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Abstract As a traditional Chinese medicine formula used in clinical practice for an extended period, Suxin-Hugan-Fang (SXHGF) exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory properties. However, the efficacy of SXHGF in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) and its mechanism of action are still unclear. In this study, the therapeutic effects of SXHGF on UC were evaluated using network pharmacology and experimental validation, while also investigating its mechanism of action. By administering DSS to C57BL/6 mice to construct a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, the therapeutic effect of SXHGF on ulcerative colitis was evaluated based on weight loss percentage, disease activity index, colon length changes, and pathological conditions as indicators. The main chemical components of SXHGF were determined by LC-MS-QTOF method. The potential targets and mechanisms of action of SXHGF in the treatment of UC were inferred using bioinformatics methods, and further validated through ELISA, IHC, and Western blotting assays. The experimental results demonstrate that SXHGF can suppress oxidative stress and oxidative damage in the colon tissue of UC mice, and alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 and NFκB pathways.

IntroductionUlcerative colitis (UC) results in the breakdown of the mucosal barrier caused by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress. Huanglian Pingwei San (HLPWS) is a commonly prescribed traditional Chinese medicine for treating colitis, but the precise mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the protective effect of HLPWS on UC mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved.MaterialsUC mouse model was established in C57BL/6 mice via 2.25% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The chemical composition of HLPWS was examined through UPLC/MS Q-TOF analysis. The efficacy of HLPWS in treating UC was assessed. A TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptotic cells. An ELISA was used to evaluate the levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues and serum. The percentages of Treg and Th17 cells were measured via flow cytometry. The protein expression in the colonic tissue was validated via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting.ResultsHLPWS significantly improved UC symptoms and colon tissue histology in mice. The structure and function of the intestinal barrier were restored by HLPWS treatment, as shown by increased DAO content, reduced levels of FITC-dextran, and increased protein expression of ZO-1, occludin, claudin, and MUC2. HLPWS dose-dependently decreased the number of apoptotic cells by inhibiting P53, P21, P27, cleaved caspase 3, and p-H2AX expression. HLPWS also reduced abnormal oxidative stress by reducing Keap1 expression and increasing Nrf2 and HO-1 levels. Furthermore, HLPWS rebalanced the Treg/Th17 ratio to alleviated inflammatory reactions in UC mice.ConclusionThese findings suggest that HLPWS alleviated colonic intestinal barrier dysfunction in UC mice by reducing oxidative stress and restoring immune balance. This study underscores the potential therapeutic benefits of HLPWS and highlights its potential as a future pharmaceutical candidate for UC treatment.

Addressing the devastating and often irreversible effects of stroke necessitates innovative therapeutic strategies that go beyond the limitations of current treatments. This study heralds a promising interdisciplinary approach by employing LAP/PDA composite nanomaterials integrated into silk fibroin-based hydrogels. These engineered materials not only demonstrated significantly enhanced mechanical properties, but also showed excellent biocompatibility when co-cultured with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Importantly, the application of these composite hydrogels in stroke models yielded remarkable therapeutic outcomes. The results indicated a substantial reduction in cerebral infarction volumes, improved survival rates of transplanted hMSCs, and increased neurogenesis, underlining their transformative potential in stroke management. Molecular markers such as AQP4, α-DG, and β-DG were also explored, revealing modulated astrocyte activation and cellular signaling pathways. In summary, the composite LAP/PDA nanomaterials, in conjunction with hMSCs and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), unveil a compelling and multifaceted approach for addressing the unmet needs in stroke treatment, thereby opening new avenues in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Introduction: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), is a serious health disorder that affects patient moods. It is caused by cyclic psychological symptoms and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Abnormalities in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) orexin system, which are important causes of the development of depressive mood, have not been reported in PMDD, so exploring its intrinsic mechanisms is meaningful for enriching the pathomechanisms of PMDD.Methods: High performance liquid chromatography was used for the determination of the active ingredients of Jingqianshu granules. Developing a rat model of premenstrual depression using the forced swimming test (FST). The experiment consisted of two parts. In Part 1, the rats were divided into the control group, the model group, the model + Jingqianshu group, and the model + fluoxetine group. The FST, open field test, and elevated plus maze test, were used to assess the behavior of the rats as well as to evaluate the effect of drug intervention. Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of orexin and its receptors OX1R and OX2R genes and proteins. The expression of Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor kappa-B, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and interleukin-1β in the BLA brain region was detected by Western-Blot. In part 2, the rats were injected intracerebrally with orexin-A. Observe the behavioral activities of rats in the control group, model group, and model+orexin-A group. Immunofluorescence was used to detect microglia in the BLA area of rats, and the expression levels of the above inflammatory factors were detected by Western-Blot.Results: The five components of Jingqianshu granules are: paeoniflorin, erulic acid, liquiritin, hesperidin, and paeonol. During the estrous cycle, rats exhibited depressive-like behavior during the non-receptive phase of the behavioral test, which disappeared during the receptive phase. Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR showed reduced gene and protein expression of orexin, OX1R, and OX2R in the BLA region of rats in the model group.WB showed elevated levels of inflammatory factors. All returned to control levels after drug treatment. In part 2, injection of orexin-A into the BLA brain region of model rats resulted in reduced immunoreactivity of microglia and decreased expression levels of inflammatory factors.Discussion: Jianqianshu granules can achieve the purpose of treating premenstrual depression by regulating orexin-mediated inflammatory factors, which provides a new idea for further research on the pathogenesis of PMDD. However, the current study is still preliminary and the pathogenesis of PMDD is complex. Therefore, more in-depth exploration is needed.

