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Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is considered to be the most common agent of severe diarrhea in cattle worldwide, causing fever, diarrhea, ulcers, and abortion. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is also a major bovine respiratory disease agent that spreads worldwide and causes extensive damage to the livestock industry. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel nucleic acid amplification method with the advantages of high efficiency, rapidity and sensitivity, which has been widely used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. A dual RPA assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of BVDV and BoHV-1. The assay was completed at a constant temperature of 37 °C for 30 min. It was highly sensitive and had no cross-reactivity with other common bovine viruses. The detection rate of BVDV RPA in clinical samples (36.67%) was higher than that of PCR (33.33%), the detection rate of BoHV-1 RPA and PCR were equal. Therefore, the established dual RPA assay for BVDV and BoHV-1 could be a potential candidate for use as an immediate diagnostic.

Abstract To assess the skiing economy (SE) and kinematics during double poling (DP) roller skiing between two groups of skiers in a field setting. Five experienced and five novice male skiers performed a SEDP test at 16 km∙h−1 on an outdoor athletics track. Gas exchange parameters were measured to determine SEDP. A two-dimensional video was filmed to measure the kinematics variables. Experienced skiers exhibited a 21% lower oxygen cost than novice skiers (p = 0.016) in DP, indicating a strong association between SEDP, cycle length and cycle rate (p

Abstract Purpose Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been implemented in Tianjin, China since 2012. The objective was to estimate the neoplasia detection rate in a high-risk population by age and sex and to investigate the potential factors associated with colorectal neoplasia. Patients and methods This study is based on data of the Tianjin CRC screening program from 2012 to 2020. Residents with a positive high-risk factors questionnaire (HRFQ) or a positive faecal immunochemical test (FIT) were identified as high-risk participants and were subsequently recommended for a free colonoscopy. Results A total of 4,117,897 eligible participants aged 40–74 years completed both a HRFQ and FIT, and 217,164 (5.3%) of them were identified as high-risk participants. Positive rates of preliminary screening increased with age and were higher in females than in males. For 57,971 participants undertaking colonoscopy, the detection rates of nonadvanced adenoma, advanced adenoma and CRC were 37.8%, 5.7% and 1.6%, respectively. Detection rates of advanced neoplasia increased from the age of 50 and were higher in males. For nonadvanced neoplasia, a strong increase was observed in males from the age of 40 and in females from the age of 50. Male sex had a greater impact on individuals aged 40–49 than on older individuals. Several factors including current smoking, drinking, and higher body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with the presence of neoplasia, whereas, these associations were mainly restricted to individuals aged above 50 but not those aged 40–49 years. Conclusions These findings support that age-specific risk stratification and sex-specific initiating ages for CRC screening should be recommended to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of current screening strategy.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on arterial stiffness (AS) and vascular function in persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, and Ebsco) since their inception through October 2023 to evaluate the effect of HIIT on AS and vascular function in persons at high risk for CVD. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test.ResultsThis study included 661 participants from 16 studies. HIIT significantly reduced pulse wave velocity (PWV) in persons at high risk for CVD [weighted mean difference (WMD), −0.62; 95% CI, −0.86–−0.38; P

Sparse precision matrix estimation, also known as the estimation of the inverse covariance matrix in statistical contexts, represents a critical challenge in numerous multivariate analysis applications. This challenge becomes notably complex when the dimension of the data is far greater than the capacity of samples. To address this issue, we introduce a convex relaxation model that employs the first-order optimality conditions associated with the lasso-penalized D-trace loss for the purpose of estimating sparse precision matrix. The proposed model is effectively solved through the widely recognized alternating direction method of multipliers. Additionally, we provide closed-form solutions to subproblems in each iteration with a computational complexity of O(np2), and establish the convergence of our proposed algorithm. Numerical investigations demonstrate that our algorithm exhibits the capability to handle large-scale datasets and significantly outperforms the existing methods, particularly when dealing with high-dimensional scenarios characterized by a large dimension p.

