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BackgroundGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary intracranial malignant tumor in adults, with poor prognosis and high recurrence. Routine treatments of GBM show unsatisfactory efficiency in improving patients’ survival because of limited area of surgical resection and drug resistance. New therapeutic agents are needed to improve GBM treatment efficiency, but the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is a major hurdle. Here, we report HY-008 as a promising therapeutic drug targeting PDGFRα signaling with high BBB permeability and efficient inhibiting effects both in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThrough structural modification and medicinal chemistry efforts, HY-007 and HY-008 were developed. The brain and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of these two compounds were assessed. The inhibitory efficiency of HY-007 and HY-008 on GBM cell survival and PDGFRα signaling were evaluated. The efficacy of HY-007 and HY-008 as a single agent or HY-008 in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) was investigated using transformed mouse astrocyte and glioma stem-like cell (GSC) orthotopic xenograft models.ResultsHY-007 and HY-008 both had good brain permeability and desirable PK profiles with mild hERG inhibition, while HY-008 is more brain permeable than HY-007. In vitro, HY-007 and HY-008 both significantly inhibited viability of the established GBM cells with PDGF-A overexpression and transformed mouse astrocytes with PDGF-A/PDGFRα overexpression by targeting the PDGFRα signaling activated Erk1/2 and Akt. In vivo, HY-007 and HY-008 both effectively inhibited orthotopic GBM tumor xenograft growth and prolonged the survival of mice, and HY-008 showed less toxicity and better therapeutic effect. In addition, HY-008 increased sensitivity of TMZ, exhibited treatment efficiency both as a single agent and in combination with TMZ, providing significant survival benefits for GBM tumor xenograft-bearing mice.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that HY-008 is a promising therapeutic agent in GBM treatment and a combination HY-008 with TMZ could serves as a potential efficient therapeutic option for improving GBM clinical treatment.

Emotion recognition is a rising trend in related fields. Existing research mainly aims at the emotion recognition based on single or multi modalities on performance datasets. However, there is little research focusing on gesture-based emotion recognition using non-performance emotional datasets. In this article, we proposed a non-performance emotional data collection scheme using VR to construct a high-quality nonperformance dataset in gesture modality with fear labels. Then we proposed an optimized algorithm for gesture-based fear recognition using BLSTM on this dataset with the accuracy of up to 71.43%. Our work could be applied in many domains such as potentially domestic violence detection and VR game evaluation.

Objective To investigate the prognostic impact of D2-plus lymphadenectomy including the posterior (No. 8p, No. 12b/p, No. 13, and No. 14v), and para-aortic (No. 16a2, and No. 16b1) lymph nodes (LNs) in subtotal gastrectomy for advanced gastric antral carcinoma. Methods A total of 203 patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC) located in the antrum, who underwent R0 gastrectomy with D2 or D2-plus lymphadenectomy between January 2003 and December 2011 were enrolled. Propensity score matching was used to reduce the strength of the confounding factors to accurately evaluate prognoses. The therapeutic value index (TVI) was calculate to evaluate the survival benefit of dissecting each LN station. Results Of 102 patients with D2-plus lymphadenectomy, 21 (20.59%) were pathologically identified as having LN metastases beyond the extent of D2 lymphadenectomy. After matching, the overall survival (OS) was significantly better in the D2-plus than the D2 group (P=0.030). In the multivariate survival analysis, D2-plus lymphadenectomy (hazard ratio, 0.516; P=0.006) was confirmed to significantly improve the survival rate. In the logistic regression analysis, pN stage [odds ratio (OR), 2.533; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.368-4.691; P=0.003] and extent of LNs metastasis (OR, 5.965; 95% CI, 1.335-26.650; P=0.019) were identified as independent risk factors for LN metastases beyond the extent of D2 lymphadenectomy. The TVI of patient with metastasis to LNs station was 7.1 (No. 8p), 5.7 (No. 12p), 5.1 (No. 13), and 7.1 (both No. 16a2 and No. 16b1), respectively. Conclusions D2-plus lymphadenectomy may improve the prognoses of some patients with advanced GC located in the antrum, especially for No. 8p, No. 12b, No. 13, and No. 16.