Huanglian Wendan Decoction (HWD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescribed to patients diagnosed with insomnia, which can achieve excellent therapeutic outcomes. As positively modulating the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors (GABAARs) is the most effective strategy to manage insomnia, this study aimed to investigate whether the activation of GABAARs is involved in the anti-insomnia effect of HWD. We assessed the metabolites of HWD using LC/MS and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database and tested the pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo using whole-cell patch clamp and insomnia zebrafish model. In HEK293 cells expressing α1β3γ2L GABAARs, HWD effectively increased the GABA-induced currents and could induce GABAAR-mediated currents independent of the application of GABA. In the LC-MS (QToF) assay, 31 metabolites were discovered in negative ion modes and 37 metabolites were found in positive ion modes, but neither three selected active metabolites, Danshensu, Coptisine, or Dihydromyricetin, showed potentiating effects on GABA currents. 62 active metabolites of the seven botanical drugs were collected based on the TCMSP database and 19 of them were selected for patch-clamp verification according to the virtual docking simulations and other parameters. At a concentration of 100 μM, GABA-induced currents were increased by (+)-Cuparene (278.80% ± 19.13%), Ethyl glucoside (225.40% ± 21.77%), and β-Caryophyllene (290.11% ± 17.71%). In addition, (+)-Cuparene, Ethyl glucoside, and β-Caryophyllene could also serve as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and shifted the GABA dose-response curve (DRC) leftward significantly. In the PCPA-induced zebrafish model, Ethyl glucoside showed anti-insomnia effects at concentrations of 100 μM. In this research, we demonstrated that the activation of GABAARs was involved in the anti-insomnia effect of HWD, and Ethyl glucoside might be a key metabolite in treating insomnia.

This research was done to develop an electrochemical sensor for the determination of the antidepressant drug sertraline hydrochloride (SH) using carboxylated graphene oxide-modified glassy carbon electrodes and silver vanadate nanoparticles (AgVO3/c-GO/GCE). The modified electrode, made of AgVO3/c-GO nanocomposite, was prepared using a hydrothermal technique. Studying the morphology and structure of changed electrodes revealed that AgVO3 nanowires and c-GO nanosheets formed a 3D hybrid matrix with a significant precise surface area and increased porosity. The prepared AgVO3/c-GO/GCE can be anticipated to be an appropriate platform for selective and sensitive SH sensing, according to studies of the electrochemical properties using CV and DPV techniques. With a detection limit and sensitivity of 25 ± 0.5 nM and 0.01901 μA/μM, respectively, the suggested sensor demonstrated a broad linear response range from concentrations of 0 to 1600 μM. Finally, the design sensor's suitability for accurately and precisely determining the SH in pharmaceutical tablets was assessed.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) occurs recurrently during the luteal phase of a woman’s menstrual cycle and disappears after menstruation ends. It is characterized by abnormal changes in both the body and mood, and in certain cases, severe disruptions in daily life and even suicidal tendencies. Current drugs for treating PMS, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, do not yield satisfactory results. Orexin, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus, is garnering attention in the treatment of neurological disorders and is believed to modulate the symptoms of PMS. This paper reviews the advancements in research on sleep disturbances, mood changes, and cognitive impairment caused by PMS, and suggests potential pathways for orexin to address these symptoms. Furthermore, it delves into the role of orexin in the molecular mechanisms underlying PMS. Orexin regulates steroid hormones, and the cyclic fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PMS. Additionally, orexin also modulates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and the inflammatory response involved in coordinating the mechanism of PMS. Unraveling the role of orexin in the pathogenesis of PMS will not only aid in understanding the etiology of PMS but also hold implications for orexin as a novel target for treating PMS.