The mud crab Scylla paramamosain is a key species in China due to its high nutritional value and great economic worth and has grown in popularity. Myo-inositol can modulate versatile physiological functions in aquatic animals. In the present study, S. paramamosain megalopa were given graded concentrations of myo-inositol (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 ppm) by water immersion to explore how their metamorphosis would be affected. The results showed that supplementing with myo-inositol remarkably increased transformation and survival rate from megalopa to crablet by at least 1.16 and 1.26 times, respectively. To decipher the molecular mechanism of how myo-inositol increases metamorphosis and survival rate, we further performed transcriptome-based gene expression profiling of both megalopa and crablet treated with myo-inositol. The integrative transcriptome analyses predicted that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in chitinase activity, structural constituent of cuticle, and chitin binding, which are associated with the decomposition and reconstruction of cuticle. qPCR results confirmed that myo-inositol mediated gene expression levels of the above cuticle-related pathways. Considering the importance of the cuticle in exoskeleton formation and molting, it can be concluded that myo-inositol-induced changes in the cuticle decomposition and reconstruction might have accelerated the transformation from megalopa to crablet of S. paramamosain. Besides, numerous DEGs were significantly enriched in protein digestion and absorption, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. It implies that myo-inositol may improve survival by regulating energy or nutrient absorption. Additionally, the accelerated metamorphosis by myo-inositol may improve survival from megalopa to crablet of S. paramamosain. Overall, this study will provide the first insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms by which myo-inositol increases metamorphosis and survival.

To enhance comprehension of the destiny of the spermatozoon throughout the reproductive process of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) is important for achieving large-scale artificial breeding of Scylla. The reproductive systems of sexually mature male and female mud crabs were studied, utilizing the histomorphological method. The spermatozoon traveled from testicular lobules through the seminiferous duct, into the anterior vas deferens (AVD) via the collecting duct. The spermatophore wall formed at the end of the AVD. During copulation, spermatophores stored in the median vas deferens (MVD) were transferred to the seminal receptacle through the posterior vas deferens (PVD), ejaculatory duct, and gonopod, with seminal plasma secreted by both MVD and PVD together. After mating, the sperm plug was formed within the seminal receptacle's ventral zone. At ovary stage Ⅲ, the spermatophore wall ruptured, and the sperm plug disappeared. Bundled sperm packets congregated into a dense mass, while a few spermatozoa dispersed along the intermediate chamber to the dorsal zone. At ovary stage Ⅳ, the dorsal zone also exhibited a dense sperm mass due to increased dispersal. At ovary stage Ⅴ, merely a modest portion of the dense sperm mass remained in the ventral zone, and the rest dissociated and dispersed within the seminal receptacle. Following ovulation, sperm mass remained in the ventral zone, re-dissociating and re-dispersing once ovarian development reached stage Ⅲ again. The phased dispersion supply mode of spermatozoa behind multiple ovipositions was unveiled. Furthermore, we observed the ultrastructural changes in the spermatozoon during the process of the capacitation, including operculum widening, actin-containing substance accumulation, and the density of chromatin in the nucleus decreased. As presented herein, the elucidation of the dynamic changes of the spermatozoon, as well as the pattern of spermatozoa supply, contributes significantly to our enhanced comprehension of the reproductive biology of Scylla.

Tuberculosis (TB), attributed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is one of the most serious zoonotic diseases worldwide. Nevertheless, the host mechanisms preferentially leveraged by Mycobacterium remain unclear. After infection, both Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Mycobacterium bovis (MB) bacteria exhibit intimate interactions with host alveolar macrophages; however, the specific mechanisms underlying these macrophage responses remain ambiguous. In our study, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of bovine alveolar macrophages (BAMs) infected with MTB or MB to elucidate the differential responses of BAMs to each pathogen at the protein level. Our findings revealed heightened TB infection susceptibility of BAMs that had been previously infected with MTB or MB. Moreover, we observed that both types of mycobacteria triggered significant changes in BAM energy metabolism. A variety of proteins and signalling pathways associated with autophagy and inflammation-related progression were highly activated in BAMs following MB infection. Additionally, proteins linked to energy metabolism were highly expressed in BAMs following MTB infection. In summary, we propose that BAMs may resist MTB and MB infections via different mechanisms. Our findings provide critical insights into TB pathogenesis, unveiling potential biomarkers to facilitate more effective TB treatment strategies. Additionally, our data lend support to the hypothesis that MTB may be transmitted via cross-species infection.

This meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction visualization technology (3D-RVT) technique for hepatectomy. A systematic literature search was used to gather information on the 3D reconstruction visualization technology technique for hepatectomy from retrospective cohort studies and comparative studies. The retrieval period was up to March 2022. Publications and conference papers in English were manually searched and references in bibliographies traced. After evaluating the quality of selected studies, a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.1 software. We included 12 studies comprising 2053 patients with liver disease. Our meta-results showed that 3D-RVT significantly shortened operation times [weighted mean differences (WMD) = −29.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): −55.20 to −3.51; P = 0.03], reduced intraoperative bleeding [WMD = −93.53; 95% CI: −152.32 to −34.73; P = 0.002], reduced blood transfusion volume [WMD = −66.06; 95% CI: −109.13 to −22.99; P = 0.003], and shortened hospital stays [WMD = −1.90; 95% CI: −3.05 to −0.74; P = 0.001]. Additionally, the technique reduced the use of hepatic inflow occlusion and avoided overall postoperative complications [odds ratio (OR) = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.79; P

Abstract Background Given the limited effectiveness of the current Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) screening procedure, adherence to colonoscopy remains low. We aim to develop and validate a scoring system based on individuals who were identified as having a high risk in initial CRC screening to achieve more efficient risk stratification and improve adherence to colonoscopy. Methods A total of 29,504 screening participants with positive High-Risk Factor Questionnaire (HRFQ) or faecal immunochemical test (FIT) who underwent colonoscopy in Tianjin from 2012–2020 were enrolled in this study. Binary regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between risk factors and advanced colorectal neoplasia. Internal validation was also used to assess the performance of the scoring system. Results Male sex, older age (age ≥ 50 years), high body mass index (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2), current or past smoking and weekly alcohol intake were identified as risk factors for advanced colorectal neoplasm. The odds ratios (ORs) for significant variables were applied to construct the risk score ranging from 0–11: LR, low risk (score 0–3); MR, moderate risk (score 4–6); and HR, high risk (score 7–11). Compared with subjects with LR, those with MR and HR had ORs of 2.47 (95% confidence interval, 2.09–2.93) and 4.59 (95% confidence interval, 3.86–5.44), respectively. The scoring model showed an outstanding discriminatory capacity with a c-statistic of 0.64 (95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.65). Conclusions Our results showed that the established scoring system could identify very high-risk populations with colorectal neoplasia. Combining this risk score with current Chinese screening methods may improve the effectiveness of CRC screening and adherence to colonoscopy.

Abstract Background Screening recommendations for colorectal cancer (CRC) are mainly based on family history rather than lifestyle risk factors. We aimed to assess and compare risk factors for colorectal neoplasm (CRN) and evaluate trends in neoplasm detection rates during the three rounds of screening from 2012 to 2020 in Tianjin, China. Methods This study was based on 89,535 first-recorded colonoscopies in Tianjin CRC screening program, 2012–2020. Of these, 45,380 individuals with complete family history and lifestyle factors were included for population attributable fraction (PAF) estimation. Results The overall detection rate of nonadvanced adenomas, advanced adenomas and CRC was 39.3%, 5.9% and 1.5%, respectively. The PAFs of current smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, higher BMI and family history of CRC, respectively, were 8.9%, 2.6%, 1.9%, 5.8%, and 1.1% for males with nonadvanced CRN; 12.3%, 7.3%, 4.9%, 7.2%, and 0.8% for males with advanced CRN; 3.4%, 0.4%, 2.1%, 7.8%, and 0.7% for females with nonadvanced CRN; and 4.3%, 0.2%, 8.2%, 8.5%, and -0.6% for females with advanced CRN. The PAFs of selected lifestyle factors were 19.9% for males with nonadvanced CRN, 29.0% for males with advanced CRN, 9.7% for females with nonadvanced CRN and 13.8% for females with advanced CRN. Conclusions Modifiable lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and BMI, have a larger contribution to CRN than family history of CRC. Our findings will provide references for developing guidelines of CRC prevention and control in China.

