. This method has become an important research direction of global satellite navigation to improve the ratio of cost and efficiency, reduce the user machine complexity and improve the positioning accuracy. In this paper, combined positioning accuracy error source, including satellite constellation, measurement error and multi-path effects is analyzed by the comprehensive RDSS method. On the same time, the method to eliminate and weaken the influence of errors on the positioning precision is also proposed.

To study the value of cervical length (CL) by transvaginal sonography in the mid-trimester and late-trimester for the prediction of preterm delivery.The CL was measured by transvaginal sonography for 5277 pregnant women between 22 - 24 weeks and 28 - 32 weeks gestation, who were prenatal cared and delivered at the First Hospital of Peking University from June 2008 to November 2009. The pregnancy outcomes were followed, and the relationship between CL and preterm delivery and preterm premature rupture of membrane was studied.(1) The incidence of preterm delivery was 5.4% (289/5370) total, among of them the incidence of therapeutic preterm delivery was 1.7% (93/5370), spontaneously preterm delivery was 1.2% (62/5370), and preterm premature rupture of membrane was 2.5% (134/5370). There are 4 cases (4/5370) who occured late abortion. (2) Excluding the 93 women who had therapeutic preterm delivery, the mean CL of 22 - 24 weeks was (38.8 ± 4.0) mm. The relative risk for preterm delivery when the CL30 mm was 5.2, when CL25 mm, the relative risk was 11.1, and when CL15 mm the relative risk for preterm delivery was 13.8. The average CL during 28-32 weeks of gestation was (34.6 ± 4.8) mm, was significantly shorter than that of 22 - 24 weeks (P0.05). During this period the relative risk for preterm delivery when the CL30 mm was 6.9, when CL25 mm, the relative risk was 11.1, and when CL15 mm the relative risk for preterm delivery was 20.0. (3) A CL30 mm as the cut-off value for predicting preterm delivery during 22 - 24 weeks of gestation has only a 3% sensitivity and 19% positive predictive value, but had a 99% specificity and 96% negative predictive value. The sensitivity, positive predictive value, specificity and negative predictive value for a CL30 mm as the cut-off value for predicting preterm delivery during 28 - 32 weeks of gestation was 33%, 21%, 95% and 97% respectively. (4) The total number of preterm premature rupture of membrane pregnant women was 134 (2.5%), who had a mean CL of (38.4 ± 4.7) mm during 22 - 24 weeks of gestation, was similar with the women without preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM), but during 28 - 32 weeks of gestation the women who occured PPROM had a mean cervical length of (30.6 ± 8.1) mm, and was significantly shorter than that of women without PPROM (34.7 ± 4.6) mm.(1) CL in 28 - 32 weeks of gestation is significantly shorter than that of in the mid-gestation, but more than 90% of women has a CL ≥ 30 mm. (2) The shorter the CL is, the greater the relative risk of preterm delivery. According to different CL for clinical consulting objective relative risk could be provide. (3) The CL during 28 - 32 weeks of gestation can also predict preterm delivery, the sensitivity is obviously better than that of 22 - 24 weeks of gestation. (4) The CL during 28 - 32 weeks of gestation is valuable for predicting of PPROM.

To understand the incidence of abnormal glucose metabolism during pregnancy and the maternal and neonatal outcomes after standard management.A retrospective study of maternal and neonatal outcomes was conducted in 1490 pregnant women who were diagnosed and treated for abnormal glucose metabolism and delivered in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of First Hospital of Peking University from Jan 1995 to Dec 2004 by reviewing the medical records. The selected cases consisted of 79 women with diabetes mellitus (DM group), 777 with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM group), including 355 cases of A1, 316 with A2 and 106 cases unclassified, and 634 with gestational impaired glucose test (GIGT group). Maternal and fetal outcomes were analysed in comparison with the controls of 19 013 pregnant women with normal glucose metabolism who delivered during the same period.(1) The total incidence of gestational abnormal glucose metabolism was 7.3% and increased gradually from 1995 to 2004. The first stage, from Jan 1995 to Dec 1999, saw a slow increase in the incidence [4.3% (376/8739)]; the second stage, from Jan 2000 to Dec 2001, showed a fast increasing trend. The average incidence was 10.8% (445/4133). The incidence in the third stage kept stable at 8.9% (678/7640) from Jan 2002 to Dec 2004. (2) The incidence of macrosomia, preeclampsia and preterm birth were 12.1% (180/1490), 9.5% (141/1490) and 9.4% (140/1490), which were significantly higher than those women with normal glucose metabolism (P0.01). A significant difference was found in the incidence of preeclampsia, preterm birth, intrauterine infection, polyhydramnios and ketonuria among the three groups (P0.05), but not in the incidence of macrosomia (P0.05). (3) The perinatal mortality rate (PMR) of abnormal glucose metabolism group was 1.19% (18/1513) which was significantly higher in the DM group (4.93%) than GDM (1.14%) and GIGT groups (0.78%, P0.01), while the incidence of neonatal asphyxia, hypoglycemia, malformation and admission to NICU in the DM group were all higher than GDM and GIGT groups (P0.01). (4) NRDS was found in 9 cases among 1505 neonates (0.6%) and all were delivered preterm.(1) The incidence of gestational abnormal glucose metabolism is increasing and the screening and diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy should be strengthened. (2) Macrosomia, preeclampsia and preterm birth remain the first three common complications even after standardized glycemic management, but the maternal and neonatal complications are reduced in the GIGT group except for macrosomia. Those women in the DM group has a higher rate of maternal and neonatal complications than those in GDM and GIGT groups, so management in these patients should be strengthened. (3) NRDS is no longer a primary neonatal complication provided proper management is performed.