Abstract Background Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf. (AGS), a Chinese folk medicine widely grows in the south of China and several studies reported that AGS could inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer, liver cancer, and bladder cancer cell lines. However, little is known about its anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) efficiency. Methods In the present study, a combination of MTT assay, network pharmacological analysis, bioinformatics, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation study was used to investigate the active ingredients, and targets of AGS against CRC, as well as the potential mechanism. Results MTT assay showed that three kinds of fractions from AGS, including the n-butanol extract (NBAGS), ethyl acetate fraction (EAAGS), and petroleum ether fraction (PEAGS) significantly inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells, with the IC50 values of 197.24, 264.85, 15.45 µg/mL on HCT116 cells, and 523.6, 323.59, 150.31 µg/mL on SW620 cells, respectively. Eleven active ingredients, including, 11-O-galloylbergenin, 11-O-protocatechuoylbergenin, 11-O-syringylbergenin, ardisiacrispin B, bergenin, epicatechin-3-gallate, gallic acid, quercetin, stigmasterol, stigmasterol-3-o-β-D-glucopyranoside were identified. A total of 173 targets related to the bioactive components and 21,572 targets related to CRC were picked out through database searching. Based on the crossover targets of AGS and CRC, a protein-protein interaction network was built up by the String database, from which it was concluded that the core targets would be SRC, MAPK1, ESR1, HSP90AA1, MAPK8. Besides, GO analysis showed that the numbers of biological process, cellular component, and molecular function of AGS against CRC were 1079, 44, and 132, respectively, and KEGG pathway enrichment indicated that 96 signaling pathways in all would probably be involved in AGS against CRC, among which MAPK signaling pathway, lipid, and atherosclerosis, proteoglycans in cancer, prostate cancer, adherens junction would probably be the major pathways. The docking study verified that AGS had multiple ingredients and multiple targets against CRC. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis showed that the binding would be stable via forming hydrogen bonds. Conclusion Our study showed that AGS had good anti-CRC potency with the characteristics of multi-ingredients, -targets, and -signaling pathways.

Background: Aggressive behaviors are one of the most important negative behaviors that seriously endangers human health. Also, the central para-inflammation of microglia triggered by stress can affect neurological function, plasticity, and behavior. NLRP3 integrates stress-related signals and is a key driver of this neural para-inflammation. However, it is unclear whether the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in the development of aggressive behaviors.Methods: First, aggressive behavior model mice were established using the resident intruder paradigm. Then, aggressive behaviors were determined with open-field tests (OFT), elevated plus-maze (EPM), and aggressive behavior tests (AT). Moreover, the expression of P2X7R and NLRP3 inflammasome complexes were assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. The levels of NLRP3 and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Finally, nerve plasticity damage was observed by immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscope, and BrdU staining.Results: Overall, the resident intruder paradigm induced aggressive behaviors, activated the hippocampal P2X7R and NLRP3 inflammasome, and promoted the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β in mice. Moreover, NLRP3 knockdown, administration of P2X7R antagonist (A804598), and IL-1β blocker (IL-1Ra) prevented NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammatory responses and ameliorated resident intruder paradigm-induced aggressive behaviors. Also, the resident intruder paradigm promoted the activation of mouse microglia, damaging synapses in the hippocampus, and suppressing hippocampal regeneration in mice. Besides, NLRP3 knockdown, administration of A804598, and IL-1Ra inhibited the activation of microglia, improved synaptic damage, and restored hippocampal regeneration.Conclusion: The NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammatory response contributed to resident intruder paradigm-induced aggressive behavior, which might be related to neuroplasticity. Therefore, the NLRP3 inflammasome can be a potential target to treat aggressive behavior-related mental illnesses.

Anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental diseases. It is mainly characterized by a sudden, recurring but indescribable panic, fear, tension and/or anxiety. Yangshendingzhi granules (YSDZ) are widely used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, but its active ingredients and underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. This study integrates network pharmacology and metabolomics to investigate the potential mechanism of action of YSDZ in a rat model of anxiety. First, potential active ingredients and targets were screened by network pharmacology. Then, predictions were verified by molecular docking, molecular dynamics and western blotting. Metabolomics was used to identify differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. All results were integrated for a comprehensive analysis. Network pharmacology analysis found that Carotene, β-sitosterol, quercetin, Stigmasterol, and kaempferol in YSDZ exert anxiolytic effects mainly by acting on IL1β, GABRA1, PTGS1, ESR1, and TNF targets. Molecular docking results showed that all the affinities were lower than −5 kcal/mol, and the average affinities were −7.7764 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that RMSD was lower than 2.5 A, and the overall conformational changes of proteins were small, indicating that the small molecules formed stable complexes with proteins. The results of animal experiments showed that YSDZ exerts anxiolytic effects by regulating GABRA1 and TNF-α, ameliorating pathological damage in hippocampal CA1, and regulating metabolic pathways such as thiamine, cysteine and methionine metabolism, lysine biosynthesis and degradation. Altogether, we reveal multiple mechanisms through which YSDZ exerts its anti-anxiety effects, which may provide a reference for its clinical application and drug development.

Abstract Background Shen-ling-bai-zhu-san (SLBZS) regulates inflammation and gut microbiota which are associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn)-induced pneumonia. So, we studied the therapeutic effect of SLBZS and evaluated whether gut microbiota is associated with the effects of SLBZS in improving Spn-induced pneumonia. Methods Spn-induced pneumonia NIH mice were treated by SLBZS and cefixime. A CT scan was performed and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung homogenates was determined using the MPO Colorimetric Assay Kit. Inflammation levels in lung homogenates were measured using ELISA. Bacterial load was coated on a TSAII sheep blood agar. Intestinal gut microbiota information was analyzed according to sequencing libraries. Results SLBZS decreased bacterial load, reduced wet/dry weight ratio, inhibited myeloperoxidase activity, reduced the neutrophils count, and ameliorated lung injury. Furthermore, SLBZS inhibited interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12, and interferon-γ secretion and enhanced IL-10 secretion. These results suggest that SLBZS ameliorates lung injury in mice with Spn-induced pneumonia. Moreover, SLBZS reduced inflammatory cytokine levels in a concentration-dependent manner and increased gut microbiota abundance and diversity. After SLBZS treatment, bacteria such as Epsilonbacteraeota, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Patescibacteria were significantly reduced, while Tenericutes and Firmicutes were significantly increased. Conclusion SLBZS ameliorates inflammation, lung injury, and gut microbiota in mice with S. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia.

Ficus pandurata Hance (FPH) is a Chinese herbal medicine widely used for health care. This study was designed to investigate the alleviation efficacy of the low-polarity ingredients of FPH (FPHLP), prepared by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction technology, against CCl4-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice and uncover its underlying mechanism. The results showed that FPHLP had a good antioxidative effect determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity test and T-AOC assay. The in vivo study showed that FPHLP dose-dependently protected against liver damage via detection of ALT, AST, and LDH levels and changes in liver histopathology. The antioxidative stress properties of FPHLP suppressed ALI by increasing levels of GSH, Nrf2, HO-1, and Trx-1 and reducing levels of ROS and MDA and the expression of Keap1. FPHLP significantly reduced the level of Fe2+ and expression of TfR1, xCT/SLC7A11, and Bcl2, while increasing the expression of GPX4, FTH1, cleaved PARP, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3. The results demonstrated that FPHLP protected mouse liver from injury induced by CCl4 via suppression of apoptosis and ferroptosis. This study suggests that FPHLP can be used for liver damage protection in humans, which strongly supports its traditional use as a herbal medicine.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke, but effective treatments are lacking, and neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis. In the innate immune response to cerebral hemorrhage, microglia first appear around the injured tissue and are involved in the inflammatory cascade response. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by being activated and polarized to either a typical M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or an alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. These two polarization states produce pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. With the discovery of the molecular mechanisms and key signaling molecules related to the polarization of microglia in the brain, some targets that regulate the polarization of microglia to reduce the inflammatory response are considered a treatment for secondary brain tissue after ICH damage effective strategies. Therefore, how to promote the polarization of microglia to the M2 phenotype after ICH has become the focus of attention in recent years. This article reviews the mechanism of action of microglia’s M1 and M2 phenotypes in secondary brain injury after ICH. Moreover, it discusses compounds and natural pharmaceutical ingredients that can polarize the M1 to the M2 phenotype.