In the context of global change, the frequency of precipitation pulses is expected to decrease while nitrogen (N) addition is expected to increase, which will have a crucial effect on soil C cycling processes as well as methane (CH4) fluxes. The interactive effects of precipitation pulses and N addition on ecosystem CH4 fluxes, however, remain largely unknown in grassland. In this study, a series of precipitation pulses (0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mm) and long-term N addition (0 and 10 g N m-2 yr-1, 10 years) was simulated to investigate their effects on CH4 fluxes in a semi-arid grassland. The results showed that large precipitation pulses (10 mm, 20 mm, and 50 mm) had a negative pulsing effect on CH4 fluxes and relatively decreased the peak CH4 fluxes by 203-362% compared with 0 mm precipitation pulse. The large precipitation pulses significantly inhibited CH4 absorption and decreased the cumulative CH4 fluxes by 68-88%, but small precipitation pulses (5 mm) did not significantly alter it. For the first time, we found that precipitation pulse size increased cumulative CH4 fluxes quadratically in both control and N addition treatments. The increased soil moisture caused by precipitation pulses inhibited CH4 absorption by suppressing CH4 uptake and promoting CH4 release. Nitrogen addition significantly decreased the absorption of CH4 by increasing NH4+-N content and NO3–-N content and increased the production of CH4 by increasing aboveground biomass, ultimately suppressing CH4 uptake. Surprisingly, precipitation pulses and N addition did not interact to affect CH4 uptake because precipitation pulses and N addition had an offset effect on pH and affected CH4 fluxes through different pathways. In summary, precipitation pulses and N addition were able to suppress the absorption of CH4 from the atmosphere by soil, reducing the CH4 sink capacity of grassland ecosystems.

As an essential step of metaheuristic optimizers, initialization seriously affects the convergence speed and solution accuracy. The main motivation of the state-of-the-art initialization method is to generate a small initial population to cover the search space as much as possible uniformly. However, these approaches have suffered from the curse of dimensionality, high computational cost, and sensitivity to parameters, which ultimately reduce the algorithm’s convergence speed. In this paper, a new initialization technique named diagonal linear uniform initialization (DLU) is proposed, which follows a novel search view, i.e., adopting the diagonal subspace sampling instead of the whole space. By considering the algorithm’s update mechanism, the improved sampling method dramatically improves the convergence speed and solution accuracy of metaheuristic algorithms. Compared with the other eight widely used initialization strategies, the differential evolution (DE) algorithm with DLU obtains the best performance in search accuracy and convergence speed. In the extension experiments, results show that the DLU is still effective for three swarm-based algorithms: particle swarm optimization (PSO), cuckoo search (CS), and artificial bee colony (ABC). Especially for the multi-objective problem, the DLU still demonstrates its powerful performance compared with other strategies.

Multimodal multiobjective optimization problem (MMOP) is a special kind of multiobjective optimization problem (MOP) with multimodal characteristics, where multiple different Pareto optimal sets (PSs) map to the same Pareto optimal front (PF). To handle MMOPs, a decomposition-based harmony search algorithm (called MOEA/D-HSA) is devised. In MOEA/D-HSA, multiple individuals who are assigned to the same weight vector form a subpopulation for finding multiple different PSs. Then, an environmental selection method based on greedy selection is designed to dynamically adjust the subpopulation scale for keeping the population diversity. Finally, the modified harmony search algorithm and elite learning strategy are utilized to balance the diversity and convergence of the population. Experimental results on the CEC 2019 test suite reveal that MOEA/D-HSA has superior performance than a few state-of-the-art algorithms.