BackgroundThere was much hard work to study the trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive gastric cancer (GC), but the information which would reveal this abstruse mechanism is little. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of tumor cell-derived CCL2 on trastuzumab resistance and overcome the resistance by treatment with the anti-CD40-scFv-linked anti-HER2 (CD40 ×HER2) bispecific antibody (bsAb).MethodsWe measured the levels of CCL2 expression in HER2-positive GC tissues, and revealed biological functions of tumor cell-derived CCL2 on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and the trastuzumab resistance. Then, we developed CD40 ×HER2 bsAb, and examined the targeting roles on HER2 and CD40, to overcome the trastuzumab resistance without systemic toxicity.ResultsWe found the level of CCL2 expression in HER2-postive GC was correlated with infiltration of TAMs, polarization status of infiltrated TAMs, trastuzumab resistance and survival outcomes of GC patients. On exposure to CCL2, TAMs decreased the M1-like phenotype, thereby eliciting the trastuzumab resistance. CCL2 activated the transcription of ZC3H12A, which increased K63-linked deubiquitination and K48-linked auto-ubiquitination of TRAF6/3 to inactivate NF-κB signaling in TAMs. CD40 ×HER2 bsAb, which targeted the CD40 to restore the ubiquitination level of TRAF6/3, increased the M1-like phenotypic transformation of TAMs, and overcame trastuzumab resistance without immune-related adversary effects (irAEs).ConclusionsWe revealed a novel mechanism of trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive GC via the CCL2-ZC3H12A-TRAF6/3 signaling axis, and presented a CD40 ×HER2 bsAb which showed great antitumor efficacy with few irAEs.

The complete 16,345-bp mitochondrial genome of the agriculturally destructive pod sucking pest, the giant coreid bug, Anoplocnemis curvipes (Hemiptera: Coreidae), was assembled from paired-end Illumina HiSeq 2500 reads. The A. curvipes mitochondrial genome consists of 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and a control region in the order and orientation typical among insects. PCG initiation codons (ATG, ATC, ATT and ATA) with termination codon (TAA) are used with the exception of TAG stop codons by Cytb and ND3. All tRNA genes fold into predicted cloverleaf secondary structures having requisite triplets on the anticodon loop, apart from tRNA-Ser1 (AGN) whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. The phylogenetic analysis of hemipteran mitogenomes clusters to the family level and supports the monophyly of the five superfamilies in Pentatomomorpha of Hemiptera. The Coreoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea are sister groups, while Coreidae and Alydidae are sister groups to Rhopalidae. These analyses provide insight to mitogenomics and evolutionary relationships among pentatomoid insects.

Background Ring finger protein 180 (RNF180) is an important member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family. As a tumor suppressor gene, RNF180 is significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC) and can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of GC cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is considered one of the most common oncogenes in human cancers with a key role in GC progression. In this study, we explored the relationship between RNF180 and STAT3 in GC cells. Methods The RNF180 gene was significantly overexpressed to observe its regulatory activity on STAT3 and pSTAT3 in GC cells. We then explored the molecular signaling pathways by which RNF180 could potentially regulate STAT3 through transcriptomics and proteomics experiments. Results RNF180 overexpression could suppress STAT3 phosphorylation in GC cells. Ubiquitin label-free experiments showed that the ubiquitination level of Ras homolog gene family member C (RhoC) is significantly increased in GC cells transfected with an RNF180 expression vector (RNF180-GFP vector) compared with cells transfected with an empty vector (vehicle vector). We subsequently demonstrated that RNF180 could directly combine with RhoC and promote the ubiquitination and degradation of RhoC protein in GC cells. The phosphorylation level of STAT3 significantly decreased in GC cells after RhoC knockdown using small hairpin RNA(shRNA). Conclusions RNF180 could inhibit GC progression by reducing the phosphorylation of STAT3 via the ubiquitination and degradation of RhoC protein in GC cells. Thus, the protein may be considered a novel therapeutic target for patients with GC.