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a kind of chronic autoimmune disease with several tissues damaged. Shuji tablet (SJT) is a prescription approved for treating lumbago and leg pain in the clinic. However, the efficacy of SJT against RA is still unknown. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of SJT on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats and explore the mechanism via a network pharmacological approach.Methods: AIA rats were treated with SJT for 30 days at the dosages of 3.6, 1.8, and 0.9 g/kg, respectively, and the anti-RA effect was determined by measuring paw swelling, systemic symptoms score, arthritis index, and histopathological change. ELISA assay was used to evaluate the level of inflammatory cytokines in serum. The mechanism exploration and target prediction of SJT against RA were performed via a network pharmacological approach.Results: SJT showed excellent alleviation on AIA rats, with evidence of reducing paws swelling, decreasing systemic symptoms score, and arthritis index. Furthermore, SJT significantly reduced the serum cytokines of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α in AIA rats. Histopathological examination showed SJT remarkably reduced synovial hyperplasia, cartilage damage, and inflammatory infiltration in the secondary-side paws. According to network pharmacological analysis, 208 candidate compounds and 445 potential targets of SJT were identified, and 4465 RA therapy-related targets were searched out. Subsequently, 292 target genes of SJT were speculated to be associated with RA treatment, among which the top 5 “response values” targets were STAT3, AKT1, JUN, HSP90AA1, TNF. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that 45 signaling pathways were associating with SJT treating RA. The top 10 signaling pathways were PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AGE-RAGE pathway in diabetic complications, Ras, HIF-1, TNF, Chemokine, IL-17, FoxO, and Rap1.Conclusion: Our experimental study showed that SJT significantly alleviated rheumatoid arthritis of AIA rats. Network pharmacology showed that the key targets of SJT against RA probably were STAT3, AKT1, JUN, HSP90AA1, TNF, and the potential mechanism was associated with modulation on the signaling pathways of PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Ras, AGE-RAGE, HIF-1, TNF, chemokine, IL-17, FoxO, Rap 1. Our study strongly provides evidence for Shuji tablet in RA therapy and would enlarge its application in the clinic.

Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Psidium Guajava L. leaves have a variety of pharmacological effects, such as antiinflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, reducing blood lipid, and reducing blood sugar. In recent years, the effect of Psidium Guajava L. leaves on diabetes and its complications has become the focus of research. This paper reviews the pharmacological research trends of effect of Psidium Guajava L. leaves on diabetes and its complications, in order to provide reference for the application and research and development of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress on the pharmacological effects of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf in recent years, and finds that Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf has good pharmacological effects in many aspects, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-thrombosis, anti-tumor and so on. In particular, more than ten saponins have been found to have good anti-tumor activity and have potential research value, which can provide reference for the full development and utilization of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "gut-liver axis" theory is the theoretical basis for the influence of gut microbiota on the occurrence and development of chronic liver diseases, and it mainly elaborates the relationship between the gut and chronic liver diseases. With the emergence of high-throughput sequencing metagenomic technology, it is feasible to conduct in-depth research on the diversity and population structure of gut microbes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), so as to provide more ideas for the research on the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of NAFLD. This paper reviewed the bidirectional effects of gut microbiota and NAFLD. In addition, it summarized the relevant content of regulating gut microbiota in the treatment of NAFLD, in the hope of providing more reference for the treatment of NAFLD from the perspective of gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the modern development of traditional medicine, the research on the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and bowel cancer is increasingly deep. This paper reviews the pharmacological research progress of flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, steroids and saponins in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and canceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To explore the effects of ethanol extract of Clinacanthus nutans on gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. [Methods] A HFD-induced obesity mouse model was established, and the mice were randomly divided into high-fat