This paper proposes a hybrid model based on decomposition for constrained optimization problems. Firstly, a constrained optimization problem is transformed into a biobjective optimization problem. Then, the biobjective optimization problem is divided into a set of subproblems, and different subproblems are assigned to different Fitness functions by the direction vectors. Different from decomposition-based multiobjective optimization algorithms in which each subproblem is optimized by using the information of its neighboring subproblems, the neighbors of each subproblem are deFined based on corresponding direction vector only in the method. By combining three main components, namely, the local search model, the global search model, and the direction vector adjusting strategy, the population can gradually move toward the global optimal solution. Experiments on two sets of test problems and Five real-world engineering design problems have shown that the proposed method performs better than or is competitive with other compared methods.

Soft-shell crabs have attracted consumers’ attention due to their unique taste and nutritional value. To evaluate the feasibility of harvest optimisation of soft-shell mud crabs, the proximate composition, mineral composition, and total carotenoid, amino acid, and fatty acid contents of edible parts of male and female soft-shell mud crabs at different moulting stages were determined and compared from a nutritional value perspective. The results showed that the sex and moulting stages could significantly affect the nutritional values of the edible portions of soft-shell crabs. The female or male soft-shell crabs in the postmoult Ⅰ stage had a much richer mineral element content than that in other moulting stages. The total carotenoid content in female soft-shell crabs was significantly higher than that in male crabs in all moulting stages, while male soft-shell crabs had better performance in amino acid nutrition than female soft-shell crabs. Moreover, it was found that soft-shell crabs in the postmoult Ⅱ stage had significantly higher contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), while significantly lower contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA) than those in other stages. The present study will provide a reference basis for the diversified cultivation of soft-shell crabs, and further promote the development of the mud crab industry.

Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) is a well-characterized factor that regulates lipid metabolism; however, the regulatory mechanism in muscle cells of poultry is still unknown. The overexpression and the knockdown of RXRA in myoblasts (CS2 cells), RT-PCR, and western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of genes and proteins related to PPAR-signaling pathways. Intracellular triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol (CHOL), and nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFAs) were detected by the Elisa kit. Fat droplets were stained with Oil Red O. The double-fluorescein reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) were used to verify the relationship between RXRA and candidate target genes. The RXRA gene was highly expressed in duck breast muscle, and its mRNA and its protein were reduced during the differentiation of CS2 cells. The CS2 cells, with the overexpression of RXRA, showed reduced content in TGs, CHOL, NEFAs, and lipid droplets and upregulated the mRNA expression of CD36, ACSL1, and PPARG genes and the protein expression of CD36 and PPARG. The knockdown of RXRA expression in CS2 cells enhanced the content of TGs, CHOL, NEFAs, and lipid droplets and downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of CD36, ACLS1, ELOVL6, and PPARG. The overexpression of the RXRA gene, the activity of the double-luciferase reporter gene of the wild-type CD36 promoter was higher than that of the mutant type. RXRA bound to −860/−852 nt, −688/−680 nt, and −165/−157 nt at the promoter region of CD36. Moreover, the overexpression of CD36 in CS2 cells could suppress the content of TGs, CHOL, NEFAs, and lipid droplets, while the knockdown expression of CD36 increased the content of TGs, CHOL, NEFAs, and lipid droplets. In this study, the transcription factor, RXRA, inhibited the accumulation of TGs, CHOL, NEFAs, and fat droplets in CS2 cells by promoting CD36 expression.