Diseases are a manifestation of how thousands of proteins interact. In several diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, proteome-wide disturbances in protein-protein interactions are caused by alterations to chaperome scaffolds termed epichaperomes. Epichaperome-directed chemical probes may be useful for detecting and reversing defective chaperomes. Here we provide structural, biochemical, and functional insights into the discovery of epichaperome probes, with a focus on their use in central nervous system diseases. We demonstrate on-target activity and kinetic selectivity of a radiolabeled epichaperome probe in both cells and mice, together with a proof-of-principle in human patients in an exploratory single group assignment diagnostic study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03371420). The clinical study is designed to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters and the incidence of adverse events in patients receiving a single microdose of the radiolabeled probe administered by intravenous injection. In sum, we introduce a discovery platform for brain-directed chemical probes that specifically modulate epichaperomes and provide proof-of-principle applications in their use in the detection, quantification, and modulation of the target in complex biological systems., Here, the authors show structural, biochemical, and functional insights into the discovery of epichaperome‐ directed chemical probes for use in central nervous system diseases. Probes emerging from this work have translated to human clinical studies in Alzheimer’s disease and cancer.

Background To validate the prognostic impacts of the left gastric artery lymph node (No. 7 LN) metastasis and investigate whether the No. 7 LN metastasis should be considered as the predictive LN for extra-gastric LN metastases. Methods Between January 2003 and December 2011, a total of 1,586 patients who underwent R0 gastrectomy were retrospected. Patients with LN metastases were divided into three groups: (I) patients with only peri-gastric LN metastases (peri-gastric group); (II) patients with peri-gastric and only No. 7 LN metastases (No. 7 group); and (III) patients with other extra-gastric LN metastases (extra-gastric group). Propensity score matching (PSM) was adopted to accurately evaluate prognoses of all patients after surgery. Results Of 1,586 patients, 235 (14.82%) were pathologically identified to present with the No. 7 LN metastases. Patients with the No. 7 LN metastases presented the significantly lower survival rate both before and after adjustment by pTNM stage, compared to those without the No. 7 LN metastases. Patients in the No. 7 group were identified to present the significant lower survival rate than those in the peri-gastric group, and to present the similar median overall survival (OS) to those in the extra-gastric group. In addition, patients with extra-gastric LN except No. 7 LN metastases failed to show any superiority of survival outcomes, compared with those with extra-gastric LN metastases including the No. 7 LN metastasis. Conclusions The No. 7 LN metastases had the crucial survival implications. Nevertheless, the No. 7 LN failed to be considered as the predictive LN for the extra-gastric LN metastases in gastric cancer (GC).

BACKGROUND: A disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif 9 (ADAMTS9) is hypermethylated and inhibits the proliferation of various cancers. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of ADAMTS9 was associated with the lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) and elucidated the down- and upstream molecular pathways in GC progression.METHODS: The study explored the expression level, biological function, clinical application, and involved molecular mechanism of ADAMTS9 in GC.RESULTS: In 135 GC tissue samples, ADAMTS9 expression level was significantly correlated with the pN stage, the number of metastatic lymph nodes (LNs), and the overall survival of patients with GC. The in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that ADAMTS9 attenuated the viability and motile capacity of GC cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed that ADAMTS9 significantly inhibited the transcription of C–C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5)/C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL11). This effect impaired the migration and invasion in GC cells. This study revealed that the hypermethylation level in the promotor of ADAMTS9 gene was mainly mediated by DNA-methyltransferase(DNMT) 3A, which reduces ADAMTS9 expression in GC. Ring finger protein (RNF) 180 could promote DNMT3Aubiquitination and degradation, thereby restoring the ADAMTS9 expression in GC cells.CONCLUSIONS: ADAMTS9 expression is restored by the RNF180 via suppressing the promotor methylation of the ADAMTS9 gene. ADAMTS9 inhibits metastasis and improves the prognosis of patients with GC via CCL5/CXCL11-dependent pathway. Thus, ADAMTS9 should be considered as a predictor of LN metastasis and a therapeutic target in GC.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a high body mass index (BMI) on the outcomes of radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1729 patients with stage I to III gastric cancer who received open radical gastrectomy from February 2003 to August 2011. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their BMI: a low BMI group (BMI