model group, high-dose and low-dose groups of ethanol extract of C. nutans. Normal group and high-fat model group were given normal saline by intragastric administration every day. The high-dose and low-dose groups of the ethanol extract of C. nutans were given corresponding drugs by intragastric administration. After 8 weeks of administration, the body weight, fat accumulation, blood lipid level, and liver histopathological changes of the mice in each group were compared. The high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to sequence the fecal samples of mice in each group, and the effects of ethanol extract of C. nutans on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota structure in HFD-induced obese mice were analyzed. [Results] Compared with the normal group, the high-fat model group had significantly higher body weight (P <0.01), increased subcutaneous fat accumulation (P <0.01), increased liver fat content, and increased serum TC, TG and LDL levels (P <0.01). Compared with the high-fat model group, the high-dose group of the ethanol extract of C. nutans significantly reduced the body weight of obese mice (P <0. 01), reduced the subcutaneous fat accumulation in obese mice (P <0. 05), inhibited the synthesis of fat in the liver, significantly reduced serum TC, TG levels (P<0.01), and significantly increased serum HDL levels (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in the gut microbiota of mice in the high-fat model group was significantly increased, while the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Akkermansia were significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was significantly increased. After treatment with ethanol extract of C. nutans, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was reduced, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia (AKK) increased (P<0. 05), while the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria decreased (P<0.05). [Conclusions] HFD-induced obese mice have imbalanced gut microbiota structure and abnormal lipid metabolism, and the ethanol extract of C. nutans can improve the imbalance of microbiota structure and lipid metabolism in obese mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To explore the mechanism of Pinelliae Rhizoma in the treatment of insomnia. [Methods] Using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, the effective components of Pinelliae Rhizoma were explored, to predict its targets, and screen out the targets of insomnia through GeneCards, OMIM and other databases. With the aid of Cytoscape software, a "component-target-pathway-disease" network for the treatment of insomnia by Pinelliae Rhizoma was built. Then, a target protein-related interaction network was created through the String database, and biological function annotation and pathway analysis of key targets were performed. [Results] The 13 active components of Pinelliae Rhizoma take action in the treatment of insomnia by intervening 33 targets, 59 GO biological processes, and 10 main biological pathways. [Conclusions] The active components of Pinelliae Rhizoma may treat insomnia by such pharmacological effect as regulating G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, adrenergic receptor activity, catecholamine binding, and neurotransmiter receptor activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To predict the mechanism of Atractylodes lancea in the treatment of diabetes by using the method of network pharmacology. [Methods] The active constituents of A. lancea were mined and their action targets were predicted by using TCMSP database, and the targets of diabetes were screened out by GeneCards, and OMIM databases. The "constituent-target-pathway-disease" network of A. lancea in the treatment of diabetes was constructed by using Cytoscape software. The target protein-related interaction network was constructed by STRING database, and the biological function annotation and pathway analysis of key targets were carried out. [Results] The 4 active constituents of A. lancea could treat diabetes by intervening in 47 targets, 95 GO biological processes and 116 main biological pathways. [Conclusions] The wogonin, NSC63551, 3β-acetoxy atractylone and β-carotene in A. lancea may regulate nuclear receptor activity, transcription factor activity（directly bind to the ligand-regulated sequence-specific DNA）, steroid receptor, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, sodium-chloride transporter activity, neurotransmitter receptor activity and other pharmacological effects, by mediating AGE-RAGE pathway, IL-17 pathway, PI3 K-Akt pathway, p53 pathway, etc., so as to treat diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study aimed to establish a qualitative identification and content determination method for psoralen in Ficus pandurata Hance and compare the psoralen contents in roots, stems and leaves of F. pandurate Hance and Ficus pandurata Hance var. holophylla Migo. [Methods] Thin-layer chromatography（TLC） was used for qualitative identification, and the content of psoralen was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: column, Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18（250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）; mobile phase, methanol-water（55∶45）; flow rate, 1 mL/min; detection wavelength, 246 nm; column temperature, 30 ℃; and injection volume, 10 μL. [Results] The TLC chromatogram of F. pandurate Hance showed clear spots and good separation. The concentration of psoralen detected in the range of 2.06-41.20 μg/mL had a good linear relationship with the peak area（r=0.999 9）. The RSD values of the precision, stability and reproducibility tests were all less than 2%. The average