To evaluate the risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT).A prospective case-control study was performed in 85 women with GDM, 63 cases with GIGT and 125 cases as control recruited from Feb 2004 to Aug 2004 in Peking University First Hospital. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors of GDM and GIGT.(1) The mean age, and body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy and larger maternal weight gains during pregnancy were significantly different between GDM/GIGT and control group (P0.05). (2) More intakes of fruits and carbohydrate per day increased the incidence of GDM and GIGT (P0.05). (3) There was a higher proportion of women with family history of diabetes among the GDM (42.2%) and GIGT (36.5%) compared with control group (19.2%). Irregular menses (16.5%, 23.8%), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (5.9%, 3.2%) were more prevalent in the GDM, GIGT groups versus control subjects (6.4%, 0). The incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) was significantly higher in pregnant women with GDM and GIGT (15.3% and 17.4%) than in control group (7.2%). (4) Multivariate logistic regression showed that age, irregular menses, BMI before pregnancy, history of spontaneous abortion, educational level and VVC all were independent factors for GDM or GIGT.Maternal age, irregular menses, obesity before gestation, rapid weight gains during pregnancy, history of spontaneous abortion as well as VVC are independent risk factors for GDM or GIGT. PCOS and family history of diabetes increase the incidence of GDM and GIGT but these are not independent risk factors for GDM and GIGT.

To investigate the incidence and associated factors of pre-eclampsia in women with abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnancy.A retrospective study was conducted on 1202 pregnant women with abnormal glucose metabolism who delivered their babies in our hospital between 1981-2003. All women were divided into 2 groups: group I included 151 women with pre-eclampsia; group II consisted of 1050 women without pre-eclampsia. The risk factors of pre-eclampsia were analyzed.(1) The incidence of pre-eclampsia was 12.6% as a whole and was 34.8% (39/112), 11.8% (89/753) and 6.8% (23/337) in diabetes mellitus (DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) groups, respectively (P0.01). (2) The average pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI), the gestational age at the presence of elevated blood glucose and the parity in group I were significantly different from that of group II [(31 +/- 4) kg/m(2) vs (29 +/- 4) kg/m(2), P = 0.027; (27 +/- 11) weeks vs (30 +/- 7) weeks, P = 0.001; (1.0 +/- 0.6) vs (0.8 +/- 0.6), P = 0.01]. No difference was shown in these two groups in maternal age and gravida. (3) The incidence of pre-eclampsia was increased in women who had poor obstetric history and chronic hypertension (18.5% vs 11.6%, 41.9% vs 11.5%, P = 0.03, 0.000). (4) In group I, the glucose level of glucose challenge test (GCT), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, fasting, 2 hr and 3 hr) and the hemoglobin A(1)c (HbA(1)c) value were all higher than those of group II (P = 0.002, 0.000, 0.009, 0.001, 0.004, respectively). (5) Those with insulin treatment had a rate of 15.6% of pre-eclampsia, which was higher than those with diet control (9.9%, P = 0.009), and the glucose not well controlled women had a higher rate of pre-eclampsia than the well controlled ones (17.0% vs 10.0%, P = 0.000). (6) Logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors of pre-eclampsia were pregnant women with chronic hypertension and the level of HbA(1)c.Types of abnormal glucose metabolism have significant effect on the incidence of pre-eclampsia. The occurrence of pre-eclampsia in these women is closely related to the plasma glucose level at GDM diagnosis and how well the maternal glucose level is controlled.