Herbivorous insects encounter a variety of toxic environmental substances ranging from ingested plant defensive compounds to human-introduced insecticidal agents. Dietary antioxidants are known to reduce the negative physiological impacts of toxins in mammalian systems through amelioration of reactive oxygen-related cellular damage. The analogous impacts to insects caused by multigenerational exposure to pesticides and the effects on adaptive responses within insect populations, however, are currently unknown. To address these research gaps, we used Drosophila as a model system to explore adaptive phenotypic responses to acute dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure in the presence of the dietary antioxidant vitamin C and to examine the structural genomic consequences of this exposure. DDT resistance increased significantly among four replicates exposed to a low concentration of DDT for 10 generations. In contrast, dietary intake of vitamin C significantly reduced DDT resistance after mutigenerational exposure to the same concentration of DDT. As to the genomic consequences, no significant differences were predicted in overall nucleotide substitution rates across the genome between any of the treatments. Despite this, replicates exposed to a low concentration of DDT without vitamin C showed the highest number of synonymous and non-synonymous variants (3196 in total), followed by the DDT plus vitamin C (1174 in total), and vitamin C alone (728 in total) treatments. This study demonstrates the potential role of diet (specifically, antioxidant intake) on adaptive genome responses, and thus on the evolution of pesticide resistance within insect populations.

A one-pot “grafting-from” strategy is presented to prepare AB- and ABA-type bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs). Precursor block copolymers with pendant dithiocarbamate and hydroxyl groups were synthesized as the macroinitators. Polylactide (PLA) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) side chains were grafted by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization in one pot, respectively. Molecular weight control was achieved as evidenced by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The length of side chains in each block (DP from 8 to 113) could be facilely tuned by polymerization conditions such as the reaction time and the feed ratio of monomer to initiator, leading to various molecular morphologies observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This synthetic strategy is flexible and adaptable, allowing convenient access to customized macromolecular architecture.

Singlet–singlet exciton annihilation (SSA) is found to be a critical factor for the decomposition of blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Since radiative decay is a competitive process against bimolecular SSA, increasing the fluorescence rate (kF) of the blue TADF emitters can significantly prolong the device's operational lifetime by reducing the singlet exciton concentration at a given luminance level.

Longmaxi Formation of Lower Palaeozoic Silurian System in Northwest of Guizhou Province is an import target layer of shale gas exploration; the study of its organic matter maturity is a necessary indicator for evaluating the resources of shale gas. Because the Longmaxi shale does not contain any vitrinite; its thermal evolution must be tested by the shale asphalt reflectance and the graptolite reflectance. The DM4500 microscope is used to test the shale of Graptolite reflectance and asphalt reflectance. The results show that the shale graptolite reflectance is between 2.91% - 3.20%, average 3.08%; asphalt fragments reflectivity is between 2.93% - 3.19%, average 2.94%; amorphous bitumen reflectance is between 2.89% - 3.18%, average 2.89%. Graptolite reflectance is slightly higher than the reflectance of asphalt. The average of equivalent vitrinite reflectance is 2.06%; the equivalent vitrinite reflectance of asphalt debris is 2.20%, indicating that the shale of Northwest Guizhou Silurian Longmaxi has been in high-over mature stage of thermal evolution. The result of study provides a reliable parameter for the evaluation of shale gas resources in the area, and also shows the applicability of the evaluation of bitumen and graptolite reflectance of the maturity of organic matter of shale gas in the Silurian System.