recovery rate was 100.2%（RSD=1.13%, n=6）. [Conclusions] The established method is simple, easy, accurate and reproducible. It can be used for quality control of F. pandurate Hance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To establish a qualitative identification and content determination method for psoralen and bergapten in the roots and leaves of Ficus pandurata, and the multi-indicator scoring method to optimize the ethanol extraction process for the effective parts of F. pandurata. [Methods] Qualitative identification was carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and content determination was made by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the content of psoralen and bergapten and extract yield were used as indicators, to investigate the effects of ethanol volume fraction, solid-to-liquid ratio, extraction time and extraction times on the ethanol extraction process of F. pandurata; multi-indicator scoring method was adopted, orthogonal test method was designed to optimize the extraction process, and verification test was performed. [Results] TLC chart of F. pandurata shows clear spots and good separation; the detected concentrations of psoralen and bergapten in the roots are in the range of 1.02-32.64 μg/mL and shows a good linear relationship with the peak area (r=0.999 7); these components have not been detected in the leaves, and the precision, RSD of stability and repeatability test is less than 2%; the average recovery rate was 99.8%-100.2%, and the RSD value is 1.12%-1.13% (n=6); the optimized extraction process is to use 50% ethanol as the extraction solvent, the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶10, reflux extraction of 3 times, and 1.5 h each time; the results of the three batches of verification tests show that the content of the two indicator components obtained is high, and the average value of the total amount is 0.34 mg/g (RSD=0.30%, n=3). [Conclusions] The established quality control method for F. pandurata is simple, easy, accurate and reproducible; the preferred extraction process is stable and feasible, suitable for the extraction and purification of coumarin effective parts in F. pandurata roots, so it is expected to provide references for further development of F. pandurata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Giantleaf Ardisia Rhizome on the serum levels of interleukin 6 (ÏL-6), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) and interleukin-1 β (IL-lß) in adjuvant arthritis (AA.) rats induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA), so as to investigate its role in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. [Methods] Rat models of AA were induced by CFA, and they were given with different doses of ethanol extract of Giantleaf Ardisia Rhizome, followed by scoring of systemic and joint inflammation and swelling degree and determination of serum IL-6, TNF-a and IL-lβ levels. [Results] Compared with the model group, the ethanol extract of Giantleaf Ardisia Rhizome significantly reduced the scores of systemic and joint inflammation and swelling degree and the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-a and IL-lß in AA rats (P<0.05, P<0.01). [Conclusions] The ethanol extract of Giantleaf Ardisia Rhizome can suppress the development of AA in rats and the mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of the expression of serum inflammatory factors (ÏL-6, TNF-a, IL-lβ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To screen out the anti-inflammatory and analgesic parts of Ardisia gigantifolia stapf.and to explore the toxicological safety of each part. [Methods]The carrageenan-induced toe swelling experiment of mice, acetic acid-induced peritoneal capillary permeability experiment, pain writhing test, and mouse maximum tolerated dose experiment were carried out. Taking mouse toe swelling, capillary permeability, pain writhing reaction times, and animal death number as indicators, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects were screened and toxicological safety was evaluated for petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water parts of A.gigantifolia. [Results] The petroleum ether part of A.gigantifolia can significantly reduce the degree of carrageenan-induced toe swelling of(P < 0.05), significantly inhibit the glacial acetic acid induced capillary permeability of mice(P < 0.05) and the times of pain writhing of mice(P < 0.01), no death was observed in each group after 150-fold of clinical equivalent dose administration, and no abnormality was observed in body weight and tissues of mice. [Conclusions]The petroleum ether part of A.gigantifolia is active part of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, and each part is low in toxicological safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The research aimed to study the characteristics of Ardisia gigantifolia and its adulterants Embelia scandens and Map- pianthus iodoides for identification. [Methods] Through the trait identification method, powder microscopic identification method, TLC, inclusions detection and content determination, A. gigantifolia and its adulterants were contrasted. [Results] The morphological and histological characteristics of A. gigantifolia, E. scandens and M. iodoides were different from each other. Containing water, total ash, acid insoluble ash and other inclusions also had diference; the total triterpenoid saponins were respectively 122.90 mggg of A. gigantifolla, 147.052 mg/g of E. scandens, and 63. 