Genetic diversity is the determinant of the allocation of germplasm resources in the genetic improvement of aquaculture species. In this study, three F1 families, including a hybrid Scylla family (S. paramamosain ♂ × S. serrata ♀), a paternal family of S. paramamosain, a maternal family of S. serrata, and two wild populations, including a paternal population of S. paramamosain and a maternal population of S. serrata, were used to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic difference. The results indicated that 98 alleles of nine microsatellites loci were observed in five Scylla populations. The highest average value of Ho (observed heterozygosity), He (expected heterozygosity), and PIC (polymorphic information content) of the wild S. paramamosain population were 0.790, 0.799, and 0.771, respectively, suggesting the wild paternal population has high genetic diversity. The comparative analysis of PIC, Fst (fixation index), and HWE (Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium) indicated that the paternal S. paramamosain may be more suitable for artificial breeding than the maternal S. serrata from the perspective of allele frequency. Analysis of molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) showed that the total genetic variation mainly occurred within populations (73.28%), demonstrating that artificial breeding may induce genetic differentiation of the family groups of Scylla. The results of the analysis of Fst value, UPGMA (unweighted pair-group mean analysis) dendrogram, and genetic diversity indicated that the F1 hybrid offspring had a close genetic distance and high genetic identity with the paternal S. paramamosain populations. It indicated that the F1 hybrid offspring showed potential paternal genetic affinities and a similar potential for artificial breeding with S. paramamosain. The study will provide valuable information to evaluate the difference in the genetic diversity and population structure between hybrid offspring and distinct parental populations of Scylla.

Urban wetlands are undergoing intensive conversion from natural wetlands to farmlands, woodlands, and even alkaline land. This study aimed to determine the effects of land conversion on soil microbial communities of urban wetlands in the hinterland of Songnen Plain, Northeastern China. Soil samples were collected from various sites of Longfeng wetland, including swamp wetland (SW), meadow wetland (MW), woodland (WL), farmland (FL), and alkaline land (AL). High-throughput sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis was conducted to evaluate the structure, composition, and function of soil bacterial and fungal communities. The most dominant bacterial and fungal phylum among the land-use types were Proteobacteria and Ascomycota, respectively. In addition, the bacterial diversity and functions varied significantly across different land-use types. However, no remarkable differences in fungal communities were observed under various land-use types. Edaphic parameters, including exchange sodium percent (ESP) and total nitrogen (TN), remarkably influenced the abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities. These results show that land-use type shapes various aspects of soil microbial communities, including soil physicochemical properties, microbial taxa structure, potential functional genes, and correlation with environmental factors. This study provides reliable data to guide land use management and supervision by decision-makers in this region.

In this paper, a novel artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for constrained optimization problems (COPs), named COABC, is proposed. The proposed approach treats a COP as a bi-objective optimization problem where the first one remains the same objective function itself while the second one is the degree of constraint violations. Then, the whole population is classed into dual subpopulations based on the partition method. The feasibility rule and the ε constrained method are employed to compare two solutions in two subpopulations, respectively, which can archive a suitable balance between infeasible solutions and feasible solutions. Next, a multistrategy technique which consists of three diverse search strategies is served as the search method on the two subpopulations. This technique plays a major part in balancing between the diversity and the convergence. Finally, the comparison results on a set of benchmark functions denote that COABC performs competitively and effectively when compared with the selected state-of-the-art algorithms.

As the current literature lacks effective nonlinear robustness evaluation method and optimal design theory of the structural robustness for flexible cable-bar tensile structure, this paper aimed to conduct further studies. Based on the H∞ theory, a fundamental robustness analysis method and a detailed calculation way through the combination of induction of L2 performance criterion and random theory for nonlinear structural robustness quantitative evaluation method were proposed. Following this, a real Geiger cable dome structure was studied as its research object, and the influences of structural robustness of simultaneous changes of all elements section and changes of every kind of element section were analysed, respectively. Finally, the genetic algorithm was applied through MATLAB and ANSYS software to achieve optimal section layout, with the goal of minimizing structural quality on the condition that the structural robustness indicator keep less than that of the initial structure. The result revealed that the increase of the section of elements can effectively enhance structural robustness and the section changes of various elements showed different sensitivities to the influence of structural robustness. Meanwhile, structural quality can be effectively reduced by optimizing measures such as increasing the section of elements with significant effect on structural robustness and reducing the section of elements with minor effects on structural robustness, while the structural robustness indicator keeps less than that of the initial structure. The optimization reveals that quality was reduced by 42.5% in this paper.