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BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cancer type whose mechanism of metastasis remains elusive.MethodsIn this study, we characterised the evolutionary pattern of metastatic CRC (mCRC) by analysing bulk and single-cell exome sequencing data of primary and metastatic tumours from 7 CRC patients with liver metastases. Here, 7 CRC patients were analysed by bulk whole-exome sequencing (WES); 4 of these were also analysed using single-cell sequencing.ResultsDespite low genomic divergence between paired primary and metastatic cancers in the bulk data, single-cell WES (scWES) data revealed rare mutations and defined two separate cell populations, indicative of the diverse evolutionary trajectories between primary and metastatic tumour cells. We further identified 24 metastatic cell-specific-mutated genes and validated their functions in cell migration capacity.ConclusionsIn summary, scWES revealed rare mutations that failed to be detected by bulk WES. These rare mutations better define the distinct genomic profiles of primary and metastatic tumour cell clones.

Cofiring food waste with coal for electricity generation has not only reduce fossil fuel costs, but can lower the greenhouse gases (GHGs), NOx and SOx emissions. However, there are some pitfalls to impact on its commercialization and sustainable development. The emergy analysis theory provides a new idea quantitatively analyzing the relationship between the natural environment, socio-economic systems and the cofring food waste with coal for electricity generation system. In this paper, as the case of a 140 MW cofiring food waste with coal system in Southern China, the emergy analysis of the cofring food waste with coal for electricity generation system was conducted and its emergy sustainability indices were established. The results showed that the competitiveness of cofiring system was no advantage to the single coal-based power system, but its pressure to the environment is obviously smaller. The cofiring food waste with coal electricity generation system has more sustainable performance than the other fossil power plants.

This article research the measure for the coal amount of the ball mill, with the combining frequency spectrum and frequency division circuitry. Firstly, the sound frequency of coal amount is analyzed by frequency spectrum, and marked artificially, so as to get the relation curves of coal amount and sound frequency. According to the relation curve and the frequency of interfering source, the frequency band can be segmented by the frequently division circuit. At last, the coal amount of the ball mill will be measure from the frequency band. This article builds the emulation model with the software named Multisim, and then, the frequency division circuit was calculated. The result shows that, the measure basic on frequency spectrum has great precision and anti-interference.