06 mggg of M. iodoides. [Conclusions] These methods are accurate and reliable, which could be used for the identification of A. gigantifolia and its adulterants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To research the pharmacodynamic effects of Aquilaria sinensis leaves, and to compare pharmacological actions between A. sinensis leaves and LIGNUM AQUILARIAE RESINATUM. [Methods] Pharmacological experiments of analgesia, anti-inflammation, hypoglycemic action, relieving asthma and promoting intestine moving activity were carried out hy whole animal tests. [Results] glucose values of diabetic mice induced hy alloxan reduced significantly in LIGNUM AQUILARIAE RESINATUM group and high-dosage group of A. sinensis leaves (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Different dosage groups of A. sinensis leaves had extremely significant inhibitory effects on the auricle swelling of mire induced by xylene and the abdominal capillary permeability of mice induced by acetic acid (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Low-and middle-dosage groups of A sinensis leaves and LIGNUM AQUILARIAE RESINATUM group had significant inhibitory effects on pains induced by thermal stimulus and acetic acid (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and obviously prolonged the asthma latency time of guinea pigs (P < 0.05); and high-dosage group ol A. sinensis leaves also obviously prolonged the asthma latency time ot guinea pigs (P < 0.05). Water extracts of A. sinensis leaves showed significant differences in time to falling asleep and sleeping time of mure (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Different dosage groups of A. sinensis leaves and LIGNUM AQUIKARIAE RLSINATUM group significantly enhanced the intestine moving distance and rate (P<0.05, P<0.01 or 0.001). [Conclusions] Ethanol extracts from A. sinensis leaves and LIGNUM AQUILARIAE RESINATUM had certain functions ofanalgesia, anti-inflammation, hypoglycemic action, relieving asthma and promoting intestine moving activity. Effects of eth-anol extracts from A. sinensis leaves were equal to the effects of LIGNUM AQUILARIAE RESINATUM; and the ethanol extracts from A. sinensis leaves was superior to LIGNUM AQUILARIAE RESINATUM in anti-asthma and promoting intestine moving activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthi Urinariae Herba is dry grass of Phyllanthus urinaria, and has the effects of calming liver, clearing heat, diuresis and detoxification in traditional Chinese medicine. Studies have shown that the effects of anti-hepatitis B virus, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, anti- pathogenic microorganism, anti-oxidation, and anti-thrombosis were good and worthy of further research and development. The research progress on the pharmacological effects of P. urinaria was reviewed in order to provide a reference for the rational development of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To explore inhibiting effect of 12 heat-clearing and detoxicating drugs originated in Guangdong on the expression of EBV viral capsid antigen in cells in vitro and the cytotoxic effect of which on B95-8 cell. [Methods] Study the inhibiting effect of 12 traditional Chinese medicines on the expression of capsid antigen in B95-8 cell by indirect immunoenzyme technique Observe the cytotoxic effect of tradition- al Chinese medicines on B95-8 cell cultured under stimulating circumstances by trypan blue exclusion test. [Results] The expression of VCA in B95-8 cells cultured under stimulating circumstances could be significantly inhibited by 12 heat-clearing and detoxicating drugs originated in Guangdong. Most of the medicines were dose-dependent. The dose of corresponding drug increased 1000 times, the 12 traditional Chinese medicines had significant cytotoxic effect on B95-8 cells and their effects were concentration-dependent. [Conclusions] The inhibiting effect of 12 heat-clearing and detoxicating drugs originated in Guangdong on the expression of EBV viral capsid antigen was significant and with high concentrations, they all had cytotoxic effect on B95-8cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of Huaiyu pill (, HYP) on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated., Methods: To establish the IBD model, mice were administered with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were intragastrically pre-treated with sulfasalazine (SASP) and HYP. Disease activity index (DAI) and colon length were monitored, and the colonic tissues were subjected to hematoxylin-eosin staining. Pro-inflammatory factors and vascular inflammation-related proteins were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The potential mechanisms of HYP were examined using network pharmacology analysis.The expressions of zona occludens 1 (ZO-1), occludin, toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88), and nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit (NF-κB p65) in colon tissues were examined using Western blotting or immunohistochemical analyses., Results: Pre-treatment with HYP enhanced the colon length, decreased DAI scores, and mitigated histopathological alterations in DSS-treated mice. HYP alleviated intestinal inflammation by downregulating the levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 17 (IL-17). Additionally, HYP suppressed the disruption of the gut barrier by upregulating the ZO-1, occludin, and mucin 2 (MUC2) levels and downregulating the endothelin 1 (ET-1) and erythropoietin (EPO) levels. Network pharmacological analysis and experimental results revealed that HYP downregulated the colonic tissue levels of TLR4, MYD88, and NF-κB p65 in DSS-treated mice., Conclusion: This study investigated the in vivo therapeutic effects of HYP on IBD and the underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings provide an experimental foundation for the clinical application of HYP.