The brown pod-sucking bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal (Hemiptera: Coreidae), causes significant damage to cultivated cowpea, Vigna unguiculata Walp, a staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa. C. tomentosicollis pierce and suck sap from cowpea pods, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality. The complete, 16,089 bp mitogenome of C. tomentosicollis encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and an A + T rich control region, with gene order and orientation identical to that of the insect ancestral gene order. The initiation and termination codons for the PCGs used standard ATN codons and TAA or TAG codons respectively. All predicted tRNAs fold into a clover-leaf secondary structures with the exception of tRNA-Ser (AGN) with a semi-loop dihydrouridine arm. The 1509 bps A + T rich region contains a single 89 bp tandem repeat unit duplicated 3.7 times. When compared with other published Coreoidea mitogenomes, C. tomentosicollis was also highly A − T skewed, and similar in both size and A − T%; however, its longer tandem repeat within the A + T rich region was unique. The C. tomentosicollis mitogenome can serve as a foundation to combine molecular marker data with pest monitoring strategies to better understand the population dynamics of this species.

Maruca vitrata(Fabricius, 1787) is a cryptic pantropical species of Lepidoptera that are comprised of two unique strains that inhabit the American continents (New World strain) and regions spanning from Africa through to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia (Old World strain). In this study, wede novoassembled the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the New World legume pod borer,M. vitrata, from shotgun sequence data generated on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. Phylogenomic comparisons were made with other previously published mitochondrial genome sequences from crambid moths, including the Old World strain ofM.vitrata. The 15,385 bpM. vitrata(New World) sequence has an 80.7% A+T content and encodes the 13 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes in the typical orientation and arrangement of lepidopteran mitochondrial DNAs. Mitochondrial genome-wide comparison between the New and Old World strains ofM. vitratadetected 476 polymorphic sites (4.23% nucleotide divergence) with an excess of synonymous substitution as a result of purifying selection. Furthermore, this level of sequence variation suggests that these strains diverged from ~1.83 to 2.12 million years ago, assuming a linear rate of short-term substitution. Thede novoassemblies of mitochondrial genomes from next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads provide readily available data for similar comparative studies.

[Image: see text] Tafamidis, 1, a potent transthyretin kinetic stabilizer, weakly inhibits the γ-secretase enzyme in vitro. We have synthesized four amide derivatives of 1. These compounds reduce production of the Aβ peptide in N2a695 cells but do not inhibit the γ-secretase enzyme in cell-free assays. By performing fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we have shown that TTR inhibits Aβ oligomerization and that addition of tafamidis or its amide derivative does not affect TTR’s ability to inhibit Aβ oligomerization. The piperazine amide derivative of tafamidis (1a) efficiently penetrates and accumulates in mouse brain and undergoes proteolysis under physiological conditions in mice to produce tafamidis.

Imatinib mesylate, 1a, inhibits production of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides both in cells and in animal models. It reduces both the β-secretase and γ-secretase cleavages of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and mediates a synergistic effect, when combined with a β-secretase inhibitor, BACE IV. Toward developing more potent brain-permeable leads, we have synthesized and evaluated over 75 1a-analogues. Several compounds, including 2a–b and 3a–c, inhibited production of Aβ peptides with improved activity in cells. These compounds affected β-secretase cleavage of APP similarly to 1a. Compound 2a significantly reduced production of the Aβ42 peptide, when administered (100 mg/kg, twice daily by oral gavage) to 5 months old female mice for 5 days. A combination of compound 2a with BACE IV also reduced Aβ levels in cells, more than the additive effect of the two compounds. These results open a new avenue for developing treatments for Alzheimer’s disease using 1a-analogues.

A novel method for the determination of Vanadium (V), Iron (Fe), and Nickel (Ni) in petroleum coke by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was proposed. Compared with the current common methods for determining elements in petroleum coke, which require a variety of reagents and a longer operation time, the LIBS method has the advantages of simple sample pre-treatment, faster measurement speed, less pollution of the measuring environment, and no reagents consumption. After feature selection of the wavelengths corresponding to V, Fe, and Ni in the LIBS spectrum of petroleum coke, the element contents of the test set were predicted after SVR modelling for the three elements in the training set. The results of root-mean-square error of predictions (RMSEP) for V, Fe and Ni were 36.4 mg/kg, 36.04 mg/kg and 14.94 mg/kg. The RMSEP of V and Ni were close to the reproducibility (accuracy) of element measurements (32 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg) using the wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WD-XFS) method in ASTM D6376–10 standard. This work demonstrated that this LIBS-based petroleum coke element quantitative analysis method, which was used for the first time, can be applied to the rapid detection of the petroleum coke industry.

Nanosheets of coordination polymers (CPs) were synthesized via a facile and one-step complexing-coprecipitation (CC) method. Upon calcination, pure CeO2 and homogeneously La3+- or Cu2+-doped CeO2 products were fabricated by using CPs as precursors. The final products not only retained a stable nano-scale sheet-shaped morphology of their CP precursors, but also possessed high catalytic activity towards CO oxidation. Superior to commercial ceria with negligible catalytic activity, the synthesized CeO2 nanosheets exhibited high activity achieving a CO conversion of 60% at a temperature of 360 °C. When doped with Cu2+, remarkable improvement of catalysis is observed owing to the homogeneous incorporation of Cu2+ into the CeO2 lattice. As a catalytically active center, uniformly dispersed CuO also produces more oxygen vacancies and improves oxygen mobility, which results in an enhancement in catalytic activity. The detected temperatures with 50% CO conversion (T50) for Cu0.1Ce0.9O2−δ and Cu0.04Ce0.96O2−δ are 83 and 95 °C, respectively. In contrast, the catalytic test for La3+ doped ceria reveals a decreased activity compared with un-doped ceria. We believe that the Cu2+-doped CeO2 with superior catalytic performance can also be applied to other catalytic systems.

While the metallocene polymers were comprehensively studied, other metallopolymers are rarely explored. The major challenge is the lack of a synthetic platform for the preparation of metal coordinated derivatives, monomers, and polymers. Therefore, the development of a facile synthesis of new metal coordinated monomers and polymers is critically needed. A novel successfully synthesized methacrylate-containing nickel complex is reported in this communication. Controlled RAFT polymerizations are further carried out to prepare a series of side-chain nickel containing polymers with different molecular weight and narrow Polydispersity Index (PDI). This new metallopolymer performs specific electrochemical and excellent thermal properties. This study provides a novel and convenient strategy to prepare metallopolymer with controllable molecular weight, which has potential applications in assembled, catalytic and magnetic materials.

Complete mitochondrial genome sequences were assembled for the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (17,602 bp) and the maize weevil, S. zeamais (18,105 bp; Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae), which encode 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs that is typical among Animalia. The A + T-rich control regions of S. oryzae (2818 bp) and S. zeamais (2832 bp) are the longest described to date among curculionoidea (weevils). Additionally, non-coding intergenic regions have increased in size due to expansion of tandem repeat arrays, but is more pronounced in S. zeamais (606 bp) compared to S. oryzae (109 bp). A total of 69 and 22 substitution mutations were found among reads from S. oryzae and S. zeamais, out of which 68 and 2 were predicted in the PCGs respectively, with a majority in NADH Dehydrogenase subunit I. Phylogenetic analyses of coleopteran insects based upon full mitogenomes PCG sequence supported the existence of Curculionoidea and Tenebrionoidea as a monophyletic group, whereas the Cucujoidea and Elateroidea remain paraphyletic. The mitogenomes of these two Sitophilus species provide insight into short-term evolutionary relationships among curculionid beetles, and provide resources for the potential deciphering of more broad systematic questions in the Order Coleoptera.